鸡胚生殖细胞减数分裂起始调控的研究
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摘要
鸡胚常被用作发育生物学研究的动物模型,应用于深层次揭示动物发育的机理,尤其是生殖系统的发育,在实践中提高家禽的繁殖性能,在理论上阐明生殖细胞早期发育的调控机理。本实验以海兰鸡胚为材料,研究四个科学问题：①雌激素通过改变性腺的结构而影响生殖细胞性别发育的方向；②垂体-卵巢轴激素如何调控生殖细胞在有丝分裂和减数分裂起始之间的选择；③孕酮(P4)通过何种机制诱发生殖细胞减数分裂的起始；④碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)是否参与调节卵巢内生殖细胞的发育。
1.雌激素对生殖细胞发育方向的影响
哺乳动物和鸟类生殖细胞减数分裂起始存在性别间差异,雌性生殖细胞于胚胎期起始减数分裂而雄性生殖细胞在胚胎期增殖后进入滞育阶段。早期生殖细胞减数分裂起始被认为可由性腺的结构所决定,但缺少体内的证据来证明。本研究使用雌激素(E2)和芳香化酶抑制剂(AI)处理进行性别逆转,改变性腺结构检测生殖细胞性别决定因素。结果表明：E2或AI处理均可引起性腺形态逆转；处理后两性卵巢样皮质内生殖细胞进入减数分裂状态,而精索状结构中均未见此现象发生。推测出现上述现象原因是E2和AI处理后使得性腺内中视黄酸(RA)浓度发生了改变。编码RA主要降解酶基因(Cyp26b1的表达量出现了性别间差异。进一步使用免疫组化染色发现Cyp26b1主要在睾丸精索状结构中表达。综上所述：雌激素通过改变性腺结构影响生殖细胞减数分裂的起始时间,其中Cyp26bl的分布引起RA浓度差异是关键因素。
2.垂体-卵巢轴激素调控生殖细胞有丝分裂与减数分裂的选择
胚胎期卵巢生殖细胞发育面临两个重要事件：有丝分裂和起始减数分裂。本研究利用鸡胚为模型,研究垂体-卵巢轴激素在生殖细胞有丝分裂和减数分裂起始之间选择所发挥的调控作用。对鸡胚进行卵泡刺激素(FSH)和黄体生成素(LH)注射以改变体内促性腺激素的浓度,结果表明：FSH处理下调了减数分裂基因及其蛋白的表达并显著提高了增殖状态生殖细胞的比例；LH处理上调了减数分裂基因及其蛋白的表达,对生殖细胞的增殖无显著影响。结果还表明,miR181a*的转录受到促性腺激素的调控参与了垂体-卵巢轴对生殖细胞发育的调控。进一步研究发现,FSH和LH处理分别上调了类固醇激素合成酶Cyp19al和3βHSDII的转录。使用AI与FSH共同处理,发现AI可阻止FSH所发挥的作用。LH处理可增加卵巢中3βHSDII的转录,促进P4的合成,参与了减数分裂的起始。综上所述：鸡胚垂体-卵巢轴激素通过调节卵巢内类固醇激素的分泌,分别调节了生殖细胞增殖和减数分裂的起始。
3.P4调控生殖细胞减数分裂起始
最新研究表明,RA可能不是唯一的内源性引发减数分裂起始的因子。作者前期研究证实LH通过刺激P4合成诱发生殖细胞减数分裂的起始。在本研究中,雌性鸡胚注射P4可使生殖细胞提前起始减数分裂；体内P4处理对睾丸生精细胞没有显著影响,但P4刺激了体外培养的睾丸生殖细胞起始减数分裂。抑制RA受体不能阻止P4诱发的生殖细胞减数分裂起始,提示RA受体并没有介导该过程。此外,P4处理对RA主要的合成和代谢酶及RA受体mRNA的表达均无显著影响；使用高效液相色谱分析发现,P4处理并未改变卵巢内RA的浓度,这表明P4并非通过RA而发挥作用。利用鸡胚生殖细胞一体细胞共培养模型,使用siRNA敲减P4核受体PRA及PRB表达后,然后用P4处理仍可刺激生殖细胞进入减数分裂,提示P4的作用可能并非通过与核受体结合而发挥作用,确切的机制有待进一步研究。综上所述,本研究为鸡胚生殖细胞减数分裂起始机制提供了新的见解,P4可能是RA信号之外调节生殖细胞减数分裂起始的内分泌因子。
4.bFGF调节鸡胚卵巢生殖细胞的发育
在动物胚胎发育过程中,bFGF具有抑制细胞分化和促进增殖的作用。前期报道中鸡胚卵巢内部分生殖细胞没有起始减数分裂。本研究中使用体内和体外方法探索了bFGF在鸡胚卵巢生殖细胞的作用。结果表明：鸡胚卵巢bFGF随着减数分裂的进行,其表达从全卵巢表达转变为卵巢髓质表达；通过RT-PCR及原位杂交的方法,证实其受体在卵巢中均有表达；使用卵巢培养模型发现bFGF显著降低了RA促进减数分裂起始的作用,且与RA信号无关。此外,bFGF促进了生殖细胞保持未分化状态(SSEA阳性)并增殖。体内注射bFGF后出雏鸡卵巢皮质层厚度增加。综上,bFGF抑制了RA诱发的生殖细胞减数分裂起始,使胚胎卵巢生殖细胞保持未分化状态并进一步增殖。
5.成年鸡卵巢生殖细胞再生的探索
传统理论认为,雌性哺乳动物和鸟类出生(出壳)时只具备卵母细胞的有限储备池,失去了产生卵母细胞的能力。然而,最近的研究结果却与这一传统观点不符,认为动物卵巢内卵母细胞的数量并非固定,在某些条件下可以再生。前期的实验表明,bFGF可使卵巢中部分卵原细胞保持未分化状态。通过石蜡切片及免疫组化和RT-PCR检测发现：在胚胎期直至成年鸡卵巢中均发现生殖细胞样的细胞簇群,并在胞质中表达Dazl蛋白；检测到不同阶段成年鸡卵巢中均有减数分裂相关基因的表达。推测成年鸡卵巢中可能存在卵原细胞起始减数分裂过程。
综上所述,本研究证实了RA调控胚胎期生殖细胞减数分裂起始的作用,这一过程受到性腺环境、垂体-卵巢轴及卵巢旁分泌、自分泌的调节。此外,P4具有独立于RA信号之外诱发生殖细胞减数分裂起始的作用。在此基础上,探索了成鸡卵巢是否具有生殖细胞再生现象。这些结果为阐明早期生殖细胞发生的调控机理及提高家禽繁殖性能奠定了的理论基础。
