中—新生代大巴山前陆盆地—冲断带的形成演化
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摘要
毗邻的沉积盆地与造山带是大陆构造的基本单元和形成于统一地球动力学系统中的一对孪生体。对于前陆盆地-造山带系统，二者间的耦合关系是通过其间的冲断带建立起来的。由于其重要的大陆动力学意义并富含油气，20世纪70年代以来前陆盆地和冲断带被给予了极大的关注。论文选择大巴山前陆盆地及毗邻的冲断带作为研究对象，以盆-山耦合研究思想为指导，通过地表地质的详细调查并结合钻井和地震资料，对其构造特征、沉积充填特征、沉降和隆升历史进行了详细解剖。在此基础上，重点讨论了中新生代大巴山前陆盆地和冲断带的形成和演化历史，并对其形成和演化机制进行了探讨。同时，对大巴山前陆盆地的含油气条件和有利勘探区域进行了初步分析。
大巴山冲断带位于四川盆地和秦岭造山带的过渡部位，向西与汉南-米仓山隆起、龙门山冲断带和松潘-甘孜褶皱带相连，东端止于黄陵隆起，总体上为一向南西凸出的弧形构造带。习惯上，以城口断裂为界，将大巴山冲断带分为北大巴山和南大巴山两个构造-地层单元。现已变形的南大巴山(包括米仓山)和四川盆地北部共同组成了本文讨论的中生代大巴山前陆盆地(T_3—K_1)。古生代至中三叠世晚期，南大巴山和四川盆地北部一直是特提斯秦岭洋南侧的被动大陆边缘。中三叠世末以来，伴随华南地块与华北地块间的碰撞拼合以及此后燕山期秦岭大型陆内俯冲，四川盆地北部和南大巴山响应于南秦岭造山带上地壳载荷发生挠曲沉降而演化成为陆内前陆盆地。早白垩世中晚期以来，随着南秦岭逆冲推覆构造的逐渐向南扩展，大巴山前陆盆地也逐渐卷入变形并随之抬升遭受剥蚀。晚三叠世至白垩纪期间的前陆盆地沉降和北东-南西向挤压变形发生于华南与华北地块碰撞拼接之后，表明成盆和造山事件具有陆内性质。
北大巴山以脆-韧性变形和发育厚皮构造为主要特征，由一系列北倾南倒的冲断层和不对称褶皱组成。南大巴山为一薄皮冲断楔，以脆性变形和类侏罗山式褶皱为主要特征，褶皱形态主要包括箱状褶皱、紧闭倒转-同斜褶皱和复杂闭合褶皱。按照断层和褶皱的组合特征，南大巴山可进一步分为叠瓦断裂带、断层-褶皱带和滑脱褶皱带三个次级构造带。叠瓦断层系、断层相关褶皱、反冲断层和冲起构造、(被动顶板)双重构造(或Ⅱ型三角带)等是南大巴山以及四川盆地东北部的主要变形样式。北东-南西向挤压和滑脱层是大巴山冲断带构造变形的主要控制因素。大巴山冲断带共发育四套主要的滑脱层：中下三叠统、志留系、中下寒武统和元古界顶部。大巴山冲断带正是南秦岭大型滑脱推覆构造向南扩展的过程中借助上述滑脱层由深到浅地顺层滑脱或向上切层逆冲形成的。
将详细的节理构造研究纳入区域构造演化的框架中，结合石英ESR测年、岩石声发射Kaiser效应等的研究表明，中新生代南大巴山主要经历了七期构造活动。按照节理的形成依次为：①早期平面X型节理(T_3-K_1早期)；②“断坪-断坡”型节理和早期剖面X节理(K_1早期)；③具逆冲趋势的纵节理(～132Ma)；④具走滑趋势的斜节理及横节理(～100Ma)；⑤右旋走滑趋势的纵节理(K_2-E)；⑥逆冲趋势的斜节理(～28Ma)；⑦左旋趋势的纵节理和正断趋势的纵节理(N-Q)。其中最为重要的是①、③和④期，代表了南大巴山褶皱形成的主要时期，最大构造应力(NE向)平均值为26.9MPa，最小构造应力(NW方向)平均值为6.6MPa。从印支晚期到燕山早期，南大巴山构造应力场发生了顺时针旋转。
大巴山前陆盆地由下向上依次充填了上三叠统须家河组、下侏罗统自流井组、中侏罗统凉高山组和沙溪庙组、上侏罗统遂宁组和蓬莱镇组和下白垩统，残余厚度逾7000m。主要发
Sedimentary basin and adjacent orogenic belt are two basic tectonic units of continent and twins developed in a geodynamic system. A foreland basin is connected dynamically with adjacent orogenic belt through a structural belt referred as to fold-thrust belt or thrust belt. Owing to its great significance to continental dynamics and richness in hydrocarbon, the foreland basin-thrust belt system has been paid much attention to in the last three decades. That is the reason why I select Dabashan foreland basin and thrust belt, central China, as my thesis topic.
