公共建筑火灾风险评估及安全管理方法研究
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摘要
论文以公共建筑为研究对象,在对公共建筑火灾风险评估基本理论研究的基础上,面向建筑防火设计、施工、使用与维护的全寿命期,对公共建筑防火设计阶段、建造施工阶段、使用维护阶段三个阶段的火灾风险评估及安全管理方法进行研究,主要内容有:
1.对公共建筑火灾风险评估理论进行了研究和探讨
首先根据建筑工程项目全寿命周期的概念和建筑物防火安全管理的特点,提出了建筑物火灾安全管理全寿命期的概念,指出建筑物火灾安全管理全寿命期可划分为设计阶段、建造阶段、使用维护阶段,并分析了各阶段在火灾安全管理主体、任务目标和内容上的差异。在总结公共建筑火灾特点的基础上,提出基于危险源理论的公共建筑火灾风险的概念,并对其所包含的内容进行了描述。对公共建筑火灾风险成本的构成进行了研究,并对风险成本费用进行了分析。通过分析火灾安全管理全寿命期的各个阶段在确定评价指标体系的差异,分别构建了公共建筑设计阶段、建造施工阶段、使用维护阶段的多层风险评价指标体系。通过对火灾事故发生的概率和火灾事故所产生后果的严重程度进行分级,得出建筑火灾风险矩阵,分析了火灾风险矩阵各区域对应的风险水平。
2.构建了一种基于FPN的建筑防火设计方案风险评估模型
首先介绍了性能化防火方法、性能化防火分析的内容、设计阶段火灾风险评估的基本假设和框架等基本理论。通过分析指出性能化防火设计成果仍然会存在火灾风险,需要进行火灾风险评价;针对火灾风险评价主体多元化,结合Petri网基本理论,探讨一种基于FPN的建筑防火设计方案风险评估模型,并讨论了该模型的基本算法。应用该模型,对西安市某小区经济适用房配套综合商业楼的建筑防火设计方案进行了风险评估。
3.建立了公共建筑施工阶段火灾事故树,并进行了定性分析
以2007年发生在施工现场的部分火灾事故为引,介绍了目前我国公共建筑施工阶段火灾的现状和特点。以1998年～2007年建筑施工现场火灾事故为研究对象,对施工阶段常见火灾危险源进行了分析,描绘了公共建筑施工阶段火灾事故树,并对该事故树进行了定性分析,求出了各基本事件结构重要度和模糊重要度,得出各基本事件的重要度排序。
4.建立了公共建筑施工现场火灾应急预案的框架体系
针对公共建筑施工阶段火灾危险源,提出了对施工阶段火灾安全应从技术措施、组织措施、应急预案等方面进行系统管理。对施工现场火灾应急预案进行了研究,建立了施工现场火灾应急预案的框架体系,对应急预案的基本任务、机构组建和职能划分、火灾响应步骤及预案管理进行了系统的分析。
5.公共建筑使用阶段防火安全可靠度分析及风险评估
基于结构可靠度理论对建筑物使用维护阶段火灾损失的预损度进行了分析研究,研究了公共建筑火灾人员伤亡的影响因素及其相互关系。根据Petri网的基本理论和建模方法,构建了公共建筑使用阶段火灾风险评价Petri网模型。对建筑物应对主观因素火灾事件的火灾风险评价方法进行了研究,提出了一种简单、快捷的非意外火灾风险定性评估方法。
6.对火灾风险法律体系、火灾保险制度和火灾风险管理主体等火灾风险管理体制进行了研究
首先对英国、美国、日本三个火灾法律体系较完善国家的火灾法律体系及其特点进行了分析,并阐述了我国火灾管理法律体系的历史沿革。对英国、美国、日本的现行火灾保险制度进行了对比研究,并分析了我国的火灾保险现状,探讨了我国火灾保险制度的发展趋势,提出发展我国火灾保险制度的六方面途径。最后分析了我国火灾风险管理主体之间的关系,对消防部门和保险公司的合作博弈关系进行了讨论。
On the basic of the fire risk assessment theory of public buildings,the paper researches the fire risk assessment and safety management practices.The study was divided into design phase,construction phase and use maintenance phase.The main contents are the following:
1.The basic fire risk assessment theory of public building was discussed and researched.
Firstly,in accordance with the concepts of life-cycle construction projects and fire safety management features,the paper points out the whole life fire life safety management can be divided into the design stage,construction stage,the use maintenance phase,and analyzes various stages of the main body of fire safety management,mission objectives and content differences.
On the basis of summing up the public building fire characteristics,the paper puts forward the concept of public building fire risk based on the dangerous source,and describes their contents.The composition of building fire risk costs is studied,and puts up cost and risk researches.By the differences of analyzing the whole fire safety management at all stages of life evaluation in the target system,the paper constructs the multi-index system of risk assessment with the design phase,the construction phase and the use maintenance phase.By the classification methods to fire risk accident results and fire risk probability,the paper makes researches and comes to the building fire risk matrix,and analyzes the regional corresponding fire risk level.