At present, people's consumption and market force the poultry industries to choice high-reproductive performance individuals in the breeding. The reproductive performance depends on the follicular development of poultry. Thus, study of follicular development is the theoretical basis for understanding the regulation of reproductive function and improving the laying performance in poultry. Moreover, the poultry ovary constitutes an ideal model for studies of ovarian biology and follicular development. Here, we evaluated the effects of endocrine, paracrine and autocrine on the development of follicles and their related mechanism.1. Turnover of the germ cell developmental fate in the sex-reversed embryonic chickens by estrogen modulation.2. Gonadotropins regulate ovarian germ cell mitosis/meiosis decision in the embryonic chicken.3. Progesterone (P4) regulates embryonic germ cell meiotic initiation independent of retinoic acid signaling in chicken.4. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) suppresses meiosis and promotes mitosis of ovarian germ cells in embryonic chickens. From these studies, we expected to provide theoretic guidance for improving the reproductive performance of poultry.
1. Turnover of the germ cell developmental fate in the sex-reversed embryonic chickens by estrogen modulation
The hypothesis that sex determination of germ cells depends upon their external environment rather than a cell-autonomous program had been widely accepted, but there exists little direct in vivo evidence to support this notion. Dazl, as an intrinsic factor for meiotic initiation, was strictly localized to the cytoplasm of both male and female embryonic germ cells, which indicates that the intrinsic Dazl may not be involved in sex determination. Then, the sex reversed chicken embryos were used to investigate germ cell development pattern in different microenvironments. Feminization of male (ZZ) gonads was caused by estrogen and masculinization of female (ZW) gonads by aromatase inhibitor. Meiotic germ cells appeared only in the ovarian-like cortex and mitotic germ cells appeared in the testis cord-like structures of both sexes. The abundance of retinoic acid (RA) metabolism enzyme mRNAs indicated that local levels of RA likely represents the signaling factor for germ cell meiotic initiation. Furthermore, the RA-degrading enzyme Cyp26b1was immunolocalised strictly in the testis cord-like structures of both sexes but not in the ovarian-like cortex. We proved through in vivo experiments that the fate of germ cells was predominantly determined by their gonadal environment instead of sex-specific intrinsic factors.
