针刺对注意网络功能影响的神经心理学研究
|
摘要
目的：针刺是中国传统医学的重要组成部分，具有适应证广、疗效明显、操作方便、经济安全等优点，广泛应用于临床且疗效已被世界认同。穴位的效应特异性是针灸学的核心内容之一。足三里穴和神门穴分属于不同的经络，是针刺临床中最常用的穴位之一。有大量研究报道针刺可以调节和改善认知功能。注意是认知功能的一个重要成分。虽然已有较多关于针刺对认知的调节作用的研究报道，但针刺足三里穴和神门穴对注意网络功能的影响尚未见报道。本研究以足三里和神门两个穴位出发，探讨针刺对注意的三个网络：警觉网络、定向网络和执行控制网络在行为学以及神经电生理上的调节作用。
方法：研究一选择健康志愿者30例，穴位选择为双侧足三里穴，首先被试在针刺前做完一次ANT测验，测试完后被试休息5分钟；接着进行针刺足三里穴（足三里）/针刺非穴点（非穴点）操作，时间为10分钟，出针后被试进行第二次ANT测验，测试完后被试再休息5分钟；然后进行针刺非穴点/针刺足三里穴操作，时间为10分钟，出针后被试进行第三次ANT测验。针刺足三里穴/针刺非穴点操作的顺序在实验内被试间是平衡的。对三次ANT测试结果进行统计分析。研究二选择健康志愿者30例，穴位选择为双侧神门穴，实验程序同研究一。对三次ANT测试结果进行统计分析，并对比分析足三里穴与神门穴的结果。研究三选择选择健康志愿者30例，穴位选择为双侧足三里穴，利用事件相关电位技术观察分析针刺前、针刺非穴点和针刺双侧足三里穴三种状态下所诱发的警觉、定向和执行控制三个网络的脑电电位情况，实验程序同研究一。
结果：研究一发现：（1）警觉网络：经ANOVA分析，警觉主效应在三种条件之间差异具有显著统计学意义（F (2,87)=9.200, P <0.001）。SNK组间比较示足三里和非穴点与针刺前比较差异具有统计学意义（SNK, P <0.05）；足三里与非穴点比较差异具有统计学意义（SNK, P <0.05）。（2）定向网络：经ANOVA分析，定向主效应在三种条件之间差异无统计学意义（F(2,87)=2.398, P>0.05）。（3）执行控制网络：经ANOVA分析，执行控制主效应在三种条件之间差异具有显著统计学意义（F(2,87)=8.811, P <0.01）。SNK组间比较示足三里和非穴点后与针刺前比较差异具有统计学意义（SNK, P <0.05）；足三里与非穴点比较差异无统计学意义（SNK, P>0.05）。（4）总反应时：经ANOVA分析，总反应时主效应在三种条件之间差异具有显著统计学意义（F(2,87)=23.238, P <0.01）。SNK组间比较示足三里和非穴点与针刺前比较差异具有统计学意义（SNK, P <0.05），足三里与非穴点比较差异无统计学意义（SNK, P>0.05）。（5）正确率：经ANOVA分析，正确率主效应在三种条件之间差异无统计学意义（F(2,87)=0.811, P>0.05）。
研究二发现：（1）警觉网络：经ANOVA分析，警觉主效应在三种条件之间差异具有显著统计学意义（F (2,87)=8.835, P <0.001）。SNK组间比较示神门和非穴点与针刺前比较差异具有统计学意义（SNK, P <0.05），神门与非穴点比较差异具有统计学意义（SNK, P <0.05）。（2）定向网络：经ANOVA分析，定向主效应在三种条件之间差异具有显著统计学意义（F(2,87)=4.419, P <0.05）。SNK组间比较示神门与针刺前和非穴点比较差异具有统计学意义（SNK, P<0.05），非穴点与针刺前比较差异无统计学意义（SNK, P>0.05）。（3）执行控制网络：经ANOVA分析，执行控制主效应在三种条件之间差异具有显著统计学意义（F(2,87)=6.577, P <0.01）。SNK组间比较示神门和非穴点与针刺前比较差异具有统计学意义（SNK, P <0.05），神门穴与非穴点比较差异无统计学意义（SNK, P>0.05）。（4）总反应时：经ANOVA分析，总反应时主效应在三种条件之间差异具有显著统计学意义（F(2,87)=8.370, P <0.01）。SNK组间比较示神门和非穴点与针刺前比较差异具有统计学意义（SNK, P <0.05）；神门与非穴点比较差异具有显著统计学意义（SNK, P <0.05）。（5）正确率：经ANOVA分析，正确率主效应在三种条件之间差异无统计学意义（F(2,87)=0.638, P>0.05）。
研究三发现：（1）警觉网络：经ANOVA分析，PZ点：doublecue波幅值主效应在三种条件之间差异具有显著统计学意义（F (2,87)=4.539, P <0.05）。SNK组间比较示doublecue波幅值足三里与针刺前和非穴点比较差异具有统计学意义（SNK, P <0.05），提示被试在针刺足三里穴后比针刺前和针刺非穴点变得更为警觉；SNK组间比较示doublecue波幅值非穴点与针刺前比较差异无统计学意义（SNK, P>0.05）。Nocue波幅值主效应在三种条件之间差异无显著统计学意义（F (2,87)=1.359, P>0.05）。（2）定向网络：经ANOVA分析，PZ点：centercue波幅值主效应在三种条件之间差异无显著统计学意义（F (2,87)=0.786, P>0.05）。Spatialcue波幅值主效应在三种条件之间差异无统计学意义（F (2,87)=0.325, P>0.05）。（3）执行控制网络：经ANOVA分析，CZ点：incongruent波幅值主效应在三种条件之间差异具有显著统计学意义（F (2,87)=4.083, P <0.05）。SNK组间比较示足三里与针刺前和非穴点比较差异具有统计学意义（SNK,P <0.05），提示被试在针刺足三里穴后比针刺前和针刺非穴点后在解决冲突方面变得更为有效，解决冲突所需时间减少；SNK组间比较示非穴点与针刺前比较差异无统计学意义（SNK, P>0.05）。CZ点：congruent波幅值主效应在三种条件之间差异无统计学意义（F (2,87)=0.751, P>0.05）。
结论：（1）针刺非穴点和足三里穴均可选择性提高注意网络的警觉网络和执行控制网络功能，对定向网络功能无影响；针刺足三里穴与非穴点对注意网络功能的影响效应是不同的，表明穴位具有效应特异性。（2）针刺神门穴可全面提高注意网络的警觉网络、定向网络和执行控制网络功能；神门穴与足三里穴相比对注意网络功能的影响效应是不同的，反应不同经络经穴具有效应特异性。（3）ERP研究结果表明针刺足三里穴对三个注意网络的调节作用具有不同的时间加工特征，具体表现在N2和P3成分上波幅具有不同的穴位效应，与行为学研究结果相一致，为行为学结果提供了神经电生理的证据支持，从神经电生理层面证实了针刺效性。
Objective: Acupuncture is an important part of traditional chinese medicine，it hasadvantages of wide adaptation, obvious effects, convenient operation, security andeconomy. The specifical effect of acupoints is one of the cores of acupuncture, theacupoints of Zusanli and Shenmen belong to different channels, the effects of those twoacupoints are clear and have been used in clinic widely. Numerous studies reportedacupuncture can regulate and improve cognitive function. But there was no reportsabout Zusanli and Shenmen on attention networks. So, the purposes of this study are: toinvestigate the behavioural and electrophysiological effects of acupuncture at Zusanliand Shenmen to three attention networks.
Methods: The first study selected30healthy subjects, acupoints selected bilateralZusanli acupoints. This experiment was divided into three blocks: beforeacupuncture(Baseline), acupuncure at non-acupoint(Non-acupoint), and acupuncture atZusanli(Zusanli). During each block, all participants were administered the same ANTtask. To exclude the interference of Non-acupoint and Zusanli from baseline block, eachexperiment started with baseline block as the first block. Then, all of them werereadministered the ANT immediately after Non-acupoint or after Zusanli. Lastly, all ofthem were readministered the ANT immediately after Zusanli or after Non-acupoint.The sequences of Non-acupoint and Zusanli were counterbalanced across allparticipants. There was a5min rest period after each ANT, the manipulation time ofNon-acupoint or Zusanli was10min. In study two,30healthy subjects were selected,acupoints selected bilateral Shenmen acupoints. The experimental procedure wasidentical with the study one. To analysis the results of three times of attention networks,and to compare the results of Zusanli and Shenmen. Study three selected30healthysubjects, acupoints selected Zusanli, using event related potential technique to investigate the brain wave of Baseline, Non-acupoint and Zusanli. The experimentalprocedure was identical with study one.
Results: The study one findings:(1) the alerting network: There was a significant maineffect of the three conditions on the alerting network tasks (F (2,87)=9.200, P <0.001).Our results show that participants were significantly more vigilant after Non-acupointand Zusanli than Baseline condition (SNK, P <0.05), and the comparison betweenZusanli and Non-acupoint showed a significant difference (SNK, P <0.05).(2) theorienting network: there were no significant differences among three conditions on theorienting network (F(2,87)=2.398, P>0.05).(3) the executive control network: Therewas a significant main effect of three conditions on the executive control network tasks(F(2,87)=8.811, P <0.01). Participants had less difficulties in resolving conflict afterNon-acupoint and Zusanli than Baseline (SNK, P <0.05), and the comparison betweenZusanli and Non-acupoint showed no significant difference (SNK, P>0.05).(4) theoverall mean RTs: There also was a significant main effect of three conditions on theoverall mean RTs effect (F(2,87)=23.238, P <0.01). Participants take significantlyless time to finish the test after Non-acupoint and Zusanli than Baseline (SNK, P <0.05). and the comparison between Zusanli and Non-acupoint showed no significantdifference (SNK, P>0.05).(5) accuracy: there was no significant difference observedin response accuracy among three conditions (F (2,87)=0.811, P>0.05).
The study two findings:(1) the alerting network: There was a significant maineffect of the three conditions on the alerting network tasks (F (2,87)=8.835, P <0.001).Results show that participants were significantly more vigilant after Non-acupoint andShenmen than Baseline (SNK, P <0.05), and the comparison between Shenmen andNon-acupoint showed a significant difference (SNK, P <0.05).(2) the orientingnetwork: There was a significant main effect of three conditions on the orientingnetwork tasks (F(2,87)=4.419, P <0.05). There was a significant difference after Shenmen than Baseline condition and Non–acupoint (SNK, P <0.05), and thecomparison between Non–acupoint and Baseline showed no significant difference(SNK,P>0.05).(3) the executive control network: There was a significant main effect ofthree conditions on the executive control network tasks (F(2,87)=6.577, P <0.01).There was a significant difference after Shenmen and Non–acupoint than Baseline(SNK, P <0.05), and the comparison between Shenmen and Non–acupoint showed nosignificant difference (SNK, P>0.05).(4) the overall mean RTs: There also was asignificant main effect of three conditions on the overall mean RTs effect(F(2,87)=8.370, P <0.01). There was a significant difference after Shenmen and Non–acupointthan Baseline (SNK, P <0.05). and the comparison between Shenmen and Non–acupoint showed a significant difference (SNK, P <0.05).(5) accuracy: there was nosignificant difference observed in response accuracy among three conditions (F (2,87)=0.638, P>0.05).