2.The paper puts up a design-stage fire risk assessment model of public building based on Fuzzy Petri Net(FPN)
Firstly,the paper introduces the basic theory of performance-based fire prevention methods,performance-based fire analysis of the content,fire risk assessment framework basic assumptions and theories with design phase.The paper puts up the performance-based fire design of concrete results,points out their results still be fire risk and need for fire risk assessment.For the risk assessment diversification,the paper puts up a building risk assessment models based on the FPN theories,and discusses the basic algorithm of the model.At the same time,using the FPN model,the papers carry out a risk assessment program researches for a community of Xi'an supporting affordable housing General commercial building.
3.The fire fault tree of public building in the construction phase is set up,and carries out qualitative analysis
Based part of the construction site for the fires accidents occurred in 2007,the paper introduces the current construction phase of our public buildings and characteristics of the status of the fire.The paper makes up researches for fire danger sources of construction phase,describes the construction of public buildings fire tree and carries out qualitative analysis,obtains the all basic events importance and ambiguity degree,and draw the importance sort of all event.
4.Set up the framework of fire contingency plans to public building construction site.
For fire hazards sources of the construction phase,the paper puts up that the fire safety measures of construction phase should research to technical,organizational measures,the system management.By studing fire emergency plans,the paper sets up the framework of fire contingency plans,researches the basic tasks of emergency plans, organization construction and function partition,response to fire steps and management plans.
5.The fire safety reliability analysis and risk assessment of public building use phase.
The paper makes analysises and researches to degree of pre-loss in use and maintenance phase based on structural reliability theories,analyzes public building impact of fire casualties and their mutual relations.According to the basic Petri Net Theory and the modeling method,the paper constructs the fire risk assessment Petri model in use phase.At the same time,the paper makes study to fire risk assessment method with fire subjective factors,puts up a simple,fast qualitative fire risk assessment method to non-accidental fire hazards.
6.The legal system of fire risk,fire insurance system,supervisors of fire risk have been studied
First,the paper analyzes the fire hazards legal system and its characteristics of the United Kingdom,the United States and Japan,and discuses the fire management and legal system of our country.At the same time,the paper makes comparison study to the United Kingdom,the United States,and Japan's current fire insurance systems,and analyzes the status of fire insurance,fire insurance in China,explores the development trend of the systems,presents the development of China's system of fire insurance six ways.Finally,the paper analyzes and discuses the main fire risk management game relationship between the fire departments and insurance companies.
1.对公共建筑火灾风险评估理论进行了研究和探讨
首先根据建筑工程项目全寿命周期的概念和建筑物防火安全管理的特点,提出了建筑物火灾安全管理全寿命期的概念,指出建筑物火灾安全管理全寿命期可划分为设计阶段、建造阶段、使用维护阶段,并分析了各阶段在火灾安全管理主体、任务目标和内容上的差异。在总结公共建筑火灾特点的基础上,提出基于危险源理论的公共建筑火灾风险的概念,并对其所包含的内容进行了描述。对公共建筑火灾风险成本的构成进行了研究,并对风险成本费用进行了分析。通过分析火灾安全管理全寿命期的各个阶段在确定评价指标体系的差异,分别构建了公共建筑设计阶段、建造施工阶段、使用维护阶段的多层风险评价指标体系。通过对火灾事故发生的概率和火灾事故所产生后果的严重程度进行分级,得出建筑火灾风险矩阵,分析了火灾风险矩阵各区域对应的风险水平。
2.构建了一种基于FPN的建筑防火设计方案风险评估模型
首先介绍了性能化防火方法、性能化防火分析的内容、设计阶段火灾风险评估的基本假设和框架等基本理论。通过分析指出性能化防火设计成果仍然会存在火灾风险,需要进行火灾风险评价;针对火灾风险评价主体多元化,结合Petri网基本理论,探讨一种基于FPN的建筑防火设计方案风险评估模型,并讨论了该模型的基本算法。应用该模型,对西安市某小区经济适用房配套综合商业楼的建筑防火设计方案进行了风险评估。
3.建立了公共建筑施工阶段火灾事故树,并进行了定性分析
以2007年发生在施工现场的部分火灾事故为引,介绍了目前我国公共建筑施工阶段火灾的现状和特点。以1998年～2007年建筑施工现场火灾事故为研究对象,对施工阶段常见火灾危险源进行了分析,描绘了公共建筑施工阶段火灾事故树,并对该事故树进行了定性分析,求出了各基本事件结构重要度和模糊重要度,得出各基本事件的重要度排序。
4.建立了公共建筑施工现场火灾应急预案的框架体系
针对公共建筑施工阶段火灾危险源,提出了对施工阶段火灾安全应从技术措施、组织措施、应急预案等方面进行系统管理。对施工现场火灾应急预案进行了研究,建立了施工现场火灾应急预案的框架体系,对应急预案的基本任务、机构组建和职能划分、火灾响应步骤及预案管理进行了系统的分析。
5.公共建筑使用阶段防火安全可靠度分析及风险评估
基于结构可靠度理论对建筑物使用维护阶段火灾损失的预损度进行了分析研究,研究了公共建筑火灾人员伤亡的影响因素及其相互关系。根据Petri网的基本理论和建模方法,构建了公共建筑使用阶段火灾风险评价Petri网模型。对建筑物应对主观因素火灾事件的火灾风险评价方法进行了研究,提出了一种简单、快捷的非意外火灾风险定性评估方法。
6.对火灾风险法律体系、火灾保险制度和火灾风险管理主体等火灾风险管理体制进行了研究
首先对英国、美国、日本三个火灾法律体系较完善国家的火灾法律体系及其特点进行了分析,并阐述了我国火灾管理法律体系的历史沿革。对英国、美国、日本的现行火灾保险制度进行了对比研究,并分析了我国的火灾保险现状,探讨了我国火灾保险制度的发展趋势,提出发展我国火灾保险制度的六方面途径。最后分析了我国火灾风险管理主体之间的关系,对消防部门和保险公司的合作博弈关系进行了讨论。