2. Gonadotropins regulate ovarian germ cell mitosis/meiosis decision in the embryonic chicken
Gonadotropins are required for gametogenesis but in embryonic gonads this mechanism is not well understood. Here we use chicken embryos to investigate the mechanism that gonadotropins regulate the ovarian germ cell mitosis/meiosis decision. Treatment with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) delayed germ cell meiosis entry and promoted their proliferation. This action was blocked by an aromatase inhibitor. Treatment with luteinizing hormone (LH) accelerated germ cell meiosis entry and promoted transcription of3βHSDII to increase progesterone (P4) production. In the cultured ovaries, P4triggered meiotic initiation in germ cells. MiR181a*, which acts to downregulate the NR6A1transcript to prevent the meiotic initiation, was upregulated by FSH and downregulated by LH. Collectively, gonadotropins regulate germ cells mitosis and meiotic initiation through steroid hormones and a miRl81a*-mediated pathway. In particularly, FSH delays germ cell meiosis entry and promotes cell proliferation via estrogen while LH accelerates the meiotic initiation via elevated P4production.
3. P4regulates embryonic germ cell meiotic initiation independent of retinoic acid signaling in chicken
Meiosis is a special type of cell division that is restricted to germ cells. Recent studies demonstrate that the signaling molecule RA triggers germ cells to enter meiosis. However, many publications have revealed that RA may not be the only secreted inducer of meiosis. Progestin is an essential factor for the initiation of meiosis in teleosts. Here we used the chicken embryo to investigate whether P4regulates germ cell meiotic initiation in vertebrates which been reported that meiosis entry induced by RA. The female chicken embryos were challenged with P4at embryonic day9.5of incubation that accelerated germ cells meiosis entry. However, treated with P4did no effect on testicular germ cells in vivo but entered meiosis when testis-only culturing. The treatment of a pan-RAR antagonist, AGN193109cannot prevent germ cell meiotic initiation which induced by P4indicating no involvement of RA receptor-mediated signaling. Moreover, no significantly difference in abundances of RA metabolism-related enzymes (Raldh2and Cyp26bl) and RA receptor (RARβ) mRNAs and RA concentration in ovaries by P4treated in vivo. Use siRNA to knockdown both progesterone A and B in germ cell/somatic cell co-culture did not impaired meiosis suggest that PR is not required for P4-stimulated germ cell meiosis. Overall, this study provides new insights into the mechanisms of germ cell meiotic initiation in chicken. We conclude that P4regulates embryonic germ cell meiotic initiation independent of RA signaling.
4. The bFGF Suppresses Meiosis and Promotes Mitosis of Ovarian Germ Cells in Embryonic Chickens
The bFGF plays diverse roles in regulating cell proliferation, migration and differentiation during embryo development. In this study, the effect of bFGF on ovarian germ cell development was investigated in the embryonic chicken by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Results showed that a remarkable decrease in bFGF expression in the ovarian cortex was manifested during meiosis progression. With ovary organ culture, we revealed that meiosis was initiated after RA treatment alone but was decreased after combined bFGF treatment that was detected by real time RT-PCR, fluorescence immunohistochemistry and Giemsa staining. Further, no significant difference in mRNA expression of either RA metabolism-related enzymes (Raldh2and Cyp26b1) or RA receptors was displayed after bFGF challenge. This result suggests that the suppression of bFGF on meiosis was unlikely through inhibition of RA signaling. In addition, as a mitogen, bFGF administration increased germ cell proliferation (via BrdU incorporation) in cultured organ or cells in vitro and also in developing embryos in vivo. In conclusion, bFGF suppresses RA-induced entry of germ cells into meiosis to ensure embryonic ovarian germ cells to maintain at undifferentiated status and accelerate germ cell proliferation in the chicken.
5. Neo-oogenesis in the adult chicken ovary
It remains unclear whether neo-oogenesis occurs in postnatal ovaries of avis, based on studies in chicken. We thought to test whether adult chicken ovaries undergo neo-oogenesis.We took the approach of analyzing the expression of meiotic marker genes and genes for germ cell development. First, histological analysis of juvenile and young adult ovaries revealed the presence of large ovoid cells, resembling germ cells of fetal chicken ovaries. Immunohistochemical staining for Dazl, confirmed that these large ovoid cells were of a germline lineage. We show that active meiosis and neo-oogenesis are likely to exist in normal, adult, chicken ovaries. These data establish the existence of germ cells that sustain oocyte and follicle production in the adult chicken ovary.