The study three findings:(1) the alerting network: on PZ: there was a significantmain effect of doublecue of the three conditions on the alerting network tasks (F (2,87)=4.539, P <0.05); there was a significant difference of doublecue after Zusanli thanBaseline and Non–acupoint (SNK, P <0.05), and the comparison of doublecue betweenNon–acupoint and Baseline showed no significant difference (SNK, P>0.05); therewere no significant differences of nocue among three conditions on the alerting networktasks (F(2,87)=1.359, P>0.05).(2) the orienting network: on PZ: there were nosignificant differences of centercue among three conditions on the orienting networktasks (F(2,87)=0.786, P>0.05); there were no significant differences of spatialcueamong three conditions on the orienting network tasks (F(2,87)=0.325, P>0.05).(3)the executive control network: on CZ: there was a significant main effect of incongruentof three conditions on the executive control network tasks (F(2,87)=4.083, P <0.01).;there was a significant difference after Zusanli than Non–acupoint and Baseline (SNK,P <0.05), and the comparison between Non–acupoint and Baseline showed no significant difference (SNK, P>0.05); there was no significant difference of congruentamong three conditions on the executive control network tasks (F(2,87)=0.751, P>0.05).
Conclusion:(1) The alerting network and executive control network can be improvedselectively by acupuncture at Zusanli and Non-acupoint, there was no impact onorienting network; the effects of Zusanli and Non–acupoint were different.(2) Therewere general effects of acupuncture at Shenmen acupoint, that is to say, the alertingnetwork, the orienting network and executive control network all can be improved byacupuncture at Shenmen; the effects of Shenmen and Zusanli were different.(3) ERPresults confirmed that the alerting network and executive control network can beimproved selectively by acupuncture at Zusanli, but no impact on orienting network, itis consistent with behavioural results, confirmed the effects of acupuncture fromneuroelectrophysiology.
方法：研究一选择健康志愿者30例，穴位选择为双侧足三里穴，首先被试在针刺前做完一次ANT测验，测试完后被试休息5分钟；接着进行针刺足三里穴（足三里）/针刺非穴点（非穴点）操作，时间为10分钟，出针后被试进行第二次ANT测验，测试完后被试再休息5分钟；然后进行针刺非穴点/针刺足三里穴操作，时间为10分钟，出针后被试进行第三次ANT测验。针刺足三里穴/针刺非穴点操作的顺序在实验内被试间是平衡的。对三次ANT测试结果进行统计分析。研究二选择健康志愿者30例，穴位选择为双侧神门穴，实验程序同研究一。对三次ANT测试结果进行统计分析，并对比分析足三里穴与神门穴的结果。研究三选择选择健康志愿者30例，穴位选择为双侧足三里穴，利用事件相关电位技术观察分析针刺前、针刺非穴点和针刺双侧足三里穴三种状态下所诱发的警觉、定向和执行控制三个网络的脑电电位情况，实验程序同研究一。
结果：研究一发现：（1）警觉网络：经ANOVA分析，警觉主效应在三种条件之间差异具有显著统计学意义（F (2,87)=9.200, P <0.001）。SNK组间比较示足三里和非穴点与针刺前比较差异具有统计学意义（SNK, P <0.05）；足三里与非穴点比较差异具有统计学意义（SNK, P <0.05）。（2）定向网络：经ANOVA分析，定向主效应在三种条件之间差异无统计学意义（F(2,87)=2.398, P>0.05）。（3）执行控制网络：经ANOVA分析，执行控制主效应在三种条件之间差异具有显著统计学意义（F(2,87)=8.811, P <0.01）。SNK组间比较示足三里和非穴点后与针刺前比较差异具有统计学意义（SNK, P <0.05）；足三里与非穴点比较差异无统计学意义（SNK, P>0.05）。（4）总反应时：经ANOVA分析，总反应时主效应在三种条件之间差异具有显著统计学意义（F(2,87)=23.238, P <0.01）。SNK组间比较示足三里和非穴点与针刺前比较差异具有统计学意义（SNK, P <0.05），足三里与非穴点比较差异无统计学意义（SNK, P>0.05）。（5）正确率：经ANOVA分析，正确率主效应在三种条件之间差异无统计学意义（F(2,87)=0.811, P>0.05）。
研究二发现：（1）警觉网络：经ANOVA分析，警觉主效应在三种条件之间差异具有显著统计学意义（F (2,87)=8.835, P <0.001）。SNK组间比较示神门和非穴点与针刺前比较差异具有统计学意义（SNK, P <0.05），神门与非穴点比较差异具有统计学意义（SNK, P <0.05）。（2）定向网络：经ANOVA分析，定向主效应在三种条件之间差异具有显著统计学意义（F(2,87)=4.419, P <0.05）。SNK组间比较示神门与针刺前和非穴点比较差异具有统计学意义（SNK, P<0.05），非穴点与针刺前比较差异无统计学意义（SNK, P>0.05）。（3）执行控制网络：经ANOVA分析，执行控制主效应在三种条件之间差异具有显著统计学意义（F(2,87)=6.577, P <0.01）。SNK组间比较示神门和非穴点与针刺前比较差异具有统计学意义（SNK, P <0.05），神门穴与非穴点比较差异无统计学意义（SNK, P>0.05）。（4）总反应时：经ANOVA分析，总反应时主效应在三种条件之间差异具有显著统计学意义（F(2,87)=8.370, P <0.01）。SNK组间比较示神门和非穴点与针刺前比较差异具有统计学意义（SNK, P <0.05）；神门与非穴点比较差异具有显著统计学意义（SNK, P <0.05）。（5）正确率：经ANOVA分析，正确率主效应在三种条件之间差异无统计学意义（F(2,87)=0.638, P>0.05）。
研究三发现：（1）警觉网络：经ANOVA分析，PZ点：doublecue波幅值主效应在三种条件之间差异具有显著统计学意义（F (2,87)=4.539, P <0.05）。SNK组间比较示doublecue波幅值足三里与针刺前和非穴点比较差异具有统计学意义（SNK, P <0.05），提示被试在针刺足三里穴后比针刺前和针刺非穴点变得更为警觉；SNK组间比较示doublecue波幅值非穴点与针刺前比较差异无统计学意义（SNK, P>0.05）。Nocue波幅值主效应在三种条件之间差异无显著统计学意义（F (2,87)=1.359, P>0.05）。（2）定向网络：经ANOVA分析，PZ点：centercue波幅值主效应在三种条件之间差异无显著统计学意义（F (2,87)=0.786, P>0.05）。Spatialcue波幅值主效应在三种条件之间差异无统计学意义（F (2,87)=0.325, P>0.05）。（3）执行控制网络：经ANOVA分析，CZ点：incongruent波幅值主效应在三种条件之间差异具有显著统计学意义（F (2,87)=4.083, P <0.05）。SNK组间比较示足三里与针刺前和非穴点比较差异具有统计学意义（SNK,P <0.05），提示被试在针刺足三里穴后比针刺前和针刺非穴点后在解决冲突方面变得更为有效，解决冲突所需时间减少；SNK组间比较示非穴点与针刺前比较差异无统计学意义（SNK, P>0.05）。CZ点：congruent波幅值主效应在三种条件之间差异无统计学意义（F (2,87)=0.751, P>0.05）。
结论：（1）针刺非穴点和足三里穴均可选择性提高注意网络的警觉网络和执行控制网络功能，对定向网络功能无影响；针刺足三里穴与非穴点对注意网络功能的影响效应是不同的，表明穴位具有效应特异性。（2）针刺神门穴可全面提高注意网络的警觉网络、定向网络和执行控制网络功能；神门穴与足三里穴相比对注意网络功能的影响效应是不同的，反应不同经络经穴具有效应特异性。（3）ERP研究结果表明针刺足三里穴对三个注意网络的调节作用具有不同的时间加工特征，具体表现在N2和P3成分上波幅具有不同的穴位效应，与行为学研究结果相一致，为行为学结果提供了神经电生理的证据支持，从神经电生理层面证实了针刺效性。
Objective: Acupuncture is an important part of traditional chinese medicine，it hasadvantages of wide adaptation, obvious effects, convenient operation, security andeconomy. The specifical effect of acupoints is one of the cores of acupuncture, theacupoints of Zusanli and Shenmen belong to different channels, the effects of those twoacupoints are clear and have been used in clinic widely. Numerous studies reportedacupuncture can regulate and improve cognitive function. But there was no reportsabout Zusanli and Shenmen on attention networks. So, the purposes of this study are: toinvestigate the behavioural and electrophysiological effects of acupuncture at Zusanliand Shenmen to three attention networks.
Methods: The first study selected30healthy subjects, acupoints selected bilateralZusanli acupoints. This experiment was divided into three blocks: beforeacupuncture(Baseline), acupuncure at non-acupoint(Non-acupoint), and acupuncture atZusanli(Zusanli). During each block, all participants were administered the same ANTtask. To exclude the interference of Non-acupoint and Zusanli from baseline block, eachexperiment started with baseline block as the first block. Then, all of them werereadministered the ANT immediately after Non-acupoint or after Zusanli. Lastly, all ofthem were readministered the ANT immediately after Zusanli or after Non-acupoint.The sequences of Non-acupoint and Zusanli were counterbalanced across allparticipants. There was a5min rest period after each ANT, the manipulation time ofNon-acupoint or Zusanli was10min. In study two,30healthy subjects were selected,acupoints selected bilateral Shenmen acupoints. The experimental procedure wasidentical with the study one. To analysis the results of three times of attention networks,and to compare the results of Zusanli and Shenmen. Study three selected30healthysubjects, acupoints selected Zusanli, using event related potential technique to investigate the brain wave of Baseline, Non-acupoint and Zusanli. The experimentalprocedure was identical with study one.
Results: The study one findings:(1) the alerting network: There was a significant maineffect of the three conditions on the alerting network tasks (F (2,87)=9.200, P <0.001).Our results show that participants were significantly more vigilant after Non-acupointand Zusanli than Baseline condition (SNK, P <0.05), and the comparison betweenZusanli and Non-acupoint showed a significant difference (SNK, P <0.05).(2) theorienting network: there were no significant differences among three conditions on theorienting network (F(2,87)=2.398, P>0.05).(3) the executive control network: Therewas a significant main effect of three conditions on the executive control network tasks(F(2,87)=8.811, P <0.01). Participants had less difficulties in resolving conflict afterNon-acupoint and Zusanli than Baseline (SNK, P <0.05), and the comparison betweenZusanli and Non-acupoint showed no significant difference (SNK, P>0.05).(4) theoverall mean RTs: There also was a significant main effect of three conditions on theoverall mean RTs effect (F(2,87)=23.238, P <0.01). Participants take significantlyless time to finish the test after Non-acupoint and Zusanli than Baseline (SNK, P <0.05). and the comparison between Zusanli and Non-acupoint showed no significantdifference (SNK, P>0.05).(5) accuracy: there was no significant difference observedin response accuracy among three conditions (F (2,87)=0.811, P>0.05).