On the basic of the fire risk assessment theory of public buildings,the paper researches the fire risk assessment and safety management practices.The study was divided into design phase,construction phase and use maintenance phase.The main contents are the following:
1.The basic fire risk assessment theory of public building was discussed and researched.
Firstly,in accordance with the concepts of life-cycle construction projects and fire safety management features,the paper points out the whole life fire life safety management can be divided into the design stage,construction stage,the use maintenance phase,and analyzes various stages of the main body of fire safety management,mission objectives and content differences.
On the basis of summing up the public building fire characteristics,the paper puts forward the concept of public building fire risk based on the dangerous source,and describes their contents.The composition of building fire risk costs is studied,and puts up cost and risk researches.By the differences of analyzing the whole fire safety management at all stages of life evaluation in the target system,the paper constructs the multi-index system of risk assessment with the design phase,the construction phase and the use maintenance phase.By the classification methods to fire risk accident results and fire risk probability,the paper makes researches and comes to the building fire risk matrix,and analyzes the regional corresponding fire risk level.
2.The paper puts up a design-stage fire risk assessment model of public building based on Fuzzy Petri Net(FPN)
Firstly,the paper introduces the basic theory of performance-based fire prevention methods,performance-based fire analysis of the content,fire risk assessment framework basic assumptions and theories with design phase.The paper puts up the performance-based fire design of concrete results,points out their results still be fire risk and need for fire risk assessment.For the risk assessment diversification,the paper puts up a building risk assessment models based on the FPN theories,and discusses the basic algorithm of the model.At the same time,using the FPN model,the papers carry out a risk assessment program researches for a community of Xi'an supporting affordable housing General commercial building.
3.The fire fault tree of public building in the construction phase is set up,and carries out qualitative analysis
Based part of the construction site for the fires accidents occurred in 2007,the paper introduces the current construction phase of our public buildings and characteristics of the status of the fire.The paper makes up researches for fire danger sources of construction phase,describes the construction of public buildings fire tree and carries out qualitative analysis,obtains the all basic events importance and ambiguity degree,and draw the importance sort of all event.
4.Set up the framework of fire contingency plans to public building construction site.
For fire hazards sources of the construction phase,the paper puts up that the fire safety measures of construction phase should research to technical,organizational measures,the system management.By studing fire emergency plans,the paper sets up the framework of fire contingency plans,researches the basic tasks of emergency plans, organization construction and function partition,response to fire steps and management plans.
5.The fire safety reliability analysis and risk assessment of public building use phase.
The paper makes analysises and researches to degree of pre-loss in use and maintenance phase based on structural reliability theories,analyzes public building impact of fire casualties and their mutual relations.According to the basic Petri Net Theory and the modeling method,the paper constructs the fire risk assessment Petri model in use phase.At the same time,the paper makes study to fire risk assessment method with fire subjective factors,puts up a simple,fast qualitative fire risk assessment method to non-accidental fire hazards.
6.The legal system of fire risk,fire insurance system,supervisors of fire risk have been studied
First,the paper analyzes the fire hazards legal system and its characteristics of the United Kingdom,the United States and Japan,and discuses the fire management and legal system of our country.At the same time,the paper makes comparison study to the United Kingdom,the United States,and Japan's current fire insurance systems,and analyzes the status of fire insurance,fire insurance in China,explores the development trend of the systems,presents the development of China's system of fire insurance six ways.Finally,the paper analyzes and discuses the main fire risk management game relationship between the fire departments and insurance companies.
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