岩质边坡桥梁基桩受力分析的理论与试验研究
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摘要
随着我国西部大开发战略的实施,高等级公路建设将大量穿越崇山峻岭区,以往盘山公路的形式已经无法满足人们对交通运输快速、安全、便捷的需要,而出于保护山区植被的考虑,对山岭进行大砍大挖更不可行,故一般采用隧道或高架桥的形式穿越,在该类高架桥工程中桩基础的使用不可避免。此时基桩受力复杂,其承载机理及受力分析计算方法与常规桩基存在许多不同,常规计算方法已难以应用。该类基桩相应的设计计算及安全监控均缺乏相应的规范指导,存在较大的盲目性。本文结合国家自然科学基金“陡坡段桥梁桩基设计理论与数值模拟方法研究”(50578060)和湖南省交通厅科技项目“高陡边坡段桥梁桩基设计与防护技术研究(200513)”课题,以解析法、数值方法、室内及现场试验为手段,对岩质边坡的桥梁桩基的承载机理及受力分析进行了探讨,主要在以下几个方面进行了研究:
本文首先通过对国内外已有有关研究文献的综合分析,较深入地探讨和总结了复杂荷载作用下岩质边坡桥梁基桩的承载机理及工作性状,在充分考虑岩质边坡桥梁基桩复杂受力条件的基础上,借鉴平地基桩在复杂荷载作用下桩身内力及变形计算的分析思路,将基桩的受力归纳为桩顶轴向荷载、横向荷载以及桩侧岩体的侧向压力及抗力几个方面,在简化边坡上基桩前后岩(土)体的抗力及推力的分布规律的情况下,建立轴、横向荷载共同作用下岩质边坡桥梁基桩的计算模型,并采用幂级数方法推导求得岩质边坡桥梁基桩内力计算的解析解。为进一步研究岩质边坡桥梁基桩的受力特点,在考虑坡体推力的不规则和多样性的基础上,将基桩划分点以差分形式近似地代替桩身弹性曲线微分方程,将坡体推力以任意形式作用到基桩上,以此作为设计荷载合理考虑坡体与桩体的相互作用,导得了一套适用于岩质边坡桥梁基桩的内力及位移计算方法,编制出相应的计算程序,对基桩的设计进行指导,并结合计算算例研究了岩质边坡坡体推力形状、大小、位置及不同边界条件对基桩受力及位移的影响。
为更加深入探讨岩质边坡桥梁基桩的承载特性以及影响因素,采用国际上通用的先进非线性有限元分析软件Marc,在考虑桩-岩接触等非线性因素的基础上,建立了岩质边坡桥梁基桩单桩的三维弹塑性模型,并针对岩质边坡桥梁基桩在施工过程中不同阶段的特点进行计算,得到其应力分布情况,并通过计算得到了基桩在不同荷载条件下的受力特点。并根据正交试验设计原理,建立岩质边坡桥梁基桩的正交分析的有限元模型,并对影响基桩受力的E(弹性模量)、?(内摩擦角)、c(粘聚力)、d(基桩直径)、边坡角度这五种因素进行敏感度分析。
最后,在相似理论基础上,采用方程分析法导出岩质边坡桥梁基桩的相似准则,以该准则为指导设计并完成了岩质边坡桥梁基桩的室内模型试验,分别进行了竖向荷载、侧向荷载、水平荷载作用下的4组16根岩质边坡模型桩受力试验,深入探讨了不同加载方式、不同桩顶自由长度、不同嵌固深度、不同基桩刚度以及不同边坡坡度等情况对基桩受力的影响。并结合论文依托工程,通过现场试验的实测结果与理论计算结果的对比分析,进一步验证了本文理论方法的可靠性。
With the carrying out of Chinese strategy of western development, the constructions of high-level highways often traversed in the mountainous regions. The conventional highways around the mountains cannot satisfy the communications and transportation’s needs of speed, safety and facility. In order to protect the vegetations in the mountains, it is impossible to fill and excavate large earth in such areas, therefore, tunnels and viaducts are adapted, which often include the piles foundations in engineering practices. In this case, the stress of pile foundations is very complex that bearing mechanism and analysis methods are quite different from the conventional pile foundations and the conventional calculation method is not applicable to such pile foundation. By integrating with the Natural Science Foundation of China“study on the numerical simulation and design theory for rock slope bridge pile”(NO.50578060) and the Transportation Technology Projects of Hunan Province“study on the design and protect technique for slope bridge pile”(NO.200513), and based on the analytical method, numerical method, methods testing in analogous room and in field, this paper discussed the bearing mechanism and stress analysis of pile foundation of bridge in rock slope. Mainly research and investigation are done as the following:
Firstly, based on comprehensive analyses of the domestic and world related references, the bearing mechanism and behaviors of pile foundation in rock slope under complex load condition are discussed and summarized. Considering complex stress condition of pile foundation and borrowing analytical thought about stress and deformation of conventional pile in the plain under clining loads, the externality loads include axial load, horizontal load, lateral distribution thrust and resistance from pile side rock. By simplifying the distribution of resistance and thrust and establishing the calculation model of bridge pile foundation in rock slope, the stress analytic solution of pile foundation is deducted through power series method. In order to fully research the characteristics of bridge pile foundation in rock slope, the irregular and diversity of thrust will be considered, and the flexibility differential equation was replaced with the finite difference model of pile shaft. The thrust of slope acted on the pile shaft with discretionary form as design load to consider the interaction of pile and slope, and the finite difference model applicable to stress and displacement calculation of bridge pile foundation in rock slope is deduct. Compiling related program and combining with the example, the influences on stress and displacement of bridge pile foundation in rock slope with different thrust distribution model, amount, position and boundary condition is fully researched.