In light of the idea of basin-orogenic belt coupling, I present new structural, sedimentary, subsidence and uplift data integrated into a regional Mesozoic stratigraphic and tectonic framework to provide a detailed picture of spatio-temporal variations in deposition, depocenter migration, and post-depositional deformation of the Dabashan foreland basin-thrust belt system. Moreover, the hydrocarbon potential of the Dabashan foreland basin is also discussed simply in this thesis.
The Dabashan fold-thrust belt lies between the northeast Sichuan basin and the Qinling orogenic belt and is a southwestward verging structural belt, joined up with the Hannan-Micangshan dome, Longmenshan thrust belt and Songpan Ganzi complex to the west, terminating at Huangling dome to the east. Tectonically, from orogenic belt towards craton, the Dabashan thrust belt and adjacent region can be divided into three tectono-stratigraphic units by Chengkou fault and Tiexi-Wuxi concealed fault, namely the north Dabashan thrust-nappe belt (N. DBS), the south Dabashan foreland fold-thrust belt (S. DBS), and the Sichuan basin. The deformed north Sichuan basin and S. DBS constitute the Mesozoic Dabashan foreland basin (Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous) discussed in the thesis.
The north Sichuan basin, together with the S. DBS, behaved as a passive margin south of the Qinling Tethys from late Paleozoic to Middle Triassic times and then evolved into a foreland basin in response to the amalgamation of the North and South China blocks along the Qinlig-Dabie orogenic belt since the late Late Triassic. Since the middle to late Early Cretaceous, with the edge of the South Qinling deformed belt advancing toward the foreland through time, previously-deposited proximal strata in the Dabashan foreland basin were deformed in the leading edge of the thrust belt, and then uplifted and eroded by subsequent subaerial processes. The subsidence of Dabashan foreland basin and coeval basin-margin compressional deformation from northeast to southwest during Late Triassic to Cretaceous times occurred after the westward progressive collision of the South China Block with North China Block, suggesting that the orogenic and basin-forming events were intracontinental in nature.
The N. DBS is characterized by brittle-ductile deformation and basement-involved structure, composed of a suite of thrusts and associated asymmetric folds directed southwest. The S. DBS is a thin-skinned thrust wedge superposed by dextral transpression, characterized by brittle deformation and Jura-like folds, including box fold, tight overturned-isoclinal fold, and complex closed fold. The
大巴山冲断带位于四川盆地和秦岭造山带的过渡部位，向西与汉南-米仓山隆起、龙门山冲断带和松潘-甘孜褶皱带相连，东端止于黄陵隆起，总体上为一向南西凸出的弧形构造带。习惯上，以城口断裂为界，将大巴山冲断带分为北大巴山和南大巴山两个构造-地层单元。现已变形的南大巴山(包括米仓山)和四川盆地北部共同组成了本文讨论的中生代大巴山前陆盆地(T_3—K_1)。古生代至中三叠世晚期，南大巴山和四川盆地北部一直是特提斯秦岭洋南侧的被动大陆边缘。中三叠世末以来，伴随华南地块与华北地块间的碰撞拼合以及此后燕山期秦岭大型陆内俯冲，四川盆地北部和南大巴山响应于南秦岭造山带上地壳载荷发生挠曲沉降而演化成为陆内前陆盆地。早白垩世中晚期以来，随着南秦岭逆冲推覆构造的逐渐向南扩展，大巴山前陆盆地也逐渐卷入变形并随之抬升遭受剥蚀。晚三叠世至白垩纪期间的前陆盆地沉降和北东-南西向挤压变形发生于华南与华北地块碰撞拼接之后，表明成盆和造山事件具有陆内性质。
北大巴山以脆-韧性变形和发育厚皮构造为主要特征，由一系列北倾南倒的冲断层和不对称褶皱组成。南大巴山为一薄皮冲断楔，以脆性变形和类侏罗山式褶皱为主要特征，褶皱形态主要包括箱状褶皱、紧闭倒转-同斜褶皱和复杂闭合褶皱。按照断层和褶皱的组合特征，南大巴山可进一步分为叠瓦断裂带、断层-褶皱带和滑脱褶皱带三个次级构造带。叠瓦断层系、断层相关褶皱、反冲断层和冲起构造、(被动顶板)双重构造(或Ⅱ型三角带)等是南大巴山以及四川盆地东北部的主要变形样式。北东-南西向挤压和滑脱层是大巴山冲断带构造变形的主要控制因素。大巴山冲断带共发育四套主要的滑脱层：中下三叠统、志留系、中下寒武统和元古界顶部。大巴山冲断带正是南秦岭大型滑脱推覆构造向南扩展的过程中借助上述滑脱层由深到浅地顺层滑脱或向上切层逆冲形成的。
