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黄酮强吸附与分子表面印迹材料的制备及特性研究
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摘要
黄酮类化合物(flavonoids)是一类广泛存在于植物组织中并且具有多种生物活性的天然物质。现代药理学研究结果表明,黄酮类化合物具有很高的药理活性,如清除自由基、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗病毒及杀菌等多种功能,在天然药物化学中占很重要的地位。槲皮素(quercetin)、芦丁(rutin)和染料木素(genistein)是三种典型的多羟基黄酮类化合物,具有很高的生物活性和药理活性,它们的提取与分离在化学与生物医学领域是备受关注的研究课题。本研究通过分子设计的构思,设计制备对黄酮类物质具有强吸附作用的聚合物材料,并采用“接枝聚合与分子印迹同步进行”的新型分子表面印迹技术,制备黄酮分子表面印迹材料,以促进天然药物化合物的提取分离研究以及它们的临床应用。显然,本课题研究在生物药学与化学科学领域具有重要的科学意义。
     首先,使用偶联剂γ-氨丙基三甲氧基硅烷(AMPS),对微米级硅胶微粒进行了化学改性,制得表面带有伯胺基的改性微粒AMPS-SiO2,使用水和二甲亚砜的混合溶剂,使改性微粒AMPS-SiO2表面的氨基与溶液中的过硫酸铵构成氧化-还原引发体系,实现了乙酸乙烯酯(VAc)在硅胶微粒表面的引发接枝聚合,制得了高接枝度的接枝微粒PVAc/SiO2。经醇解,将PVAc转变为聚乙烯醇(PVA),从而制备了高接枝度的功能接枝微粒PVA/SiO2。采用红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)及热重分析(TGA)等方法对产物微粒进行了表征。并深入研究了主要因素对VAc表面引发接枝聚合的影响。研究结果表明,采用氨基与过硫酸盐水溶性的氧化还原引发体系,在水和二甲亚砜的混合溶剂中,可以高效地实现油溶性单体VAc的表面引发接枝聚合。经过醇解反应,成功制得表面接枝有功能大分子PVA的功能接枝微粒PVA/SiO2。
     然后,以接枝微粒PVA/SiO2为固体吸附剂,对槲皮素、芦丁和染料木素三种黄酮类化合物进行了吸附研究,考察了主要因素对吸附性能的影响,深入探讨了吸附机理,并研究了吸附热力学。研究结果表明,由于接枝微粒PVA/SiO2表面含有高密度的羟基,使得该接枝微粒与黄酮类化合物分子之间,可形成多位点的常规氢键和π型氢键,正是这两种类型的氢键使功能接枝微粒PVA/SiO_2对三种黄酮都产生了很强的物理吸附作用。溶剂的竞争吸附对黄酮化合物的吸附容量会产生很大的影响,以弱极性的1,2-二氯乙烷(DCE)为溶剂时,几乎不存在溶剂的竞争吸附,槲皮素、芦丁和染料木素具有很高的吸附容量,而在质子溶剂乙醇中,强烈的溶剂竞争吸附使三者的吸附容量均大大降低。升高温度会减弱氢键作用,甚至使氢键断裂,导致吸附容量减小。质子溶剂中电解质的存在,对吸附作用产生负性影响。功能微粒PVA/SiO_2对黄酮类化合物的吸附为放热过程,且为焓驱动的吸附过程,吸附模式符合Langmuir模型。
     最后,使用本课题组新建立的“接枝交联聚合与印迹过程同步进行”的新型分子表面印迹方法,以甲基丙烯酸(MAA)为功能单体,染料木素为模板分子,凭借主-客体之间的常规氢键和π型氢键两类氢键相互作用,在氨基/过硫酸盐氧化还原引发体系作用下,使MAA及交联剂N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBA)在硅胶微粒表面发生接枝交联聚合,除去模板,成功地制备了染料木素分子表面印迹材料MIP-PMAA/SiO_2。采用静态、动态及竞争性吸附等实验方法,考察了染料木素印迹材料MIP-PMAA/SiO_2对染料木素的识别选择性与结合亲和性,研究结果表明,染料木素表面印迹材料对模板分子具有优良的结合亲和性,结合容量可高达0.36mmol·g~(-1),更重要的是该印迹材料对染料木素具有特异的识别选择性,相对于槲皮素和芦丁,MIP-PMAA/SiO_2对染料木素的选择性系数分别高达5.4和11.8。研究结果还表明,印迹条件对印迹材料的选择性能具有很大的影响,当单体与模板的比例为4:1,单体与交联剂的比例为5:1时,印迹材料具有最好的识别选择性。
     依同样的方法,制备槲皮素分子表面印迹材料MIP-PMAA/SiO_2,并考察槲皮素印迹材料对槲皮素的识别选择性和结合亲和性。研究结果表明,该印迹材料对槲皮素具有高的结合性能和识别选择性能。结合容量达0.33mmol·g~(-1);相对于染料木素和芦丁,印迹材料对槲皮素的选择性系数分别为4.4和7.69。此外,槲皮素印迹材料还具有优良的洗脱性能,以0.001mmol·L~(-1)的NaOH作为洗脱剂,在19个床体积槲皮素的解吸率高达98.1%,有利于印迹材料的再生和重复使用。
Flavonoids are a broad class of natural substance that exist extensively in plant tissuesand have various biological activities. Modern pharmacological studies indicate that theyhave multiple functions of free-radical scavenging, antioxidation, antitumor, sterilization,and so on. So they play an important role in natural medicine chemistry. Quercetin, rutin,genistein are three typical flavonoid compounds which have high bioactivity andpharmacological activities. Therefore, effective extraction and separation of them fromplants have attracted much attention in the chemistry and biomedical field. In this study, inorder to promote the development of extraction and separation of natural medicinecompounds, adsorbing materials which have strong adsorption properties to flavonoids areprepared,and flavonoids surface molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) are also preparedby using a new surface molecular imprinting technique “grafting polymerizationsynchronized with imprinting” by means of molecular designing. So this research has greatscientific significance in biopharmaceutics and chemical sciences fields.
