电力系统可控电抗器无功功率补偿技术
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摘要
随国民经济的飞速发展，用电量的日益增加，电网的经济运行已是一个不可忽视的问题。因此，如何降低网损，提高电力系统的输电效率，保证电力系统的经济运行是电力系统面临的实际问题，也是电力系统研究的主要方向之一。
电力系统在运行过程中，由于感性负载的存在，使电网无功功率大量增加。另外，近些年来，国民经济各部门大力推广使用各种新型的电力电子整流装置，他们在减少能量耗损的同时，也带来了功率因数下降、电压波动、闪变、三相不平衡以及谐波干扰等问题。其最终结果都是使配电设备的使用效能得不到充分发挥，设备的附加功耗增加。因此，进行有效的无功功率补偿，提高功率因数是电网及电力系统安全经济运行的重要保证。毫无疑问，无功功率补偿的研究势在必行。
我国与世界上发达国家相比，无论从电网功率因数还是补偿深度来看，都有较大差距，因此在我国大力推广无功补偿技术尤为迫切。
对于实际应用的MCR，要求能够自动控制。本文采用以单片机为核心的控制器方案，包括检测电路、控制电路、触发电路、键盘显示电路和通信电路等。检测电路用于检测变压器二次侧的电压和电流并获取同步信号；控制电路根据相应的控制策略，对检测信号和给定输入量进行计算，给出控制信号；触发电路根据控制信号输出的控制信号产生相应触发角的晶闸管触发脉冲；键盘可用来输入各种控制指令，显示电路可以直观的输出系统的各种状态；通信电路提供与控制站的数据交换，以便实现电力系统的集中控制。
文中对补偿器模型进行了实验验证，实验结果与文中分析一致，说明了本文补偿理论的正确性和可行性。
With the high speed development of civil economy and the progressively demand ofelectricity, the economy running of power supply system is a real problem that can not beignored. How to decrease the power network loss, improve the transmission efficiency andkeep the economic working of power supply system is the problem we have to face, it is alsothe main study direction of power supply system.
When the power supply system is running, the reactive power will increase greatlybecause of the existence of inductive load. In recent years, a lot of departments have takeneffective measures to spread the using of various newly rectifying equipments, thesemeasures have decreased the power loss, but in the meantime caused others problems such aspower factor decrease, voltage fluctuate or abrupt change, three phase unbalance and harmonicinterference etc., as a result, the efficiency of the distribution system can not be well used, theadditional power loss of equipments will increase. Undoubtedly, it is imperative to do moreresearch work in reactive power compensation technique.
Compared with the developed countries in the world, we have a great disadvantage notonly in power factor of the power network but also in compensation deepness, so it is veryurgent to spread the reactive power compensation technique.
For the actual used MCR, they should be automatic controllable. The article designed acontroller which use a Single-Chip Microcomputer, and also designed the measure circuit, controlcircuit, trigger circuit, keyboard display circuit and communication circuit. The measuring circuit is tomeasure the secondary voltages and currents of transformer and capture the synchronous signal: the control circuit is to calculate the control outputs with the measured signal and the input parameter according therelevant control scheme: the trigger circuit products the pulses to trigger the thyristors With the controlscheme: the trigger circuit products the pulses to trigger the thyristors with the control output; user caninput control instruction with the keyboard, and the display circuit can show states of the systemintuitionisticly; communicating circuit provides the data to control station, this can realize theconcentrative control.
The author also makes a lot of experiments to test the compensation model. The results ofexperiments are quite accordant with the analysis in the article, and shows the correctness and feasibility ofthe compensation theory of this article.
电力系统在运行过程中，由于感性负载的存在，使电网无功功率大量增加。另外，近些年来，国民经济各部门大力推广使用各种新型的电力电子整流装置，他们在减少能量耗损的同时，也带来了功率因数下降、电压波动、闪变、三相不平衡以及谐波干扰等问题。其最终结果都是使配电设备的使用效能得不到充分发挥，设备的附加功耗增加。因此，进行有效的无功功率补偿，提高功率因数是电网及电力系统安全经济运行的重要保证。毫无疑问，无功功率补偿的研究势在必行。
我国与世界上发达国家相比，无论从电网功率因数还是补偿深度来看，都有较大差距，因此在我国大力推广无功补偿技术尤为迫切。
对于实际应用的MCR，要求能够自动控制。本文采用以单片机为核心的控制器方案，包括检测电路、控制电路、触发电路、键盘显示电路和通信电路等。检测电路用于检测变压器二次侧的电压和电流并获取同步信号；控制电路根据相应的控制策略，对检测信号和给定输入量进行计算，给出控制信号；触发电路根据控制信号输出的控制信号产生相应触发角的晶闸管触发脉冲；键盘可用来输入各种控制指令，显示电路可以直观的输出系统的各种状态；通信电路提供与控制站的数据交换，以便实现电力系统的集中控制。
文中对补偿器模型进行了实验验证，实验结果与文中分析一致，说明了本文补偿理论的正确性和可行性。
With the high speed development of civil economy and the progressively demand ofelectricity, the economy running of power supply system is a real problem that can not beignored. How to decrease the power network loss, improve the transmission efficiency andkeep the economic working of power supply system is the problem we have to face, it is alsothe main study direction of power supply system.
When the power supply system is running, the reactive power will increase greatlybecause of the existence of inductive load. In recent years, a lot of departments have takeneffective measures to spread the using of various newly rectifying equipments, thesemeasures have decreased the power loss, but in the meantime caused others problems such aspower factor decrease, voltage fluctuate or abrupt change, three phase unbalance and harmonicinterference etc., as a result, the efficiency of the distribution system can not be well used, theadditional power loss of equipments will increase. Undoubtedly, it is imperative to do moreresearch work in reactive power compensation technique.