将详细的节理构造研究纳入区域构造演化的框架中，结合石英ESR测年、岩石声发射Kaiser效应等的研究表明，中新生代南大巴山主要经历了七期构造活动。按照节理的形成依次为：①早期平面X型节理(T_3-K_1早期)；②“断坪-断坡”型节理和早期剖面X节理(K_1早期)；③具逆冲趋势的纵节理(～132Ma)；④具走滑趋势的斜节理及横节理(～100Ma)；⑤右旋走滑趋势的纵节理(K_2-E)；⑥逆冲趋势的斜节理(～28Ma)；⑦左旋趋势的纵节理和正断趋势的纵节理(N-Q)。其中最为重要的是①、③和④期，代表了南大巴山褶皱形成的主要时期，最大构造应力(NE向)平均值为26.9MPa，最小构造应力(NW方向)平均值为6.6MPa。从印支晚期到燕山早期，南大巴山构造应力场发生了顺时针旋转。
大巴山前陆盆地由下向上依次充填了上三叠统须家河组、下侏罗统自流井组、中侏罗统凉高山组和沙溪庙组、上侏罗统遂宁组和蓬莱镇组和下白垩统，残余厚度逾7000m。主要发
Sedimentary basin and adjacent orogenic belt are two basic tectonic units of continent and twins developed in a geodynamic system. A foreland basin is connected dynamically with adjacent orogenic belt through a structural belt referred as to fold-thrust belt or thrust belt. Owing to its great significance to continental dynamics and richness in hydrocarbon, the foreland basin-thrust belt system has been paid much attention to in the last three decades. That is the reason why I select Dabashan foreland basin and thrust belt, central China, as my thesis topic.
In light of the idea of basin-orogenic belt coupling, I present new structural, sedimentary, subsidence and uplift data integrated into a regional Mesozoic stratigraphic and tectonic framework to provide a detailed picture of spatio-temporal variations in deposition, depocenter migration, and post-depositional deformation of the Dabashan foreland basin-thrust belt system. Moreover, the hydrocarbon potential of the Dabashan foreland basin is also discussed simply in this thesis.
The Dabashan fold-thrust belt lies between the northeast Sichuan basin and the Qinling orogenic belt and is a southwestward verging structural belt, joined up with the Hannan-Micangshan dome, Longmenshan thrust belt and Songpan Ganzi complex to the west, terminating at Huangling dome to the east. Tectonically, from orogenic belt towards craton, the Dabashan thrust belt and adjacent region can be divided into three tectono-stratigraphic units by Chengkou fault and Tiexi-Wuxi concealed fault, namely the north Dabashan thrust-nappe belt (N. DBS), the south Dabashan foreland fold-thrust belt (S. DBS), and the Sichuan basin. The deformed north Sichuan basin and S. DBS constitute the Mesozoic Dabashan foreland basin (Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous) discussed in the thesis.
The north Sichuan basin, together with the S. DBS, behaved as a passive margin south of the Qinling Tethys from late Paleozoic to Middle Triassic times and then evolved into a foreland basin in response to the amalgamation of the North and South China blocks along the Qinlig-Dabie orogenic belt since the late Late Triassic. Since the middle to late Early Cretaceous, with the edge of the South Qinling deformed belt advancing toward the foreland through time, previously-deposited proximal strata in the Dabashan foreland basin were deformed in the leading edge of the thrust belt, and then uplifted and eroded by subsequent subaerial processes. The subsidence of Dabashan foreland basin and coeval basin-margin compressional deformation from northeast to southwest during Late Triassic to Cretaceous times occurred after the westward progressive collision of the South China Block with North China Block, suggesting that the orogenic and basin-forming events were intracontinental in nature.