In order to fully discussing the bearing characteristics and affecting factors of pile foundation in rock slope, the international advanced nonlinear finite element analysis software Marc is adapted. Based on considering nonlinear factors including discontinuous deformation between pile and rock contact area, the three-dimensional elastoplastic model for the bridge pile foundation in rock slope is established, and the stress distribution is obtain according to different characteristic in different construction stage. The stress characteristic is achieved under different load condition through calculation. In addition, according to orthogonal experiment principle, the orthogonal finite element analysis model is constituted, and the five factors including E(elastic modulus),φ(friction angle), c(cohesion), d(pile diameter) and slope angle are analyzed.
Furthermore, based on similar theory, the similarity criterion for pile foundation in rock slope is deduced through equation analytic method. The indoor model test for pile foundation in rock slope is designed and finished according to the similar criterion. Four model groups and sixteen model piles tests are carried out. The affecting factors of pile foundation are researched with different load mode, different pile shaft free length, different pile shaft fixity depth and different slope angle etc. Combined with the supported engineering and compared with the theoretical results and the measured test data from in-fields, the reliability of the presented theory method is further proved.
本文首先通过对国内外已有有关研究文献的综合分析,较深入地探讨和总结了复杂荷载作用下岩质边坡桥梁基桩的承载机理及工作性状,在充分考虑岩质边坡桥梁基桩复杂受力条件的基础上,借鉴平地基桩在复杂荷载作用下桩身内力及变形计算的分析思路,将基桩的受力归纳为桩顶轴向荷载、横向荷载以及桩侧岩体的侧向压力及抗力几个方面,在简化边坡上基桩前后岩(土)体的抗力及推力的分布规律的情况下,建立轴、横向荷载共同作用下岩质边坡桥梁基桩的计算模型,并采用幂级数方法推导求得岩质边坡桥梁基桩内力计算的解析解。为进一步研究岩质边坡桥梁基桩的受力特点,在考虑坡体推力的不规则和多样性的基础上,将基桩划分点以差分形式近似地代替桩身弹性曲线微分方程,将坡体推力以任意形式作用到基桩上,以此作为设计荷载合理考虑坡体与桩体的相互作用,导得了一套适用于岩质边坡桥梁基桩的内力及位移计算方法,编制出相应的计算程序,对基桩的设计进行指导,并结合计算算例研究了岩质边坡坡体推力形状、大小、位置及不同边界条件对基桩受力及位移的影响。
为更加深入探讨岩质边坡桥梁基桩的承载特性以及影响因素,采用国际上通用的先进非线性有限元分析软件Marc,在考虑桩-岩接触等非线性因素的基础上,建立了岩质边坡桥梁基桩单桩的三维弹塑性模型,并针对岩质边坡桥梁基桩在施工过程中不同阶段的特点进行计算,得到其应力分布情况,并通过计算得到了基桩在不同荷载条件下的受力特点。并根据正交试验设计原理,建立岩质边坡桥梁基桩的正交分析的有限元模型,并对影响基桩受力的E(弹性模量)、?(内摩擦角)、c(粘聚力)、d(基桩直径)、边坡角度这五种因素进行敏感度分析。
最后,在相似理论基础上,采用方程分析法导出岩质边坡桥梁基桩的相似准则,以该准则为指导设计并完成了岩质边坡桥梁基桩的室内模型试验,分别进行了竖向荷载、侧向荷载、水平荷载作用下的4组16根岩质边坡模型桩受力试验,深入探讨了不同加载方式、不同桩顶自由长度、不同嵌固深度、不同基桩刚度以及不同边坡坡度等情况对基桩受力的影响。并结合论文依托工程,通过现场试验的实测结果与理论计算结果的对比分析,进一步验证了本文理论方法的可靠性。
With the carrying out of Chinese strategy of western development, the constructions of high-level highways often traversed in the mountainous regions. The conventional highways around the mountains cannot satisfy the communications and transportation’s needs of speed, safety and facility. In order to protect the vegetations in the mountains, it is impossible to fill and excavate large earth in such areas, therefore, tunnels and viaducts are adapted, which often include the piles foundations in engineering practices. In this case, the stress of pile foundations is very complex that bearing mechanism and analysis methods are quite different from the conventional pile foundations and the conventional calculation method is not applicable to such