The study two findings:(1) the alerting network: There was a significant maineffect of the three conditions on the alerting network tasks (F (2,87)=8.835, P <0.001).Results show that participants were significantly more vigilant after Non-acupoint andShenmen than Baseline (SNK, P <0.05), and the comparison between Shenmen andNon-acupoint showed a significant difference (SNK, P <0.05).(2) the orientingnetwork: There was a significant main effect of three conditions on the orientingnetwork tasks (F(2,87)=4.419, P <0.05). There was a significant difference after Shenmen than Baseline condition and Non–acupoint (SNK, P <0.05), and thecomparison between Non–acupoint and Baseline showed no significant difference(SNK,P>0.05).(3) the executive control network: There was a significant main effect ofthree conditions on the executive control network tasks (F(2,87)=6.577, P <0.01).There was a significant difference after Shenmen and Non–acupoint than Baseline(SNK, P <0.05), and the comparison between Shenmen and Non–acupoint showed nosignificant difference (SNK, P>0.05).(4) the overall mean RTs: There also was asignificant main effect of three conditions on the overall mean RTs effect(F(2,87)=8.370, P <0.01). There was a significant difference after Shenmen and Non–acupointthan Baseline (SNK, P <0.05). and the comparison between Shenmen and Non–acupoint showed a significant difference (SNK, P <0.05).(5) accuracy: there was nosignificant difference observed in response accuracy among three conditions (F (2,87)=0.638, P>0.05).
The study three findings:(1) the alerting network: on PZ: there was a significantmain effect of doublecue of the three conditions on the alerting network tasks (F (2,87)=4.539, P <0.05); there was a significant difference of doublecue after Zusanli thanBaseline and Non–acupoint (SNK, P <0.05), and the comparison of doublecue betweenNon–acupoint and Baseline showed no significant difference (SNK, P>0.05); therewere no significant differences of nocue among three conditions on the alerting networktasks (F(2,87)=1.359, P>0.05).(2) the orienting network: on PZ: there were nosignificant differences of centercue among three conditions on the orienting networktasks (F(2,87)=0.786, P>0.05); there were no significant differences of spatialcueamong three conditions on the orienting network tasks (F(2,87)=0.325, P>0.05).(3)the executive control network: on CZ: there was a significant main effect of incongruentof three conditions on the executive control network tasks (F(2,87)=4.083, P <0.01).;there was a significant difference after Zusanli than Non–acupoint and Baseline (SNK,P <0.05), and the comparison between Non–acupoint and Baseline showed no significant difference (SNK, P>0.05); there was no significant difference of congruentamong three conditions on the executive control network tasks (F(2,87)=0.751, P>0.05).
Conclusion:(1) The alerting network and executive control network can be improvedselectively by acupuncture at Zusanli and Non-acupoint, there was no impact onorienting network; the effects of Zusanli and Non–acupoint were different.(2) Therewere general effects of acupuncture at Shenmen acupoint, that is to say, the alertingnetwork, the orienting network and executive control network all can be improved byacupuncture at Shenmen; the effects of Shenmen and Zusanli were different.(3) ERPresults confirmed that the alerting network and executive control network can beimproved selectively by acupuncture at Zusanli, but no impact on orienting network, itis consistent with behavioural results, confirmed the effects of acupuncture fromneuroelectrophysiology.
引文
1. Lamme VA.Why visual attention and awareness are different. Trends Cogn Sci,2003,7:12-18.
2. Posner MI, Petersen SE. The attention system of the human brain. Annu RevNeurosci,1990,13:25-42.
3. Posner MI, DiGirolamo GJ, Fernandez-Duque D. Brain Mechanisms ofCognitive Skills. Conscious Cogn,1997,6:267-290.
4. Posner MI, Gilbert CD. Attention and primary visual cortex. Proc Natl Acad SciUSA,1999,96:2585-2587.
5. Posner MI, Rothbart MK. Research on Attention Networks as a Model for theIntegration of Psychological Science. Annu Rev Psychol.,2007,58: l-23.
6. Fossella J, Posner MI, Fan J, et al. Attentional phenotypes for the analysis ofhigher mental function. ScientificWorldJournal,2002,2:217-223.
7. Marrocco RT, Davidson MC. Neurochemistry of attention. In: Parasuraman, R.(Ed.), The Attentive Brain. MIT, Cambridge, Mass,1998:35-50.
8. Corbetta M, Shulman GL. Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attentionin the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci,2002,3:201-215.
9. Benes FM. Emerging principles of altered neural circuitry in schizophrenia. BrainRes Brain Res Rev,2000,31:251-269.
10. Fossella J, Sommer T, Fan J, et al. Assessing the molecular genetics of attentionnetworks. BMC Neurosci,2002,3:14.
11. Fan J, Fossella J, Sommer T, et al. Mapping the genetic variation of executiveattention onto brain activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2003,100:7406-7411.
12. Diamond A, Briand L, Fossella J, et al. Genetic and neurochemical modulation ofprefrontal cognitive functions in children. Am J Psychiatry,2004,161:125-132.
13. Fan J, McCandliss BD, Sommer T, et a1. Testing the efficiency andindependence of attentional networks. J Cogn Neurosci,2002,14:340-347.
14. Posner MI, Rothbart MK, Vizueta N, Levy KN, Evans DE, Thomas KM, ClarkinJF: Attentional mechanisms of borderline personality disorder. Proc Natl AcadSci USA,2002,99:16366-16370.
15. Klein RM: Chronometric explorations of disordered minds. Trends Cogn Sci,2003,7:190-192.
16. Mezzacappa E. Alerting, orienting, and executive attention: developmentalproperties and sociodemographic correlates in an epidemiological sample ofyoung, urban children. Child Dev,2004,75:1373-1386.
17. Rueda MR, Fan J, McCandliss BD, Halparin JD, Gruber DB, Lercari LP, PosnerMI: Development of attentional networks in childhood. Neuropsychologia,2004,42:1029-1040.
18. Sobin C, Kiley-Brabeck K, Daniels S, Blundell M, Anyane-Yeboa K,Karayiorgou M: Networks of attention in children with the22q11deletionsyndrome. Dev Neuropsychol,2004,26:611-626.
19. Wang K, Fan J, Dong Y, Wang CQ, Lee TM, Posner MI: Selective impairmentof attentional networks of orienting and executive control in schizophrenia.Schizophr Res,2005,78:235-241.
20. Fernandez-Duque D, Black SE: Attentional networks in normal aging andAlzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychology,2006,20:133-143.
21. Gu X, Liu X, Guise KG, Fossella J, Wang K, Fan J: Alexithymic trait andvoluntary control in healthy adults. PloS One,2008,3: e3702.
22. Tian YH, Dong B, Ma J, et al. Attention networks in children with idiopathicgeneralized epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav,2010,19:513-517.
23. Zhou SS, Fan J, Lee TM, et al. Age-related differences in attentional networks ofalerting and executive control in young, middle-aged, and older Chinese adults.Brain Cogn,2011,75:205-210.
24. Zhao L, Zhang FW, Zhang H, et al. Mild cognitive impairment disease treatedwith electroacupuncture: a multi-center randomized controlled trial. ZhongguoZhen Jiu,2012,32:779-784.
25. Shao Y, Lai XS, Guan CW, et al. Effect of electroacupuncture on learning-memory ability of vascular dementia rats with concomitant hypertension andhyperlipemia. Zhen Ci yan Jiu,2009,34:368-375.
26. Wang ZQ, Nie BB, Li DH, et al. Effect of Acupuncture in Mild CognitiveImpairment and Alzheimer Disease: A Functional MRI Study. PloS One,2012,7:e42730.
27. Zhao L, Shen P, Han YY, et al. Effects of Acupuncture on GlycometabolicEnzymes in Multi-infarct Dementia Rats. Neurochem Res,2011,36:693-700.
28. Cheng HY, Yu JC, Jiang ZG, et al. Acupuncture improves cognitive deficits andregulates the brain cell proliferation of SAMP8mice. Neurosci Lett,2008,432:111-116.
29. Li GM, Zhang XZ, Cheng HY, et al. Acupuncture improves cognitive deficitsand increases neuron density of the hippocampus in middle–aged SAMP8mice.Acupunct Med,2012,30:339-345.
30. Petersen SE, Posner MI. The attention system of the human brain:20years after.Annu Rev Neurosci,2012.35:73-89.
31. Fernández A, Quintero J, Hornero R, et al. Complexity analysis of spontaneousbrain activity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: diagnostic implications.Biol Psychiatry,2009,65:571-577.
32. Richards A, French CC, Calder AJ, et al. Anxiety-related bias in the classificationof emotionally ambiguous facial expressions. Emotion,2002,2:273-287.
33. Clark DA, Beck AT. Cognitive theory and therapy of anxiety and depression:convergence with neurobiological findings. Trends Cogn Sci,2010,14:418-424.
34. Farrell L, Waters A, Milliner E, et al. Comorbidity and treatment response inpediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: a pilot study of group cognitive-behavioral treatment. Psychiatry Res,2012,199:115-123.
35Smith NK, Larsen JT, Chartrand TL, et al. Being bad isn't always good: affectivecontext moderates the attention bias toward negative information. J Pers SocPsychol,2006,90:210-220.
36. Aston-Jones G, Cohen JD. An integrative theory of locus coeruleus-norepinephrine function: adaptive gain and optimal performance. Annu RevNeurosci,2005,28:403-450.
37. Bai L, Tian J, Qin W, et al. Exploratory analysis of functional connectivitynetwork in acupuncture study by a graph theory mode. Conf Proc IEEE Eng MedBiol Soc.,2007,2007:2023-2026.
38. Dhond RP, Yeh C, Park K, Kettner N, et al. Acupuncture modulates resting stateconnectivity in default and sensorimotor brain networks. Pain,2008,136:407-
418.
39. Fang J, Jin Z, Wang Y,et al. The salient characteristics of the central effects ofacupuncture needling: Limbic-paralimbic-neocortical network modulation. HumBrain Mapp.,2009,30:1196-1206.
40. Hui KS, Liu J, Marina O, et a1. The integrated response of the human cerebro-cerebellar and limbic systems to acupuncture stimulation at ST36asevidenced byfMRI. Neuroimage,2005,27:479-496.
41Qin W, Tian J, Bai L, et al. FMRI connectivity analysis of acupuncture effects onan amygdala-associated brain network. Mol Pain,2008,4:55.
42Klingberg T. Training and plasticity of working memory. Trends Cogn Sci,2010,14:317-324.
43Tang YY, Ma Y, Fan Y, et al. Central and autonomic nervous system interactionis altered by short-term meditation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.,2009,106:8865-8870.
44. Jiang YP, Liu H, Xu P, et al. Effect of Electro-acupuncture Intervention onCognition Attention Bias in Heroin Addiction Abstinence–A Dot-probe-basedEvent–related Potential Study. Chin J Integr Med,2011,17:267-271.