In conclusion, we investigated the developmental changes of chicken germ cells by the methods of morphology and immunohistochemistry and the effects of bFGF on the follicular development by suspension follicle culture and cell culture. The results showed that the loacal growth-promoting factors promoted proliferation of cells via their respective receptors, hence to regulate the development of chicken follicles.These results could be contributed to elucidate the mechanism of follicular development and selection, as well as to represent a reference for improvement of poultry reproductive performance.
1.雌激素对生殖细胞发育方向的影响
哺乳动物和鸟类生殖细胞减数分裂起始存在性别间差异,雌性生殖细胞于胚胎期起始减数分裂而雄性生殖细胞在胚胎期增殖后进入滞育阶段。早期生殖细胞减数分裂起始被认为可由性腺的结构所决定,但缺少体内的证据来证明。本研究使用雌激素(E2)和芳香化酶抑制剂(AI)处理进行性别逆转,改变性腺结构检测生殖细胞性别决定因素。结果表明：E2或AI处理均可引起性腺形态逆转；处理后两性卵巢样皮质内生殖细胞进入减数分裂状态,而精索状结构中均未见此现象发生。推测出现上述现象原因是E2和AI处理后使得性腺内中视黄酸(RA)浓度发生了改变。编码RA主要降解酶基因(Cyp26b1的表达量出现了性别间差异。进一步使用免疫组化染色发现Cyp26b1主要在睾丸精索状结构中表达。综上所述：雌激素通过改变性腺结构影响生殖细胞减数分裂的起始时间,其中Cyp26bl的分布引起RA浓度差异是关键因素。
2.垂体-卵巢轴激素调控生殖细胞有丝分裂与减数分裂的选择
胚胎期卵巢生殖细胞发育面临两个重要事件：有丝分裂和起始减数分裂。本研究利用鸡胚为模型,研究垂体-卵巢轴激素在生殖细胞有丝分裂和减数分裂起始之间选择所发挥的调控作用。对鸡胚进行卵泡刺激素(FSH)和黄体生成素(LH)注射以改变体内促性腺激素的浓度,结果表明：FSH处理下调了减数分裂基因及其蛋白的表达并显著提高了增殖状态生殖细胞的比例；LH处理上调了减数分裂基因及其蛋白的表达,对生殖细胞的增殖无显著影响。结果还表明,miR181a*的转录受到促性腺激素的调控参与了垂体-卵巢轴对生殖细胞发育的调控。进一步研究发现,FSH和LH处理分别上调了类固醇激素合成酶Cyp19al和3βHSDII的转录。使用AI与FSH共同处理,发现AI可阻止FSH所发挥的作用。LH处理可增加卵巢中3βHSDII的转录,促进P4的合成,参与了减数分裂的起始。综上所述：鸡胚垂体-卵巢轴激素通过调节卵巢内类固醇激素的分泌,分别调节了生殖细胞增殖和减数分裂的起始。
3.P4调控生殖细胞减数分裂起始
最新研究表明,RA可能不是唯一的内源性引发减数分裂起始的因子。作者前期研究证实LH通过刺激P4合成诱发生殖细胞减数分裂的起始。在本研究中,雌性鸡胚注射P4可使生殖细胞提前起始减数分裂；体内P4处理对睾丸生精细胞没有显著影响,但P4刺激了体外培养的睾丸生殖细胞起始减数分裂。抑制RA受体不能阻止P4诱发的生殖细胞减数分裂起始,提示RA受体并没有介导该过程。此外,P4处理对RA主要的合成和代谢酶及RA受体mRNA的表达均无显著影响；使用高效液相色谱分析发现,P4处理并未改变卵巢内RA的浓度,这表明P4并非通过RA而发挥作用。利用鸡胚生殖细胞一体细胞共培养模型,使用siRNA敲减P4核受体PRA及PRB表达后,然后用P4处理仍可刺激生殖细胞进入减数分裂,提示P4的作用可能并非通过与核受体结合而发挥作用,确切的机制有待进一步研究。综上所述,本研究为鸡胚生殖细胞减数分裂起始机制提供了新的见解,P4可能是RA信号之外调节生殖细胞减数分裂起始的内分泌因子。
4.bFGF调节鸡胚卵巢生殖细胞的发育
在动物胚胎发育过程中,bFGF具有抑制细胞分化和促进增殖的作用。前期报道中鸡胚卵巢内部分生殖细胞没有起始减数分裂。本研究中使用体内和体外方法探索了bFGF在鸡胚卵巢生殖细胞的作用。结果表明：鸡胚卵巢bFGF随着减数分裂的进行,其表达从全卵巢表达转变为卵巢髓质表达；通过RT-PCR及原位杂交的方法,证实其受体在卵巢中均有表达；使用卵巢培养模型发现bFGF显著降低了RA促进减数分裂起始的作用,且与RA信号无关。此外,bFGF促进了生殖细胞保持未分化状态(SSEA阳性)并增殖。体内注射bFGF后出雏鸡卵巢皮质层厚度增加。综上,bFGF抑制了RA诱发的生殖细胞减数分裂起始,使胚胎卵巢生殖细胞保持未分化状态并进一步增殖。
5.成年鸡卵巢生殖细胞再生的探索
传统理论认为,雌性哺乳动物和鸟类出生(出壳)时只具备卵母细胞的有限储备池,失去了产生卵母细胞的能力。然而,最近的研究结果却与这一传统观点不符,认为动物卵巢内卵母细胞的数量并非固定,在某些条件下可以再生。前期的实验表明,bFGF可使卵巢中部分卵原细胞保持未分化状态。通过石蜡切片及免疫组化和RT-PCR检测发现：在胚胎期直至成年鸡卵巢中均发现生殖细胞样的细胞簇群,并在胞质中表达Dazl蛋白；检测到不同阶段成年鸡卵巢中均有减数分裂相关基因的表达。推测成年鸡卵巢中可能存在卵原细胞起始减数分裂过程。
综上所述,本研究证实了RA调控胚胎期生殖细胞减数分裂起始的作用,这一过程受到性腺环境、垂体-卵巢轴及卵巢旁分泌、自分泌的调节。此外,P4具有独立于RA信号之外诱发生殖细胞减数分裂起始的作用。在此基础上,探索了成鸡卵巢是否具有生殖细胞再生现象。这些结果为阐明早期生殖细胞发生的调控机理及提高家禽繁殖性能奠定了的理论基础。