Compared with the developed countries in the world, we have a great disadvantage notonly in power factor of the power network but also in compensation deepness, so it is veryurgent to spread the reactive power compensation technique.
For the actual used MCR, they should be automatic controllable. The article designed acontroller which use a Single-Chip Microcomputer, and also designed the measure circuit, controlcircuit, trigger circuit, keyboard display circuit and communication circuit. The measuring circuit is tomeasure the secondary voltages and currents of transformer and capture the synchronous signal: the control circuit is to calculate the control outputs with the measured signal and the input parameter according therelevant control scheme: the trigger circuit products the pulses to trigger the thyristors With the controlscheme: the trigger circuit products the pulses to trigger the thyristors with the control output; user caninput control instruction with the keyboard, and the display circuit can show states of the systemintuitionisticly; communicating circuit provides the data to control station, this can realize theconcentrative control.
The author also makes a lot of experiments to test the compensation model. The results ofexperiments are quite accordant with the analysis in the article, and shows the correctness and feasibility ofthe compensation theory of this article.
引文
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[2] 朱罡．电力系统静止无功补偿技术的现状及发展．电力电容器，2001(4)
[3] 李天然，蔡敬义．电力电子用广电力系统无功补偿技术综述．江苏电器，2003，2
[4] 田广青．江门变电站静止补偿器简介[J]．广东电力，1988(4)
[5] 王艳华，宋玉秋，邹振春．电力系统无功补偿优化软件的开发与研究．承德石 油高等专科学校学报，2003，9
[6] Hirofumi Akagi New trends in active filters for power conditioning IEEE Transctions on Power Applications VOL. 32, NO. 6, November/December 1996: 1312-1322
[7] Hirofumi Akagi. Trends in active power line conditioners, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, VOL. 9, NO. 3, May 1994: 263-268
[8] 孙元章，王志芳，卢强．静止无功补偿器对电压稳定性的影响．中国电机工程报，2001，17(6)
[9] 梁志勇．静止无功补偿设备运行综述[J]．电力电容器，1997(2)
[10] 姜齐荣等．采用GTO的±120var新型静止无功发生器[J]．清华科学版，1997(7)
[11] 科浩忠．电网谐波及其对无功补偿的影响．华东电力，1997(3)
[12] 王正风，徐光勇．浅谈电力系统的无功优化和无功补偿．电力电容器，2002(3)
[13] P. Verdelho and G.D. Marques. Anactive power filter and unbalanced current compensatory IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, VOL. 44, NO. 3, June 1997: 321-328
[14] 陆达，刘本国，权刚．静止型TCR无功补偿器的控制原理及其控制方法．电网技术，2000，21(3)
[15] 马纯，尚敬福．电力系统中电压与无功问题的新特点及对策．广东电力，2001，17(4)
[16] D.A. Deid and H.W. Hill and W. Shepherd. AC/DC contrd for thyristor-controlled actors for reactive power compensation. Industrial Electronics, Control and Instrumentation, 1994. IECON' 94, International Conference on, VOL. 1,5-9 September 1994:355-359.
[17] 凡钧伟．谈串联电抗器在无功补偿装置中的应用及设计、运行和维护．电器开关，2001，4
[18] 吴文传，张伯明．能量损耗最少的无功补偿状态优化算法研究．中国电机工程学报，2000，24(4)
[19] L, Gyugyi. Reactive power generation and control by thyrestor cirauits, IEEE Trans. on Ind. App, VOL. 1A-15, NO. 5, September 1975: 521-532
[20] L. Gyugyi andR. Taylor. Characteristics of static thyristor controlled shunt compensators for power transmission systems. IEEE Trans. on Power App. And Syst. PAS-99, NO. 5, Sept/Oct 1980: 1795-1804
[21] Feng Guihong and Wang Fengxiang and Wang Jin. Design principles lf magnetically controlled reactor, Electrical Machines and System, 2001. Proeedings of the Fifth International Confernce on, VOL. 1. 18-20, Aug. 2001; 212-214
[22] 黄伟，蒋本一．电力系统无功补偿容量配置的分解协调法．电网技术，21(1)
[23] 胡建军，崔勇霞．电力系统无功补偿及其计算问题探讨．山西能源与节能，2003(3)
[24] 游喜荣，李静，崔秀春．电力系统动态无功补偿技术开发与应用．2003年全国冶金供用电专业会议论文集
[25] Liu Hong and Yin Zongdong and Chen Weixian. Research on voltage regulation of mannetic valve controlled reactor based on thyristor. Power System chnology' 1998, Proceedings, POWERCON' 98,1998, International Conference on, VOL. 1. 18-21 Aug. 1998: 664-667
[26] 王建强．10KV高压智能型无功补偿装置．华东电力，2003(4)
[27] 李焦明．无功功率补偿节能收益探讨．电力电子技术，2004(2)
[28] Yin Zhongdong and Wong Canchung. Research on the magnetic valve thyristor controlled reactor. Power Electronecs Specialists Conference, 1998. PESC98 Record, Anntl IEEE, VOL. 2: 17-22, May 1998, Pages: 2131-2136
[29] WangB, LiuS, ChenC. Tcscstabilizing control strategy based on energy function method[c] procoedings of International Conference on power Systems(CIGRE). wuhan, China, 2001, 162-166
[30] 唐明风．浅谈电力系统中的无功补偿与无功电能的计量．贵州农机化．2000(6)
[31] 王兆安，扬君，刘进军．谐波抑制和无功功率补偿．机械工业出版社，1998
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