45. Qiu WQ, Claunch J, Kong J, et al. The effects of acupuncture on the brainnetworks for emotion and cognition: An observation of gender differences. BrainRes,2010,1362:56-67.
46. Feng YY, Bai LJ, Ren YS, et al. Investigation of the large-scale functional brainnetworks modulated by acupuncture. Magn Reson Imaging,2011,29:958-965.
47. Hui KK, Marina O, Claunch JD, et al. Acupuncture mobilizes the brain’s defaultmode and its anti–correlated network in healthy subjects. Brain Res,2009,1287:84-103.
48. Hui KK, Marina O, Liu J, et al. Acupuncture, the limbic system, and theanticorrelated networks of the brain. Auton Neurosci,2010,157:81-90.
49.中华人民共和国国家质量监督检疫检验总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.腧穴名称与定位:中华人民共和国国家标准[S].2006, GB/T12346,2006.
50. Posner MI, Raichle ME. Neuroimaging of Cognitive Proeesses. Proc Natl AcadSci USA,1998,95:763–764.
51. Corbetta M, Kincade JM, Ollinger JM, et al. Voluntary orienting is dissociatedfrom target detection in human posterior parietal cortex. Nat Neurosci,2000,3:292-297.
52. Davidson MC, Marrocco RT. Local infusion of scopolamine into intraparietalcortex slows covert orienting in rhesus monkeys. J neurophysiol,2000,83:1536-1549.
53.付平,贾建平,徐敏,等.电针足三里穴后脑功能磁共振成像显示不同脑区的激活变化.中国临床康复,2005,9:92-94．
54.张嵘,邹燕琴,黄穗乔,等.脑功能磁共振成像在针刺合谷、足三里与内关、三阴交穴位后的影像学特征变化比较.中国组织工程研究与临床康复,2007,22:4271-4274.
55.孙锦平,尹岭,金香兰,等.针刺足三里穴的脑功能成像及动物实验研究.中国基础科学,2003,2:39-41．
56.尹岭,金香兰,石现,等.针刺足三里穴PET和fMRI脑功能成像的初步探讨.中国康复理论与实践,2002,8:523-524．
57. Mazoyer B, Zago L, Mellet E, et a1. Cortical networks for working memory andexecutive functions sustain the conscious resting state in man. Brain Res Bull,2001,54:287-298.
58.刘琦,马晓明,朱笛霓.夹脊穴和足三里穴埋线刺激对老年大鼠不同脑区单胺类神经递质含量的影响.中国老年学杂志,1999，19：35-36．
59.周奇志,宋开源,刘一曼,等.李仲愚杵针刺激大鼠“足三里”穴区对中枢单胺类神经递质含量的影响.成都中医药大学学报,1999，22：28-29.
60. Posner MI, Raichle ME. Images of Mind. New York: Sci Am library,1994:45-69.
61. Voytko ML, Olton DS, Richardson RT, et al. Basal forebrain lesions in monkeysdisrupt attention but not learning and memory. J Neurosci,1994,14:167-186.
62.许晓利,易卉玲,鲁雄兵,等.电针对化学性炎性胃痛时幽门括约肌几种神经递质的调节作用.华中科技大学学报（医学版）,2010,39:519-523.
63.何国栋,牛伟新,刘韩,等.针刺足三里调控胃肠动力机制的实验研究.中华消化杂志,2007,27:748-751.
64.杜静,汪凯,董毅,等.抑郁症的注意网络功能研究.中国神经精神疾病杂志,2006,32:441-443.
65.高莉玲,董毅,汪凯,等.广泛性焦虑注意网络的功能评估.安徽医科大学学报,2008,43:105-108.
66. Bush G, Luu P, Posner MI. Cognitive and emotional influences in the anteriorcingulate cortex. Trends Cogn Sci,2000,4:215-222.
67. Anderson SW, Damasio H, Tranel D, et al. Long-term sequelae of prefrontalcortex damage acquired in early childhood. Dev Neuropsychol,2000,18:281-296.
68. Femandez-Duque D, Posner MI. Brain Imaging of Attentional Networks inNormal and Pathological States. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol,2001,23:74-93.
69.冷晓春,邓振.不同频率电针足三里对运动大鼠下丘脑单胺类神经递质的影响.中国老年学杂志,2010,30:951-952．
70. Merskey H, Bogduk N. IASP Pain Terminology. In Classification of ChronicPain, IASP Task Force on Taxonomy. Seattle: IASP Press.1994:209-214.
71.王锦琰,罗非,韩济生.内、外侧痛觉系统—伤害性信息处理的并行通路.中国神经科学杂志,2003,19:416-419.
72. Lee DM, Pendleton N, Tajar A, et al. Chronic widespread pain is associated withslower cognitive processing speed in middle-aged and older European men. Pain,2010,151:30-36.
73. Van Damme S, Crombez G, Eccleston C. Retarded disengagement from paincues: The effects of pain catastrophizing and pain expectancy. Pain,2002,100,111-118.
74. Ziv M, Tomer R, Defrin R, et al. Individual sensitivity to pain expectancy isrelated to differential activation of the hippocampus and amygdala. Hum BrainMapp,2010,31:326-338.
75. Veldhuijzen DS, Kenemans JL, de Bruin CM, et al. Pain and attention:Attentional disruption or distraction? Journal of Pain,2006,7:11-20.
76. Cho ZH, Chung SC, Jones JP, et a1. New findings of the correlation betweenacupoints and corresponding brain cortices using functional MRI. Proc Natl AcadSci USA,1998,95:2670-2673．
77. Wu MT, Hsieh JC, Xiong J, et a1. Central nervous pathway for acupuncturestimulation：localization of processing with functional MR imaging of the brain-preliminary experience. Radiology,1999,212:133-141．
78. Yoo ss, The EK, Blinder RA, et a1. Modulation of cerebellar activities byacupuncture stimulation: evidence from fMRI study. Neuroimage,2004,22:932-940.
79.何敬振.针刺脑功能磁共振成像及可重复性研究.博士学位论文,山东大学,2008.
80.黄泳,赖新生,唐安戊,等.针刺神门穴的相对特异性作用的脑功能成像研究.成都中医药大学学报,2007,30:6-9.
81.喻晓春,宋利明,马慧敏,等.电针“足三里”及“阳陵泉”对腹腔神经节节后纤维放电影响的比较.针刺研究,1996,2l:49-51.
82.刘乡,张守信,魏北桦.穴位相对特异性与经络或神经节段关系的实验研究.针刺研究,1995,20:54-56.
83. Zhang WT, Jin Z, Luo F, et a1. Evidence from brain imaging with fMRIsupporting functional specificity of acupoints in humans. Neurosci Lett,2004,354:50-53.
84.陈尚杰,刘波,符文彬.针刺神门穴和养老穴激活不同脑功能区的功能性磁共振成像研究.针刺研究,2008,33:267-271.
85.邵广瑞.PET-CT脑功能成像对足太阳膀胱经、足阳明胃经入脑后定位的实验研究.博士学位论文,山东大学,2005.
86.李颖洁,樊飞燕,陈兴时.脑电分析在认知研究中的进展.北京生物医学工程,2006,25:321-323.
87.林大正,腾春芳.事件相关电位.承德医学院学报,2005,22:257-258.
88.赵仑.ERP实验教程[M].第一版,天津：天津社会科学院出版社,2004:31.
89. Sambeth A, Maes JH, Quian Quiroga R, et al. Effects of stimulus repetitions onthe event-related potential of humans and rats. Int J Psychophysiol,2004,53:197-205.
90. Frodl T, Meisenzahl EM, Muller D, et al. P300subcomponents and clinicalsymptoms in schizophrenia. Int J Psychophysiol.2002,43:237-246.
91. Himani A, Tandon OP, Bhatia MS, et al. A study of P300event-related evokedpotentials in the patients of major depression. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol,1999,43:367-372.
92. Hillyard SA, Anllo-Vento L. Event–related brain potentials in the study ofvisual selective attention. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,1998,95:781-787.
93. Patel SH, Azzam PN. Characterization of N200and P300: Selected Studies of theEvent-Related Potential. Int J Med Sci,2005,2:147-154.
94. Allen JJ. The role of psychophysiology in clinical assessment: ERPs in theevaluation of memory. Psychophysiology,2002,39:261-280.
95. Moores KA, Clark CR, Hadfield JL, et al. Investigating the generators of thescalp recorded visual-verbal P300using cortically constrained sourcelocalization. Hum Brain Mapp,2003,18:53-77.
96.张明岛,陈兴时.脑诱发电位学[M].第1版.上海科技教育出版社,1995:258-261.
97.成词松,诸毅晖,梁繁荣,等.电针肾俞、足三里对慢性疲劳综合征事件相关电位的影响.中国针灸,2010,30:309-312.
98.韦良玉,刘布谷,赵利华.针灸对脑动脉硬化症认知功能减退及事件相关电位P300的影响.江苏中医药,2008,40:77-78.
99.柴铁劬.针刺治疗对注意缺陷多动障碍患儿事件相关电位P3的影响.广州中医药大学学报,1999,16:94-97.
100.董洪涛,白英.电针治疗老年性痴呆对其认知电位影响的临床研究.中国应用生理学杂志,2003,19:94-96.
101.姜迎萍,徐平,王岩,等.电针对男性海洛因戒断者情绪认知加工事件相关电位的影响.上海中医药杂志,2007,41:60-62.
102.张全明,余瑞英,庞坚,等.针刺引起孤独症语言障碍儿童事件相关电位P3潜伏期和波幅的变化.中国临床康复,2005,9:10-11.
103.渡边一平（日本）.通过事件相关电位探讨针刺时产生的特异感觉（得气）的特性.国外医学中医中药分册,1995,17:58-59.
1. Vickers A, Zollman C. ABC of complementary medicine. Br. Med. J.,1999,319:973-976.
2. NIH acupuncture consensus development panel. NIH consensus developmentconference on acupuncture program and abstracts,1997, Bethesda, MD: Nalt.Inst. Health
3. Mayer DJ. Acupuncture: an evidence-based review of the clinical literature.Annual review of medicine,2000,51:49-63.
4. Ulett GA, Han JS, Han SP. Traditional and evidence-based acupuncture. South.Med. J.,1998,91:1115-1120.
5. Wang SM, Peloquin C, Kain ZN. The use of auricular acupuncture to reducepreoperative anxiety. Anesthesia and analgesia,2001,93:1178-1180.
6. Middlekauff HR, Hui K, Yu JL, et al. Acupuncture inhibits sympatheticactivation during mental stress in advanced hert failure patients. J. Card. Fail.,2002,8:399-406.
7. Chou JW, Chang YH, Chang CS, et al. The effect of different frequencyelectrical acu-stimulation on gastric myoelectrical activity in healthy subjects.Hepatogastroenterology,2003,50:582-586
8. Ouyang H, Yin J, Wang Z, et al. Electroacupuncture accelerates gastric emptyingin association with changes in vagal activity. Am. J. physiol. Gastrointest. LiverPhysiol.2002,282:390-396.