     First, micron-sized silica gel particles are surface-modified with coupling agentγ-Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (AMPS), obtaining the modified particles AMPS-SiO_2, onwhich primary amino groups are chemically attached. Distilled water and DMSO are usedas mixed solvents, and a redox initiation system is constituted with the amino groups onthe surfaces of AMPS-SiO_2particles and ammonium persulphate in a solution. Thispractice realizes the surface-initiated graft-polymerization of vinyl acetate (VAc), andprepares the grafted particles PVAc/SiO_2with a high grafting degree of PVAc. PVAc canbe transformed into PVA by the alcoholysis reaction, which results in functional graftedparticles PVA/SiO_2with high grafting degree. The product particles are characterized byFTIR, SEM and TGA. The effects of main factors on the graft-polymerization of vinyl acetate are investigated emphatically. The experimental results show that the mixedsolvents composed of water and DMSO along with a redox initiation system constitutedwith the amino groups on the surfaces of AMPS-SiO_2particles and ammonium persulphatein a solution realize highly effective surface-initiated graft-polymerization of vinyl acetatewhich is a oil-soluble monomer. Then the functional material PVA/SiO_2is successfullyobtained through the alcoholysis reaction of PVAc.
     Subsequently, the adsorption investigation of three kinds of flavonoids, quercetin,rutin and genistein was conducted by using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-grafted silica gelparticles PVA/SiO_2as solid adsorbent. The effects of the main factors on the adsorptionproperties are investigated, the adsorption mechanism is explored in depth, and theadsorption thermodynamic is researched. The experimental results show that theconventional hydrogen bond is formed between the hydroxyl groups with high density onthe surfaces of PVA/SiO_2and the phenolic hydroxyl groups in flavonoids, while π-typehydrogen bond is formed between the hydroxyl groups of PVA/SiO_2and the conjugatedaromatic rings. It is the two types of hydrogen bond that make the functional compositeparticles PVA/SiO_2produce very strong physical adsorption toward quercetin, rutin andgenistein. The competitive adsorption of the solvent can have severe negative impact onthe adsorption capacity of flavonoids. In1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) as a weak polaritysolvent, the competing adsorption of the solvent barely exists. Therefore, when DCE isused as solvent, quercetin, rutin and genistein have very high adsorption capacities. Whilein ethanol as a protic solvent, the adsorption capacities of the three flavonoids declinegreatly as a result of the strong competing adsorption of the solvent. Increasingtemperature will weaken the hydrogen bond interaction between PVA/SiO_2particles andflavonoids, and even make the hydrogen bond rupture, leading to the decrease of theadsorption capacity. The existence of electrolytes in the protic solvent will affect theadsorption negatively. The adsorption process of PVA/SiO_2particles toward flavonoids isexothermic and driven by enthalpy. The adsorption isotherm data matches the Langmuirmodel.
     Lastly, by using the newly established surface molecular imprinting technique“grafting polymerization synchronized with imprinting”, genistein molecularly imprintedpolymer MIP-PMAA/SiO_2is successfully prepared. The main procedures are as follows.(1)In DMF solvent, monomer MAA gathers around template genistein with two types ofhydrogen-bond interaction.(2) A redox surface-initiated system is constituted betweenprimary amine group and the ammonium persulfate.(3) Monomer MAA and crosslinkerMBA carry out grafting/crosslinking copolymerization.(4) The template genistein isremoved, obtaining genistein molecular imprinted polymers MIP-PMAA/SiO_2. Theadsorption and recognition characteristics of MIP-PMAA/SiO_2for genistein are studied indepth by using static method, dynamic method and competitive adsorption experiment. Theexperimental results show that MIP-PMAA/SiO_2possesses very strong adsorption affinityfor genistein, and the saturated adsorption capacity could reach to0.36mmol·g~(-1). Moreimportantly, MIP-PMAA/SiO_2possesses excellent specific recognition to genistein. Theselectivity coefficients relative to quercetin and rutin are5.4and11.8, respectively. Besides,the imprinting condition has a great influence on selective recognition properties ofgenistein MIPs. When the ratio of monomer MAA and genistein is4:1, monomer MAAand crosslinker MBA is5:1, MIP-PMAA/SiO_2has greatest selective recognitioncharacteristics.
     A similar method can be adopted to prepare quercetin molecularly imprinted polymerMIP-PMAA/SiO_2, and study its adsorption and recognition characteristics. Theexperimental results show that MIP-PMAA/SiO_2possesses very strong adsorption affinityand specific recognition for quercetin. And the saturated adsorption capacity could reach to0.33mmol·g~(-1). The selectivity coefficients relative to genistein and rutin are4.4and7.69,respectively. Besides, elution experiment is performed by using sodium hydroxide solutionwith a concentration of0.001mol·L~(-1)(pH value of10) as eluting agent, within19bedvolumes, quercetin is eluted from MIP-PMAA/SiO_2column with a desorption ratio of98.1%. That way, the new adsorbent MIP-PMAA/SiO_2has outstanding elution propertyand it exhibits excellent reusability.
引文
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