At present, people's consumption and market force the poultry industries to choice high-reproductive performance individuals in the breeding. The reproductive performance depends on the follicular development of poultry. Thus, study of follicular development is the theoretical basis for understanding the regulation of reproductive function and improving the laying performance in poultry. Moreover, the poultry ovary constitutes an ideal model for studies of ovarian biology and follicular development. Here, we evaluated the effects of endocrine, paracrine and autocrine on the development of follicles and their related mechanism.1. Turnover of the germ cell developmental fate in the sex-reversed embryonic chickens by estrogen modulation.2. Gonadotropins regulate ovarian germ cell mitosis/meiosis decision in the embryonic chicken.3. Progesterone (P4) regulates embryonic germ cell meiotic initiation independent of retinoic acid signaling in chicken.4. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) suppresses meiosis and promotes mitosis of ovarian germ cells in embryonic chickens. From these studies, we expected to provide theoretic guidance for improving the reproductive performance of poultry.
1. Turnover of the germ cell developmental fate in the sex-reversed embryonic chickens by estrogen modulation
The hypothesis that sex determination of germ cells depends upon their external environment rather than a cell-autonomous program had been widely accepted, but there exists little direct in vivo evidence to support this notion. Dazl, as an intrinsic factor for meiotic initiation, was strictly localized to the cytoplasm of both male and female embryonic germ cells, which indicates that the intrinsic Dazl may not be involved in sex determination. Then, the sex reversed chicken embryos were used to investigate germ cell development pattern in different microenvironments. Feminization of male (ZZ) gonads was caused by estrogen and masculinization of female (ZW) gonads by aromatase inhibitor. Meiotic germ cells appeared only in the ovarian-like cortex and mitotic germ cells appeared in the testis cord-like structures of both sexes. The abundance of retinoic acid (RA) metabolism enzyme mRNAs indicated that local levels of RA likely represents the signaling factor for germ cell meiotic initiation. Furthermore, the RA-degrading enzyme Cyp26b1was immunolocalised strictly in the testis cord-like structures of both sexes but not in the ovarian-like cortex. We proved through in vivo experiments that the fate of germ cells was predominantly determined by their gonadal environment instead of sex-specific intrinsic factors.