9. Qian L, peters LJ, Chen JD. Effects of electroacupuncture on gastric migratingmyoelectrical complex in dogs. Dig. Dis. Sci.,1994,44:56-62.
10. Stener-Victorin E, Lundeberg T, Waldenstrom U, et al. Effects of eletro-acupuncture on nerve growth factor and ovarian morphology in rats withexperimentally induced polycystic ovaries. Biology of reproduction,2000,63:1497-1503.
11. Stener-Victorin E, Waldenstrom U, Tagnfors U, et al. Effects of electro-acupuncture on anovulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. ActaObstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica,2000,79,3:180-188.
12. Dong H, Ludicke F, Comte I, et al. An exploratory pilot study of acupuncture onthe quality of life and reproductive hormine secretion in menopausal women.Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine,2001,7:651-658.
13. Magnusson M, Johansson K, Johansson BB. Sensory stimulation promotesnormalization of postural control after stroke. Stroke: A Journal of CerebralCirculation,1994,25:1176-1180.
14. Inoue I, Chen L, Zhou L, et al. Reproduction of scalp acupuncture therapy onstrokes in the model rats, spontaneous hypertensive rats-stroke prone (SHR-SP).Neurosci. Lett.,2003,333:191-194.
15. Rydholm M, Strang P. Acupuncture for patients in hospital-based home caresuffering from xerostomia. Journal of Palliative Care,1999,15:20-23.
16. Blom M, Lundeberg T. Long-term follow-up of patients treated with acupuncturefor xerostomia and the influence of additional treatment. Oral Diseases,2000,6:15-24.
17. Jang MH, Shin MC, Koo GS, et al. Acupuncture decreases nitric oxide synthaseexpression in periaqueductal gray of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes.Neurosci. Lett.,2003,337:155-158.
18. Kim EH, Jang MH, Shin MC, et al. Acupuncture increases cell proliferation andneuropeptide Y expression in dentate gyrus of streptozotocin-induced diabeticrats. Neurosci. Lett.,2002,327:33-36.
19. Chang CS, Ko CW, Wu CY, et al. Effect of electrical stimulation on acupuncturepoints in diabetic patients with gastric dysrhythmia: a pilot study. Digestion,2001,64:184-190.
20. Kandel ER, Sehwa-z JH, Jessell TM. Principles of Neural science,2000.411-491.
21.谢益宽,李惠清.经络和循经感传的神经生物学性质研究.中国科学(B),1995,25:721-732.
22.朱兵,荣培晶,李宇清,等.循经感传和循经肌电反应.中国科学,200l,31:265-270.
23.张保真.经脉线结构和机能[M].陕西:陕西科学技术出版社.1992.
24. Langevin HM, Yandow JA. Relationship of acupuncture points and meridians toconnective tissue planes. The Anatomical Record,2002,269:257-265.
25. Langevin HM, Churchill DL, Wu J, et al. Evidence of connective tissueinvolvement in acupuncture. The FASEB Journal,2002,16:872-874.
26. Langevin HM, Churchill DL, Fox JR, et al. Biomechanical response toacupuncture needling in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory,Environmental and Exercise Physiology,2001,91:2471-2478.
27. Langevin HM, Churchil DL, Cipolla MJ. Mechanical signaling throughconnective tissue: a mechanism for the therapeutic effect of acupuncture. TheFASEB Journal,2001,15:2275-2282.
28.周逸平.关于经络经脉脏腑相关研究的深入探讨.针刺研究,2006,3l:327-328.
29.周吕,王礼建,云天佑,等.电针胃经穴对狗胃肠移行性复合运动及脑肠肽释放的作用.科学通报,2000,45:2419-2426.
30.严洁,黎喜平,易受乡,等.电针对应激性胃黏膜损伤大鼠胃黏膜肠三叶因子基因表达的影响.中国针灸,2006,26:66-68.
31.常小荣,严洁,林亚平,等.针刺足三里对功能性消化不良患者血浆胃肠激素的影响.中国中西医结合消化杂志,2001,9:283-284.
32.黄晓卿,陈凌,姚志芳,等.电针对胃电节律紊乱和心动过速调整作用的实验观察.中国针灸,2002,22:181-182.
33. Liu JH, Yan J, Yi SX, et al. Effects of electroacupuncture on gastric myoelectricactivity and substance P in the dorsal vagal complex of rats. NeuroscienceLetters,2004,356:99-102.
34.易受乡,严洁,林亚平,等.针刺胃经穴对M受体阻断大鼠胃电及脑肠肽的影响.中国中西医结合消化杂志,2002,10:203-205.
35. Sato A, Sato Y, Uchida S. Reflex modulation of visceral functions byacupuncture–like stimulation in anesthetized rats. International Congress Series,2002,1238:111-123.
36.彭桂艳.经络实质、穴位和针灸.中国现代药物应用,2009,3:188-189.
37.赵晏.针灸经络的外周神经生物学机理探讨.针刺研究,2006,31:329.
38.刘建华,马文涛,崔仁发,等.针灸作用机理和经络研究的现状及其展望.中国基础科学·研究进展,2004,4:29-35.
39. Ma WT, Tong H, Hu JM, et al. Appearance of liquid crystals in acupuncturepoints. Liquid Crystals,2001,28:1597-1601.
40. Xu WY, Ma WT, Hu JM, et al. A novel needle-electrochemical microsensor forin vitro and in vivo measurements of oxygen. International Conference onSensors Technology (ISTC2001),2001,95.
41. Xu WY, Ma WT, Hu JM, et al. A needle-electrochemical microsensor for in vivomeasurements of the partial pressure of oxygen in acupuncture points. Sensorsand Acuators(B),2002,86:274-279.
42. Ma WT, Tong H, Xu WY, et al. Perivascular space: Possible anatomical substratefor the meridian. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine,2003,9:851-859.
43.李彤,尹岭,金香兰,等.神经信息学与针刺机理研究.中国中医药信息杂志.2008,15:94-95.
44.李霁,张俊海,董竞成.针刺镇痛对坐骨神经痛患者脑功能成像的影响.上海针灸杂志,2007,26:3-6.
45.韩济生.针刺镇痛原理[M].上海,上海科技教育出版社.1999,63.
46.杜梦玄.针灸作用机理与信息增强规律.天津中医,2002,19:33.
47.高震.论经穴能量系统的本质及刺激传导机理.中国针灸,2001,21:161-163.
48.邱茂良,等.针灸学[M].上海:上海科技出版社,1985:315.
49.林文注,等.人体穴位针感的感受装置和传人径路的观察[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1986:323.
50.祝总骧.经络循行线在体表的模式图[M].见:针灸经络生物物理学.北京:北京出版社,1989:413.
51.高震.植物的经络学说与农业.上海农业科技,1993,3:40.
52.高震.论经穴的本质.针灸临床床杂志,1997,13:10.
53.白丽敏,李亚东.神经解剖学[M].北京:中国中医药出版社,2003,8.
54.汪克明,周逸平,周美启,等.电针经脉对急性心肌缺血家兔心交感神经放电活动的影响.针刺研究,2005,30:106-107.
55. Tada H, Fujita M, harris M, et al. Neural mechanism of acupuncture-inducedgastric relaxations in rats. Dig Dis Sci,2003,48:59-68.
56.傅立新,赵建国,赵成彬,等.针刺对实验性脑出血大鼠不同脑区及心肌神经递质-儿茶酚胺、乙酰胆碱含量的影响.中医药学刊,2003,21:1037-1039.
57.马正行,蔡乃真,单敏初.自主神经在电针“肾俞”穴利尿效应中的作用.同济大学学报（医学版）,2001,22:5-9.
58.张伟国,巫北海. MR脑功能成像的临床应用.中国医学影像技术,2000,16:94-95.
59.王武,张雪哲.磁共振功能成像.中日友好医院学报,1997,11:185-186.
60.赵喜平,郑崇勋.磁共振脑功能成像中图像的分类及表达.中国影像技术,2000,16:83-84.
61. Howell LL, Wilcox KM. Functional imaging and neurochemical correlates ofstimulant self-administration in primates. Psychopharmacology,2002,163:352-361.
62.何立岩,伍建林.儿童脑磁共振功能成像的研究进展.国外医学:临床放射学分册,2003,26:75-77.
63.王苇,朱芳,漆剑频,等.人脑对针刺与对指反应的实时动态功能MRI的对比研究.中华放射学杂志,2002,36:211-214.
64. Cho ZH, Chung SC, Jones JP, et al. New findings of correlation betweenacupoints and corresponding brain cortices use functional MRI. Proc Natl AcadSci USA,1998,95:2670-2673.
65.金真,张蔚婷,罗非,等.人脑对不同频率穴位电刺激反应的功能性磁共振成像.生理学报,2001,53:275-280.
66.常时新,冯敢生,孔祥泉,等.多穴位电脉冲刺激的脑皮层功能区fMRI研究.临床放射学杂志,2002,21:99-102.
67. Wu MT, Xiong J, Yang PC, et al. Acupuncture modulation the limbic braindetected by functional MR imaging. Neuro Image,1997,5: S15.
68. Wu MT, Hsieh JC, Xiong J, et al. Central nervous pathway for acupuncturestimulation localization of processing with functional MR imaging of the brainpreliminary experience. Radiology,1999,212:133-141.
69. Hui KK, Liu J, Makris N, et al. Acupuncture modulates the limbic system andsubcortical gray structures of the human brain: evidence from fMRI studies innormal subjects. Hum Brain mapp,2000,9:13-25.
70. Biella C, Sorgiu ML, Pellegata C, et al. Acupuncture produces central activationsin pain regions. NeuroImage,2001,14:60-66.
71. Cho ZH, Chung SC, Jones JP, et al. New findings of the correlation betweenacupoints and corresponding brain cortices using functional MRI. Proc Natl AcadSci USA,1998,95:2670-2673.
72. Cho ZH, Na CS, Wang EK, et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of thebrain in the investigation of acupuncture. In Stux G and Hammerschlag R.Clinical Acupuncture Scientific Basis. Berlin: Springer verlag,2001,83-96.
73. Isabel KG, Michael L, Anja-Carina S, et al. Is there a BOLD response of thevisual cortex on stimulation of the vision-related acupoint GB37. J of MagnReson Imaging,2002,15:227-232.
74. Wu MT, Sheen JM, Chuang KH, et al. Neuronal specificity of acupunctureresponse: a fMRI study with electroacupuncture. Neuro Imaging,2002,16:1028-1037.
75. Siedentopf CM, Golaszewski SM, Mottaghy FM, et al. Functional magneticresonance imaging detects activation of the visual association cortex during laseracupuncture of the foot in humans. Neurosci lett,2002,327:53-56.
76.李定忠,李秀章.经穴皮部挑治与深刺的fMRI对比研究.中国针灸,2000,20:491-492.
77.尹岭,金香兰,石现,等.针刺足三里穴PET和fMRI.中国康复理论与实践,2002,8:523-524.