The N. DBS is characterized by brittle-ductile deformation and basement-involved structure, composed of a suite of thrusts and associated asymmetric folds directed southwest. The S. DBS is a thin-skinned thrust wedge superposed by dextral transpression, characterized by brittle deformation and Jura-like folds, including box fold, tight overturned-isoclinal fold, and complex closed fold. The
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292．王建军，刘长义．1990．关于AE法测试可靠性影响因素的研究．地壳构造与地壳应力文集．四，北京：地震出版社，170-175．
293．王清晨，孙枢，李继亮，周达，许靖华，张国伟．1989．秦岭的大地构造演化．地质科学，2，129-142．
294．王宗起，陈海泓，李继亮，郝杰，赵越，韩芳林，郝俊武．1999．南秦岭西乡群放射虫化石的发现及其地质意义．中国科学(D辑)，29(1)：38-44．
295．吴根耀，马力．2002．“盆”、“山”耦合和脱耦：含油气盆地研究的新思路．见：中国石油学会石油地质专业委员会编，油气盆地研究新进展：第一辑．北京：石油工业出版社，20-36．
296．吴汉宁，常承法，刘椿，钟大赉．1990．依据古地磁资料探讨华北和华南块体运动及其对秦岭造山带构造演化的影响．地质科学，3，201-214．
297．吴汉宁，常承法，刘椿，钟大赉．1991．华北和华南块体古生代至中生代古地磁极移曲线与古纬度的分布变化．西北大学学报(自然科学版)，21(3)：99-105．
298．吴正文，柴育成，黄万夫，贾维民，王志强，张长厚．1991．秦岭造山带的推覆构造格局．见：叶连俊，钱祥麟，张国伟，编，秦岭造山带学术讨论会论文选集．西安：西北大学出版社，111-120．
299．肖贤明，刘祖发，申家贵，刘德汉．1998．确定含油气盆地古地温梯度的一种新方法——镜质组反射率梯度法．科学通报，43(21)：2340-2343．
300．徐开礼，朱志澄．1989．构造地质学．北京：地质出版社．
301．徐树桐，江来利，刘贻灿，张勇．1992．大别山区(安徽部分)的构造格局和演化过程．地质学报，66(1)：1-14．
302．徐亚军，杨坤光，马昌前．2005．秦岭地区城口—房县断裂带变形特征及ESR定年．现代地质，19(1)：127-132．
303．许桂林，朱秀岗，孙世宗．1994．我国大陆应力场特征及与强震活动的关系．地壳构造与地壳应力文集．七，北京：地震出版社，70-76．
304．许效松，刘宝珺，徐强，潘桂棠，颜仰基，吴应林，陈智梁，蒲心纯．1997．中国西部大型盆地分析及地球动力学．北京：地质出版社．168p．
305．许志琴，侯立玮，王宗秀，傅小方，黄明华．1992．中国松潘-甘孜造山带的造山过程．北京：地质出版社．190p．
306．许志琴，卢一伦，汤耀庆，Mattauer M，Matte Ph，Malavieille J，Tapponnier P，Maluski H．1986．东秦岭造山带的变形特征及构造演化．地质学报，60(3)：237-247．
307．许志琴，卢一伦，汤耀庆，张治兆．I988．东秦岭复合山链的形成——变形、演化及板块动力学．北京：中国环境科学出版社，193p．
308．许志琴．1986．陆内俯冲及滑脱构造．地质论评，12(1)：79-89．
309．薛样煦，张云翔，毕延，岳乐干，陈丹玲．1996．秦岭东段山间盆地的发育及自然环境变迁．北京：地质出版社．181p．
310．薛祥煦，张云翔．1991．秦岭东部红色盆地的形成时代及发育特征．见：叶连俊，钱祥麟，张国伟，编，秦岭造山带学术讨论会论文选集．西安：西北大学出版社，89-98．
311．严阵．1985．陕西省花岗岩．西安：西安交通大学出版社，321p．
312．杨明慧，刘池洋．2000．中国中西部类前陆盆地特征及含油气性．石油与天然气地质，21(1)：46-49．
313．袁学诚，徐明才，唐文榜，王庆海．1994．东秦岭陆壳反射地震剖面．地球物理学报，37(6)：749-758．
314．袁学诚．1991．秦岭造山带的深部构造与构造演化．见：叶连俊等主编，秦岭造山带学术研讨会论文集．西安：西北大学出版社．174-184．
315．翟光明，王建君．2000．论油气分布的有序性．石油学报，21(1)：1-9．