2. Gonadotropins regulate ovarian germ cell mitosis/meiosis decision in the embryonic chicken
Gonadotropins are required for gametogenesis but in embryonic gonads this mechanism is not well understood. Here we use chicken embryos to investigate the mechanism that gonadotropins regulate the ovarian germ cell mitosis/meiosis decision. Treatment with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) delayed germ cell meiosis entry and promoted their proliferation. This action was blocked by an aromatase inhibitor. Treatment with luteinizing hormone (LH) accelerated germ cell meiosis entry and promoted transcription of3βHSDII to increase progesterone (P4) production. In the cultured ovaries, P4triggered meiotic initiation in germ cells. MiR181a*, which acts to downregulate the NR6A1transcript to prevent the meiotic initiation, was upregulated by FSH and downregulated by LH. Collectively, gonadotropins regulate germ cells mitosis and meiotic initiation through steroid hormones and a miRl81a*-mediated pathway. In particularly, FSH delays germ cell meiosis entry and promotes cell proliferation via estrogen while LH accelerates the meiotic initiation via elevated P4production.
3. P4regulates embryonic germ cell meiotic initiation independent of retinoic acid signaling in chicken
Meiosis is a special type of cell division that is restricted to germ cells. Recent studies demonstrate that the signaling molecule RA triggers germ cells to enter meiosis. However, many publications have revealed that RA may not be the only secreted inducer of meiosis. Progestin is an essential factor for the initiation of meiosis in teleosts. Here we used the chicken embryo to investigate whether P4regulates germ cell meiotic initiation in vertebrates which been reported that meiosis entry induced by RA. The female chicken embryos were challenged with P4at embryonic day9.5of incubation that accelerated germ cells meiosis entry. However, treated with P4did no effect on testicular germ cells in vivo but entered meiosis when testis-only culturing. The treatment of a pan-RAR antagonist, AGN193109cannot prevent germ cell meiotic initiation which induced by P4indicating no involvement of RA receptor-mediated signaling. Moreover, no significantly difference in abundances of RA metabolism-related enzymes (Raldh2and Cyp26bl) and RA receptor (RARβ) mRNAs and RA concentration in ovaries by P4treated in vivo. Use siRNA to knockdown both progesterone A and B in germ cell/somatic cell co-culture did not impaired meiosis suggest that PR is not required for P4-stimulated germ cell meiosis. Overall, this study provides new insights into the mechanisms of germ cell meiotic initiation in chicken. We conclude that P4regulates embryonic germ cell meiotic initiation independent of RA signaling.
4. The bFGF Suppresses Meiosis and Promotes Mitosis of Ovarian Germ Cells in Embryonic Chickens
The bFGF plays diverse roles in regulating cell proliferation, migration and differentiation during embryo development. In this study, the effect of bFGF on ovarian germ cell development was investigated in the embryonic chicken by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Results showed that a remarkable decrease in bFGF expression in the ovarian cortex was manifested during meiosis progression. With ovary organ culture, we revealed that meiosis was initiated after RA treatment alone but was decreased after combined bFGF treatment that was detected by real time RT-PCR, fluorescence immunohistochemistry and Giemsa staining. Further, no significant difference in mRNA expression of either RA metabolism-related enzymes (Raldh2and Cyp26b1) or RA receptors was displayed after bFGF challenge. This result suggests that the suppression of bFGF on meiosis was unlikely through inhibition of RA signaling. In addition, as a mitogen, bFGF administration increased germ cell proliferation (via BrdU incorporation) in cultured organ or cells in vitro and also in developing embryos in vivo. In conclusion, bFGF suppresses RA-induced entry of germ cells into meiosis to ensure embryonic ovarian germ cells to maintain at undifferentiated status and accelerate germ cell proliferation in the chicken.
5. Neo-oogenesis in the adult chicken ovary
It remains unclear whether neo-oogenesis occurs in postnatal ovaries of avis, based on studies in chicken. We thought to test whether adult chicken ovaries undergo neo-oogenesis.We took the approach of analyzing the expression of meiotic marker genes and genes for germ cell development. First, histological analysis of juvenile and young adult ovaries revealed the presence of large ovoid cells, resembling germ cells of fetal chicken ovaries. Immunohistochemical staining for Dazl, confirmed that these large ovoid cells were of a germline lineage. We show that active meiosis and neo-oogenesis are likely to exist in normal, adult, chicken ovaries. These data establish the existence of germ cells that sustain oocyte and follicle production in the adult chicken ovary.
In conclusion, we investigated the developmental changes of chicken germ cells by the methods of morphology and immunohistochemistry and the effects of bFGF on the follicular development by suspension follicle culture and cell culture. The results showed that the loacal growth-promoting factors promoted proliferation of cells via their respective receptors, hence to regulate the development of chicken follicles.These results could be contributed to elucidate the mechanism of follicular development and selection, as well as to represent a reference for improvement of poultry reproductive performance.
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