78. Ramsey NF, Tallent K, Van Gelderen P, et al. Reproducibility of human3DfMRI brain maps acquired during a motor task. Hum Brain Mapp,1996,4:113-121.
79. Papke K, Reimer P, Renger B, et al. Optimazed activation of the primarysensorimotor cortex for clinical functional MR imaging. AJNR,2000,21:395-401.
80.阮怀珍,李希成,黎海蒂,等.电针抑制P物质引起的痛反应和脊髓c-fos表达.第三军医大学学报,1997,19:332-335.
81.施静,刘晓春,张静,等.针刺穴位对脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑内NMDAR1mRNA的影响.中国组织化学与细胞化学杂志,2000,9:371-375.
82.王成夭,刘颖涛,万德宁,等.电针和福尔马林诱发大鼠脑c-fos基因表达研究.湖北医科大学学报,1999,20:135-136.
83.阮怀珍,李希成,黎海蒂,等.生长抑素和电针抑制关节炎大鼠脊髓c-fos的表达.中国药理学报,1997,18:474-477.
84.王升旭,赖新生,洪军,等.电针夹脊穴对佐剂关节炎大鼠脊髓c-fos基因表达的影响.中国中医药科技,1999,6:353-355.
85.董劲松,赵宏,陈伯英. c-fos反义寡聚核苷对脑缺血性损伤和电针抗损伤作用的影响.中国神经科学杂志,2001,17:194-197.
86.郭惠夫,王晓民,田今华,等.2Hz和100Hz电针加速脑内三种阿片肽基因表达.生理学报,1997,49:121-127.
87.刘智斌,杨晓航.不同手法针刺足三里穴对人信号转导途径的作用.中国针灸,2006,26:120-122.
88.陈泽斌,王华.针刺对大鼠脑组织神经生物学基因表达的研究.中国针灸,2005,25:573-576.
2. Posner MI, Petersen SE. The attention system of the human brain. Annu RevNeurosci,1990,13:25-42.
3. Posner MI, DiGirolamo GJ, Fernandez-Duque D. Brain Mechanisms ofCognitive Skills. Conscious Cogn,1997,6:267-290.
4. Posner MI, Gilbert CD. Attention and primary visual cortex. Proc Natl Acad SciUSA,1999,96:2585-2587.
5. Posner MI, Rothbart MK. Research on Attention Networks as a Model for theIntegration of Psychological Science. Annu Rev Psychol.,2007,58: l-23.
6. Fossella J, Posner MI, Fan J, et al. Attentional phenotypes for the analysis ofhigher mental function. ScientificWorldJournal,2002,2:217-223.
7. Marrocco RT, Davidson MC. Neurochemistry of attention. In: Parasuraman, R.(Ed.), The Attentive Brain. MIT, Cambridge, Mass,1998:35-50.
8. Corbetta M, Shulman GL. Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attentionin the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci,2002,3:201-215.
9. Benes FM. Emerging principles of altered neural circuitry in schizophrenia. BrainRes Brain Res Rev,2000,31:251-269.
10. Fossella J, Sommer T, Fan J, et al. Assessing the molecular genetics of attentionnetworks. BMC Neurosci,2002,3:14.
11. Fan J, Fossella J, Sommer T, et al. Mapping the genetic variation of executiveattention onto brain activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2003,100:7406-7411.
12. Diamond A, Briand L, Fossella J, et al. Genetic and neurochemical modulation ofprefrontal cognitive functions in children. Am J Psychiatry,2004,161:125-132.
13. Fan J, McCandliss BD, Sommer T, et a1. Testing the efficiency andindependence of attentional networks. J Cogn Neurosci,2002,14:340-347.
14. Posner MI, Rothbart MK, Vizueta N, Levy KN, Evans DE, Thomas KM, ClarkinJF: Attentional mechanisms of borderline personality disorder. Proc Natl AcadSci USA,2002,99:16366-16370.
15. Klein RM: Chronometric explorations of disordered minds. Trends Cogn Sci,2003,7:190-192.
16. Mezzacappa E. Alerting, orienting, and executive attention: developmentalproperties and sociodemographic correlates in an epidemiological sample ofyoung, urban children. Child Dev,2004,75:1373-1386.
17. Rueda MR, Fan J, McCandliss BD, Halparin JD, Gruber DB, Lercari LP, PosnerMI: Development of attentional networks in childhood. Neuropsychologia,2004,42:1029-1040.
18. Sobin C, Kiley-Brabeck K, Daniels S, Blundell M, Anyane-Yeboa K,Karayiorgou M: Networks of attention in children with the22q11deletionsyndrome. Dev Neuropsychol,2004,26:611-626.
19. Wang K, Fan J, Dong Y, Wang CQ, Lee TM, Posner MI: Selective impairmentof attentional networks of orienting and executive control in schizophrenia.Schizophr Res,2005,78:235-241.
20. Fernandez-Duque D, Black SE: Attentional networks in normal aging andAlzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychology,2006,20:133-143.
21. Gu X, Liu X, Guise KG, Fossella J, Wang K, Fan J: Alexithymic trait andvoluntary control in healthy adults. PloS One,2008,3: e3702.
22. Tian YH, Dong B, Ma J, et al. Attention networks in children with idiopathicgeneralized epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav,2010,19:513-517.
23. Zhou SS, Fan J, Lee TM, et al. Age-related differences in attentional networks ofalerting and executive control in young, middle-aged, and older Chinese adults.Brain Cogn,2011,75:205-210.
24. Zhao L, Zhang FW, Zhang H, et al. Mild cognitive impairment disease treatedwith electroacupuncture: a multi-center randomized controlled trial. ZhongguoZhen Jiu,2012,32:779-784.
25. Shao Y, Lai XS, Guan CW, et al. Effect of electroacupuncture on learning-memory ability of vascular dementia rats with concomitant hypertension andhyperlipemia. Zhen Ci yan Jiu,2009,34:368-375.
26. Wang ZQ, Nie BB, Li DH, et al. Effect of Acupuncture in Mild CognitiveImpairment and Alzheimer Disease: A Functional MRI Study. PloS One,2012,7:e42730.
27. Zhao L, Shen P, Han YY, et al. Effects of Acupuncture on GlycometabolicEnzymes in Multi-infarct Dementia Rats. Neurochem Res,2011,36:693-700.
28. Cheng HY, Yu JC, Jiang ZG, et al. Acupuncture improves cognitive deficits andregulates the brain cell proliferation of SAMP8mice. Neurosci Lett,2008,432:111-116.
29. Li GM, Zhang XZ, Cheng HY, et al. Acupuncture improves cognitive deficitsand increases neuron density of the hippocampus in middle–aged SAMP8mice.Acupunct Med,2012,30:339-345.
30. Petersen SE, Posner MI. The attention system of the human brain:20years after.Annu Rev Neurosci,2012.35:73-89.
31. Fernández A, Quintero J, Hornero R, et al. Complexity analysis of spontaneousbrain activity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: diagnostic implications.Biol Psychiatry,2009,65:571-577.
32. Richards A, French CC, Calder AJ, et al. Anxiety-related bias in the classificationof emotionally ambiguous facial expressions. Emotion,2002,2:273-287.
33. Clark DA, Beck AT. Cognitive theory and therapy of anxiety and depression:convergence with neurobiological findings. Trends Cogn Sci,2010,14:418-424.
34. Farrell L, Waters A, Milliner E, et al. Comorbidity and treatment response inpediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: a pilot study of group cognitive-behavioral treatment. Psychiatry Res,2012,199:115-123.
35Smith NK, Larsen JT, Chartrand TL, et al. Being bad isn't always good: affectivecontext moderates the attention bias toward negative information. J Pers SocPsychol,2006,90:210-220.
36. Aston-Jones G, Cohen JD. An integrative theory of locus coeruleus-norepinephrine function: adaptive gain and optimal performance. Annu RevNeurosci,2005,28:403-450.
37. Bai L, Tian J, Qin W, et al. Exploratory analysis of functional connectivitynetwork in acupuncture study by a graph theory mode. Conf Proc IEEE Eng MedBiol Soc.,2007,2007:2023-2026.
38. Dhond RP, Yeh C, Park K, Kettner N, et al. Acupuncture modulates resting stateconnectivity in default and sensorimotor brain networks. Pain,2008,136:407-
418.
39. Fang J, Jin Z, Wang Y,et al. The salient characteristics of the central effects ofacupuncture needling: Limbic-paralimbic-neocortical network modulation. HumBrain Mapp.,2009,30:1196-1206.
40. Hui KS, Liu J, Marina O, et a1. The integrated response of the human cerebro-cerebellar and limbic systems to acupuncture stimulation at ST36asevidenced byfMRI. Neuroimage,2005,27:479-496.
41Qin W, Tian J, Bai L, et al. FMRI connectivity analysis of acupuncture effects onan amygdala-associated brain network. Mol Pain,2008,4:55.
42Klingberg T. Training and plasticity of working memory. Trends Cogn Sci,2010,14:317-324.
43Tang YY, Ma Y, Fan Y, et al. Central and autonomic nervous system interactionis altered by short-term meditation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.,2009,106:8865-8870.
44. Jiang YP, Liu H, Xu P, et al. Effect of Electro-acupuncture Intervention onCognition Attention Bias in Heroin Addiction Abstinence–A Dot-probe-basedEvent–related Potential Study. Chin J Integr Med,2011,17:267-271.
45. Qiu WQ, Claunch J, Kong J, et al. The effects of acupuncture on the brainnetworks for emotion and cognition: An observation of gender differences. BrainRes,2010,1362:56-67.
46. Feng YY, Bai LJ, Ren YS, et al. Investigation of the large-scale functional brainnetworks modulated by acupuncture. Magn Reson Imaging,2011,29:958-965.
47. Hui KK, Marina O, Claunch JD, et al. Acupuncture mobilizes the brain’s defaultmode and its anti–correlated network in healthy subjects. Brain Res,2009,1287:84-103.
48. Hui KK, Marina O, Liu J, et al. Acupuncture, the limbic system, and theanticorrelated networks of the brain. Auton Neurosci,2010,157:81-90.
49.中华人民共和国国家质量监督检疫检验总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.腧穴名称与定位:中华人民共和国国家标准[S].2006, GB/T12346,2006.
50. Posner MI, Raichle ME. Neuroimaging of Cognitive Proeesses. Proc Natl AcadSci USA,1998,95:763–764.
51. Corbetta M, Kincade JM, Ollinger JM, et al. Voluntary orienting is dissociatedfrom target detection in human posterior parietal cortex. Nat Neurosci,2000,3:292-297.
52. Davidson MC, Marrocco RT. Local infusion of scopolamine into intraparietalcortex slows covert orienting in rhesus monkeys. J neurophysiol,2000,83:1536-1549.
53.付平,贾建平,徐敏,等.电针足三里穴后脑功能磁共振成像显示不同脑区的激活变化.中国临床康复,2005,9:92-94．
54.张嵘,邹燕琴,黄穗乔,等.脑功能磁共振成像在针刺合谷、足三里与内关、三阴交穴位后的影像学特征变化比较.中国组织工程研究与临床康复,2007,22:4271-4274.