316．张本仁，张宏飞，许继锋，等．1995．同位素地球化学填图与化学地球动力学在东秦岭造山带研究中的应用．地球科学，20(5)：551-555．
317．张大伦．1984．确定岩石中先存应力状态的新方法．地震地质，6(1)：31-40．
318．张二朋，牛道韫，霍有光，张兰芳，李益桂．1993．秦巴及邻区地质-构造特征概论．北京：地质出版社，291p．
319．张国伟，Kroner A，九周鼎武，于在平．1991．秦岭造山带岩石圈组成、构造和演化特征．见：叶连俊等主编．秦岭造山带学术研讨会论文集．西安：西北大学出版社．121-138．
320．张国伟，梅志超，周鼎武，孙勇，王立平．1988．秦岭造山带的形成及其演化，见：张国伟主编．秦岭造山带的形成及其演化．西安：西北大学出版社．1-16．
321．张国伟，孟庆任，赖绍聪．1995．秦岭造山带的结构构造．中国科学(B)，25(9)：994-1003．
322．张国伟，张本仁，袁学诚，肖庆辉．2001．秦岭造山带与大陆动力学．北京：科学出版社．855p．
323．张宏飞，张本仁，赵志丹，等．1996．东秦岭商丹构造带陆壳俯冲碰撞—花岗质岩浆源区同位素示踪证据．中国科学(D辑)，26(3)：231-236．
324．张宏飞，张本仁，赵志丹，等．1997．东秦岭造山带花岗岩类长石铅同位素组成及其构造意义．地质学报，71(2)：142-149．
325．张力，张淮先．1993．大巴山前缘震旦系及下古生界含油气条件探讨．天然气工业，13(1)：42-47．
326．张宗清，张国伟，唐索寒，卢欣祥．1999．秦岭沙河湾奧长环斑花岗岩的年龄及其对秦岭造山带主造山期 时间的限制．科学通报，44(9)：981-983．
327．张宗清，张国伟，唐索寒．2002．南秦岭变质地层同位素年代学．北京：地质出版社，256p．
328．赵文智，何登发，宋岩，靳见强．1999．中国陆上主要含油气盆地石油地质基本特征．地质论评，45(3)：232-240．
329．周国潘，罗孝宽，管志宁．1992．秦巴地区地球物理场特征与地壳构造格架关系研究．武汉：中国地质大学出版社，1-87．
330．周庆凡，等，编泽．1996．前陆盆地的石油地质特征及油气前景．国外油气勘探，8(5)：523529．
331．朱光，徐嘉炜，刘国生，李双应，虞培玉．1998．下扬子地区沿江前陆盆地形成的构造控制．地质论评，44(2)：120-129．
332．朱利东，刘登忠，林丽，周游．1997．米仓山地区前陆盆地层序地层研究——以吴家垭西部陆相地层为例．矿物岩石，17(增刊)：29-34．
333．朱志澄．逆冲推覆构造．武汉：中国地质大学出版社，1989．
334．郑荣才，等．2003．米仓山—大巴山前陆盆地沉积层序及储层特征研究．中国石油西南油气田分公司勘探开发研究院．
335．李爱国，等．2002．帽儿1井单井评价报告．中国石油西南油气田分公司川中油气矿研究所．
336．沈昭国，等．2003．界牌1井单井评价报告．中国石油西南油气田分公司川中油气矿研究所．
337．车国琼．等．2003．通江地区含油气评价及下步勘探目标选择．中国石油西南油气田分公司川中油气矿研究所．
338．黄思静，等．2004．南充构造香溪群气藏储层成岩作用及孔隙演化研究．中国石油西南油气田分公司川中油气矿研究所．
339．于汇津．王绪本，等．1996．四川盆地地温场特征及其在油气分布预测中的应用研究．科研报告，成都理工大学．
340．朱介寿，等．1987．秦巴地区QB-1测线人工地震测深研究报告．成都理工大学．
341．涂涛，王丽英，魏小薇，等．2001．四川盆地东北部地区侏罗系成藏条件及勘探目标研究．中国石油西南油气田分公司勘探开发研究院．
342．四川省地质矿产局，成都理工大学．1995．1／5万曾家幅、盐井河幅、檬子幅、关坝幅、吴家垭幅、国华幅、楠木幅、南江县幅区域地质调查报告．内部资料．
343．四川省地质矿产局川东南地质大队．1995．1／5万大竹河幅、黄溪河幅、城口县幅、修齐坝幅地质图及说明书．四川省国土资源厅．
344．陕西省地质局区域地质测量队．1966．1／20万平利幅地质图．陕西省国土资源厅．
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346．四川省地质局第二区域地质测量队．1965．1／20万南江幅地质图．成都理工大学档案馆．
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348．四川省地质局第二区域地质测量队．1973，1974．1／20万城口幅、巫溪幅地质图，1／20万城口幅、巫溪幅区域地质测量报告(上册)．成都理工大学档案馆．
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