pile foundation. By integrating with the Natural Science Foundation of China“study on the numerical simulation and design theory for rock slope bridge pile”(NO.50578060) and the Transportation Technology Projects of Hunan Province“study on the design and protect technique for slope bridge pile”(NO.200513), and based on the analytical method, numerical method, methods testing in analogous room and in field, this paper discussed the bearing mechanism and stress analysis of pile foundation of bridge in rock slope. Mainly research and investigation are done as the following:
Firstly, based on comprehensive analyses of the domestic and world related references, the bearing mechanism and behaviors of pile foundation in rock slope under complex load condition are discussed and summarized. Considering complex stress condition of pile foundation and borrowing analytical thought about stress and deformation of conventional pile in the plain under clining loads, the externality loads include axial load, horizontal load, lateral distribution thrust and resistance from pile side rock. By simplifying the distribution of resistance and thrust and establishing the calculation model of bridge pile foundation in rock slope, the stress analytic solution of pile foundation is deducted through power series method. In order to fully research the characteristics of bridge pile foundation in rock slope, the irregular and diversity of thrust will be considered, and the flexibility differential equation was replaced with the finite difference model of pile shaft. The thrust of slope acted on the pile shaft with discretionary form as design load to consider the interaction of pile and slope, and the finite difference model applicable to stress and displacement calculation of bridge pile foundation in rock slope is deduct. Compiling related program and combining with the example, the influences on stress and displacement of bridge pile foundation in rock slope with different thrust distribution model, amount, position and boundary condition is fully researched.
In order to fully discussing the bearing characteristics and affecting factors of pile foundation in rock slope, the international advanced nonlinear finite element analysis software Marc is adapted. Based on considering nonlinear factors including discontinuous deformation between pile and rock contact area, the three-dimensional elastoplastic model for the bridge pile foundation in rock slope is established, and the stress distribution is obtain according to different characteristic in different construction stage. The stress characteristic is achieved under different load condition through calculation. In addition, according to orthogonal experiment principle, the orthogonal finite element analysis model is constituted, and the five factors including E(elastic modulus),φ(friction angle), c(cohesion), d(pile diameter) and slope angle are analyzed.
Furthermore, based on similar theory, the similarity criterion for pile foundation in rock slope is deduced through equation analytic method. The indoor model test for pile foundation in rock slope is designed and finished according to the similar criterion. Four model groups and sixteen model piles tests are carried out. The affecting factors of pile foundation are researched with different load mode, different pile shaft free length, different pile shaft fixity depth and different slope angle etc. Combined with the supported engineering and compared with the theoretical results and the measured test data from in-fields, the reliability of the presented theory method is further proved.
引文
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