55.孙锦平,尹岭,金香兰,等.针刺足三里穴的脑功能成像及动物实验研究.中国基础科学,2003,2:39-41．
56.尹岭,金香兰,石现,等.针刺足三里穴PET和fMRI脑功能成像的初步探讨.中国康复理论与实践,2002,8:523-524．
57. Mazoyer B, Zago L, Mellet E, et a1. Cortical networks for working memory andexecutive functions sustain the conscious resting state in man. Brain Res Bull,2001,54:287-298.
58.刘琦,马晓明,朱笛霓.夹脊穴和足三里穴埋线刺激对老年大鼠不同脑区单胺类神经递质含量的影响.中国老年学杂志,1999，19：35-36．
59.周奇志,宋开源,刘一曼,等.李仲愚杵针刺激大鼠“足三里”穴区对中枢单胺类神经递质含量的影响.成都中医药大学学报,1999，22：28-29.
60. Posner MI, Raichle ME. Images of Mind. New York: Sci Am library,1994:45-69.
61. Voytko ML, Olton DS, Richardson RT, et al. Basal forebrain lesions in monkeysdisrupt attention but not learning and memory. J Neurosci,1994,14:167-186.
62.许晓利,易卉玲,鲁雄兵,等.电针对化学性炎性胃痛时幽门括约肌几种神经递质的调节作用.华中科技大学学报（医学版）,2010,39:519-523.
63.何国栋,牛伟新,刘韩,等.针刺足三里调控胃肠动力机制的实验研究.中华消化杂志,2007,27:748-751.
64.杜静,汪凯,董毅,等.抑郁症的注意网络功能研究.中国神经精神疾病杂志,2006,32:441-443.
65.高莉玲,董毅,汪凯,等.广泛性焦虑注意网络的功能评估.安徽医科大学学报,2008,43:105-108.
66. Bush G, Luu P, Posner MI. Cognitive and emotional influences in the anteriorcingulate cortex. Trends Cogn Sci,2000,4:215-222.
67. Anderson SW, Damasio H, Tranel D, et al. Long-term sequelae of prefrontalcortex damage acquired in early childhood. Dev Neuropsychol,2000,18:281-296.
68. Femandez-Duque D, Posner MI. Brain Imaging of Attentional Networks inNormal and Pathological States. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol,2001,23:74-93.
69.冷晓春,邓振.不同频率电针足三里对运动大鼠下丘脑单胺类神经递质的影响.中国老年学杂志,2010,30:951-952．
70. Merskey H, Bogduk N. IASP Pain Terminology. In Classification of ChronicPain, IASP Task Force on Taxonomy. Seattle: IASP Press.1994:209-214.
71.王锦琰,罗非,韩济生.内、外侧痛觉系统—伤害性信息处理的并行通路.中国神经科学杂志,2003,19:416-419.
72. Lee DM, Pendleton N, Tajar A, et al. Chronic widespread pain is associated withslower cognitive processing speed in middle-aged and older European men. Pain,2010,151:30-36.
73. Van Damme S, Crombez G, Eccleston C. Retarded disengagement from paincues: The effects of pain catastrophizing and pain expectancy. Pain,2002,100,111-118.
74. Ziv M, Tomer R, Defrin R, et al. Individual sensitivity to pain expectancy isrelated to differential activation of the hippocampus and amygdala. Hum BrainMapp,2010,31:326-338.
75. Veldhuijzen DS, Kenemans JL, de Bruin CM, et al. Pain and attention:Attentional disruption or distraction? Journal of Pain,2006,7:11-20.
76. Cho ZH, Chung SC, Jones JP, et a1. New findings of the correlation betweenacupoints and corresponding brain cortices using functional MRI. Proc Natl AcadSci USA,1998,95:2670-2673．
77. Wu MT, Hsieh JC, Xiong J, et a1. Central nervous pathway for acupuncturestimulation：localization of processing with functional MR imaging of the brain-preliminary experience. Radiology,1999,212:133-141．
78. Yoo ss, The EK, Blinder RA, et a1. Modulation of cerebellar activities byacupuncture stimulation: evidence from fMRI study. Neuroimage,2004,22:932-940.
79.何敬振.针刺脑功能磁共振成像及可重复性研究.博士学位论文,山东大学,2008.
80.黄泳,赖新生,唐安戊,等.针刺神门穴的相对特异性作用的脑功能成像研究.成都中医药大学学报,2007,30:6-9.
81.喻晓春,宋利明,马慧敏,等.电针“足三里”及“阳陵泉”对腹腔神经节节后纤维放电影响的比较.针刺研究,1996,2l:49-51.
82.刘乡,张守信,魏北桦.穴位相对特异性与经络或神经节段关系的实验研究.针刺研究,1995,20:54-56.
83. Zhang WT, Jin Z, Luo F, et a1. Evidence from brain imaging with fMRIsupporting functional specificity of acupoints in humans. Neurosci Lett,2004,354:50-53.
84.陈尚杰,刘波,符文彬.针刺神门穴和养老穴激活不同脑功能区的功能性磁共振成像研究.针刺研究,2008,33:267-271.
85.邵广瑞.PET-CT脑功能成像对足太阳膀胱经、足阳明胃经入脑后定位的实验研究.博士学位论文,山东大学,2005.
86.李颖洁,樊飞燕,陈兴时.脑电分析在认知研究中的进展.北京生物医学工程,2006,25:321-323.
87.林大正,腾春芳.事件相关电位.承德医学院学报,2005,22:257-258.
88.赵仑.ERP实验教程[M].第一版,天津：天津社会科学院出版社,2004:31.
89. Sambeth A, Maes JH, Quian Quiroga R, et al. Effects of stimulus repetitions onthe event-related potential of humans and rats. Int J Psychophysiol,2004,53:197-205.
90. Frodl T, Meisenzahl EM, Muller D, et al. P300subcomponents and clinicalsymptoms in schizophrenia. Int J Psychophysiol.2002,43:237-246.
91. Himani A, Tandon OP, Bhatia MS, et al. A study of P300event-related evokedpotentials in the patients of major depression. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol,1999,43:367-372.
92. Hillyard SA, Anllo-Vento L. Event–related brain potentials in the study ofvisual selective attention. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,1998,95:781-787.
93. Patel SH, Azzam PN. Characterization of N200and P300: Selected Studies of theEvent-Related Potential. Int J Med Sci,2005,2:147-154.
94. Allen JJ. The role of psychophysiology in clinical assessment: ERPs in theevaluation of memory. Psychophysiology,2002,39:261-280.
95. Moores KA, Clark CR, Hadfield JL, et al. Investigating the generators of thescalp recorded visual-verbal P300using cortically constrained sourcelocalization. Hum Brain Mapp,2003,18:53-77.
96.张明岛,陈兴时.脑诱发电位学[M].第1版.上海科技教育出版社,1995:258-261.
97.成词松,诸毅晖,梁繁荣,等.电针肾俞、足三里对慢性疲劳综合征事件相关电位的影响.中国针灸,2010,30:309-312.
98.韦良玉,刘布谷,赵利华.针灸对脑动脉硬化症认知功能减退及事件相关电位P300的影响.江苏中医药,2008,40:77-78.
99.柴铁劬.针刺治疗对注意缺陷多动障碍患儿事件相关电位P3的影响.广州中医药大学学报,1999,16:94-97.
100.董洪涛,白英.电针治疗老年性痴呆对其认知电位影响的临床研究.中国应用生理学杂志,2003,19:94-96.
101.姜迎萍,徐平,王岩,等.电针对男性海洛因戒断者情绪认知加工事件相关电位的影响.上海中医药杂志,2007,41:60-62.
102.张全明,余瑞英,庞坚,等.针刺引起孤独症语言障碍儿童事件相关电位P3潜伏期和波幅的变化.中国临床康复,2005,9:10-11.
103.渡边一平（日本）.通过事件相关电位探讨针刺时产生的特异感觉（得气）的特性.国外医学中医中药分册,1995,17:58-59.
1. Vickers A, Zollman C. ABC of complementary medicine. Br. Med. J.,1999,319:973-976.
2. NIH acupuncture consensus development panel. NIH consensus developmentconference on acupuncture program and abstracts,1997, Bethesda, MD: Nalt.Inst. Health
3. Mayer DJ. Acupuncture: an evidence-based review of the clinical literature.Annual review of medicine,2000,51:49-63.
4. Ulett GA, Han JS, Han SP. Traditional and evidence-based acupuncture. South.Med. J.,1998,91:1115-1120.
5. Wang SM, Peloquin C, Kain ZN. The use of auricular acupuncture to reducepreoperative anxiety. Anesthesia and analgesia,2001,93:1178-1180.
6. Middlekauff HR, Hui K, Yu JL, et al. Acupuncture inhibits sympatheticactivation during mental stress in advanced hert failure patients. J. Card. Fail.,2002,8:399-406.
7. Chou JW, Chang YH, Chang CS, et al. The effect of different frequencyelectrical acu-stimulation on gastric myoelectrical activity in healthy subjects.Hepatogastroenterology,2003,50:582-586
8. Ouyang H, Yin J, Wang Z, et al. Electroacupuncture accelerates gastric emptyingin association with changes in vagal activity. Am. J. physiol. Gastrointest. LiverPhysiol.2002,282:390-396.
9. Qian L, peters LJ, Chen JD. Effects of electroacupuncture on gastric migratingmyoelectrical complex in dogs. Dig. Dis. Sci.,1994,44:56-62.
10. Stener-Victorin E, Lundeberg T, Waldenstrom U, et al. Effects of eletro-acupuncture on nerve growth factor and ovarian morphology in rats withexperimentally induced polycystic ovaries. Biology of reproduction,2000,63:1497-1503.
11. Stener-Victorin E, Waldenstrom U, Tagnfors U, et al. Effects of electro-acupuncture on anovulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. ActaObstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica,2000,79,3:180-188.
12. Dong H, Ludicke F, Comte I, et al. An exploratory pilot study of acupuncture onthe quality of life and reproductive hormine secretion in menopausal women.Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine,2001,7:651-658.
13. Magnusson M, Johansson K, Johansson BB. Sensory stimulation promotesnormalization of postural control after stroke. Stroke: A Journal of CerebralCirculation,1994,25:1176-1180.
14. Inoue I, Chen L, Zhou L, et al. Reproduction of scalp acupuncture therapy onstrokes in the model rats, spontaneous hypertensive rats-stroke prone (SHR-SP).Neurosci. Lett.,2003,333:191-194.
15. Rydholm M, Strang P. Acupuncture for patients in hospital-based home caresuffering from xerostomia. Journal of Palliative Care,1999,15:20-23.
16. Blom M, Lundeberg T. Long-term follow-up of patients treated with acupuncturefor xerostomia and the influence of additional treatment. Oral Diseases,2000,6:15-24.
17. Jang MH, Shin MC, Koo GS, et al. Acupuncture decreases nitric oxide synthaseexpression in periaqueductal gray of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes.Neurosci. Lett.,2003,337:155-158.
18. Kim EH, Jang MH, Shin MC, et al. Acupuncture increases cell proliferation andneuropeptide Y expression in dentate gyrus of streptozotocin-induced diabeticrats. Neurosci. Lett.,2002,327:33-36.
19. Chang CS, Ko CW, Wu CY, et al. Effect of electrical stimulation on acupuncturepoints in diabetic patients with gastric dysrhythmia: a pilot study. Digestion,2001,64:184-190.
20. Kandel ER, Sehwa-z JH, Jessell TM. Principles of Neural science,2000.411-491.
21.谢益宽,李惠清.经络和循经感传的神经生物学性质研究.中国科学(B),1995,25:721-732.
22.朱兵,荣培晶,李宇清,等.循经感传和循经肌电反应.中国科学,200l,31:265-270.
23.张保真.经脉线结构和机能[M].陕西:陕西科学技术出版社.1992.
24. Langevin HM, Yandow JA. Relationship of acupuncture points and meridians toconnective tissue planes. The Anatomical Record,2002,269:257-265.
25. Langevin HM, Churchill DL, Wu J, et al. Evidence of connective tissueinvolvement in acupuncture. The FASEB Journal,2002,16:872-874.
26. Langevin HM, Churchill DL, Fox JR, et al. Biomechanical response toacupuncture needling in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory,Environmental and Exercise Physiology,2001,91:2471-2478.
27. Langevin HM, Churchil DL, Cipolla MJ. Mechanical signaling throughconnective tissue: a mechanism for the therapeutic effect of acupuncture. TheFASEB Journal,2001,15:2275-2282.
28.周逸平.关于经络经脉脏腑相关研究的深入探讨.针刺研究,2006,3l:327-328.
29.周吕,王礼建,云天佑,等.电针胃经穴对狗胃肠移行性复合运动及脑肠肽释放的作用.科学通报,2000,45:2419-2426.
30.严洁,黎喜平,易受乡,等.电针对应激性胃黏膜损伤大鼠胃黏膜肠三叶因子基因表达的影响.中国针灸,2006,26:66-68.
31.常小荣,严洁,林亚平,等.针刺足三里对功能性消化不良患者血浆胃肠激素的影响.中国中西医结合消化杂志,2001,9:283-284.
32.黄晓卿,陈凌,姚志芳,等.电针对胃电节律紊乱和心动过速调整作用的实验观察.中国针灸,2002,22:181-182.
33. Liu JH, Yan J, Yi SX, et al. Effects of electroacupuncture on gastric myoelectricactivity and substance P in the dorsal vagal complex of rats. NeuroscienceLetters,2004,356:99-102.
34.易受乡,严洁,林亚平,等.针刺胃经穴对M受体阻断大鼠胃电及脑肠肽的影响.中国中西医结合消化杂志,2002,10:203-205.
35. Sato A, Sato Y, Uchida S. Reflex modulation of visceral functions byacupuncture–like stimulation in anesthetized rats. International Congress Series,2002,1238:111-123.
36.彭桂艳.经络实质、穴位和针灸.中国现代药物应用,2009,3:188-189.
37.赵晏.针灸经络的外周神经生物学机理探讨.针刺研究,2006,31:329.
38.刘建华,马文涛,崔仁发,等.针灸作用机理和经络研究的现状及其展望.中国基础科学·研究进展,2004,4:29-35.
39. Ma WT, Tong H, Hu JM, et al. Appearance of liquid crystals in acupuncturepoints. Liquid Crystals,2001,28:1597-1601.
40. Xu WY, Ma WT, Hu JM, et al. A novel needle-electrochemical microsensor forin vitro and in vivo measurements of oxygen. International Conference onSensors Technology (ISTC2001),2001,95.
41. Xu WY, Ma WT, Hu JM, et al. A needle-electrochemical microsensor for in vivomeasurements of the partial pressure of oxygen in acupuncture points. Sensorsand Acuators(B),2002,86:274-279.
42. Ma WT, Tong H, Xu WY, et al. Perivascular space: Possible anatomical substratefor the meridian. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine,2003,9:851-859.
43.李彤,尹岭,金香兰,等.神经信息学与针刺机理研究.中国中医药信息杂志.2008,15:94-95.
44.李霁,张俊海,董竞成.针刺镇痛对坐骨神经痛患者脑功能成像的影响.上海针灸杂志,2007,26:3-6.
45.韩济生.针刺镇痛原理[M].上海,上海科技教育出版社.1999,63.
46.杜梦玄.针灸作用机理与信息增强规律.天津中医,2002,19:33.
47.高震.论经穴能量系统的本质及刺激传导机理.中国针灸,2001,21:161-163.
48.邱茂良,等.针灸学[M].上海:上海科技出版社,1985:315.
49.林文注,等.人体穴位针感的感受装置和传人径路的观察[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1986:323.
50.祝总骧.经络循行线在体表的模式图[M].见:针灸经络生物物理学.北京:北京出版社,1989:413.
51.高震.植物的经络学说与农业.上海农业科技,1993,3:40.
52.高震.论经穴的本质.针灸临床床杂志,1997,13:10.
53.白丽敏,李亚东.神经解剖学[M].北京:中国中医药出版社,2003,8.
54.汪克明,周逸平,周美启,等.电针经脉对急性心肌缺血家兔心交感神经放电活动的影响.针刺研究,2005,30:106-107.
55. Tada H, Fujita M, harris M, et al. Neural mechanism of acupuncture-inducedgastric relaxations in rats. Dig Dis Sci,2003,48:59-68.
56.傅立新,赵建国,赵成彬,等.针刺对实验性脑出血大鼠不同脑区及心肌神经递质-儿茶酚胺、乙酰胆碱含量的影响.中医药学刊,2003,21:1037-1039.
57.马正行,蔡乃真,单敏初.自主神经在电针“肾俞”穴利尿效应中的作用.同济大学学报（医学版）,2001,22:5-9.
58.张伟国,巫北海. MR脑功能成像的临床应用.中国医学影像技术,2000,16:94-95.
59.王武,张雪哲.磁共振功能成像.中日友好医院学报,1997,11:185-186.
60.赵喜平,郑崇勋.磁共振脑功能成像中图像的分类及表达.中国影像技术,2000,16:83-84.
61. Howell LL, Wilcox KM. Functional imaging and neurochemical correlates ofstimulant self-administration in primates. Psychopharmacology,2002,163:352-361.
62.何立岩,伍建林.儿童脑磁共振功能成像的研究进展.国外医学:临床放射学分册,2003,26:75-77.
63.王苇,朱芳,漆剑频,等.人脑对针刺与对指反应的实时动态功能MRI的对比研究.中华放射学杂志,2002,36:211-214.
64. Cho ZH, Chung SC, Jones JP, et al. New findings of correlation betweenacupoints and corresponding brain cortices use functional MRI. Proc Natl AcadSci USA,1998,95:2670-2673.
65.金真,张蔚婷,罗非,等.人脑对不同频率穴位电刺激反应的功能性磁共振成像.生理学报,2001,53:275-280.
66.常时新,冯敢生,孔祥泉,等.多穴位电脉冲刺激的脑皮层功能区fMRI研究.临床放射学杂志,2002,21:99-102.
67. Wu MT, Xiong J, Yang PC, et al. Acupuncture modulation the limbic braindetected by functional MR imaging. Neuro Image,1997,5: S15.
68. Wu MT, Hsieh JC, Xiong J, et al. Central nervous pathway for acupuncturestimulation localization of processing with functional MR imaging of the brainpreliminary experience. Radiology,1999,212:133-141.
69. Hui KK, Liu J, Makris N, et al. Acupuncture modulates the limbic system andsubcortical gray structures of the human brain: evidence from fMRI studies innormal subjects. Hum Brain mapp,2000,9:13-25.
70. Biella C, Sorgiu ML, Pellegata C, et al. Acupuncture produces central activationsin pain regions. NeuroImage,2001,14:60-66.
71. Cho ZH, Chung SC, Jones JP, et al. New findings of the correlation betweenacupoints and corresponding brain cortices using functional MRI. Proc Natl AcadSci USA,1998,95:2670-2673.
72. Cho ZH, Na CS, Wang EK, et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of thebrain in the investigation of acupuncture. In Stux G and Hammerschlag R.Clinical Acupuncture Scientific Basis. Berlin: Springer verlag,2001,83-96.
73. Isabel KG, Michael L, Anja-Carina S, et al. Is there a BOLD response of thevisual cortex on stimulation of the vision-related acupoint GB37. J of MagnReson Imaging,2002,15:227-232.
74. Wu MT, Sheen JM, Chuang KH, et al. Neuronal specificity of acupunctureresponse: a fMRI study with electroacupuncture. Neuro Imaging,2002,16:1028-1037.
75. Siedentopf CM, Golaszewski SM, Mottaghy FM, et al. Functional magneticresonance imaging detects activation of the visual association cortex during laseracupuncture of the foot in humans. Neurosci lett,2002,327:53-56.
76.李定忠,李秀章.经穴皮部挑治与深刺的fMRI对比研究.中国针灸,2000,20:491-492.
77.尹岭,金香兰,石现,等.针刺足三里穴PET和fMRI.中国康复理论与实践,2002,8:523-524.
78. Ramsey NF, Tallent K, Van Gelderen P, et al. Reproducibility of human3DfMRI brain maps acquired during a motor task. Hum Brain Mapp,1996,4:113-121.
79. Papke K, Reimer P, Renger B, et al. Optimazed activation of the primarysensorimotor cortex for clinical functional MR imaging. AJNR,2000,21:395-401.
80.阮怀珍,李希成,黎海蒂,等.电针抑制P物质引起的痛反应和脊髓c-fos表达.第三军医大学学报,1997,19:332-335.
81.施静,刘晓春,张静,等.针刺穴位对脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑内NMDAR1mRNA的影响.中国组织化学与细胞化学杂志,2000,9:371-375.
82.王成夭,刘颖涛,万德宁,等.电针和福尔马林诱发大鼠脑c-fos基因表达研究.湖北医科大学学报,1999,20:135-136.
83.阮怀珍,李希成,黎海蒂,等.生长抑素和电针抑制关节炎大鼠脊髓c-fos的表达.中国药理学报,1997,18:474-477.
84.王升旭,赖新生,洪军,等.电针夹脊穴对佐剂关节炎大鼠脊髓c-fos基因表达的影响.中国中医药科技,1999,6:353-355.
85.董劲松,赵宏,陈伯英. c-fos反义寡聚核苷对脑缺血性损伤和电针抗损伤作用的影响.中国神经科学杂志,2001,17:194-197.
86.郭惠夫,王晓民,田今华,等.2Hz和100Hz电针加速脑内三种阿片肽基因表达.生理学报,1997,49:121-127.
87.刘智斌,杨晓航.不同手法针刺足三里穴对人信号转导途径的作用.中国针灸,2006,26:120-122.
88.陈泽斌,王华.针刺对大鼠脑组织神经生物学基因表达的研究.中国针灸,2005,25:573-576.