相邻建筑物地震碰撞研究
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摘要
相邻建筑物碰撞是指地震作用下其间距无法满足相对位移要求时造成的侧向撞击，常常导致或加剧结构破坏。目前，我国城镇现存建筑，尤其是临街建筑中多数防震缝宽度不足甚至为零。国内外近年的几次地震表明，这些建筑在强烈地震作用下，极易发生碰撞破坏，造成生命和财产巨大损失。因此，开展相邻建筑地震碰撞破坏研究，发展相邻建筑抗震能力评估方法具有重要的理论意义和工程应用价值。
针对相邻建筑地震碰撞破坏问题，本文主要进行了两方面研究。首先，推导了考虑屈曲的钢筋本构方程，基于纤维模型建立钢筋混凝土框架梁柱单元，模拟了清华大学公布的一个框架结构边柱拟静力试验加载过程；与试验结果对比表明，本文建立的梁柱单元模型能满足计算要求；选取Hertz-damp接触单元模型，推导了考虑碰撞的结构动力方程；提出变积分步长法，兼顾了计算效率和碰撞模拟精度；模拟了相邻钢筋混凝土框架结构地震碰撞过程，编写后处理程序，显示梁柱单元破坏指数的变化过程，分析了碰撞破坏致灾原因；研究了相邻建筑结构破坏指数与其间距的关系，给出相邻建筑间距取值方法。其次，本文提出相邻建筑物碰撞谱的概念，分析了碰撞谱的影响因素和特征，可为相邻建筑物抗震能力评估以及防撞、加固措施研究提供参考。主要结论如下：
(1)相邻钢筋混凝土框架结构碰撞过程模拟
碰撞过程分析表明，多数情况下随防震缝的加宽，碰撞力幅值和碰撞次数降低，结构破坏程度减轻；随着PGA的增大，碰撞力的幅值增加，碰撞次数增多；碰撞力峰值与PGA基本呈线性关系，说明PGA对结构碰撞影响很大；当碰撞力峰值较高时，结构的侧向振动主振型会发生改变；碰撞会使得结构水平加速度反应放大，高频成分会增多，并且产生方向性差异；碰撞对结构水平位移反应的影响明显小于加速度，位移反应的主要特征就是单方向位移受限；单元破坏指数分析表明，防震缝较小时碰撞会造成相邻结构局部或整体破坏程度加重；分析结构破坏指数与相邻结构间距的关系，发现在小于无碰撞间距的一定区间内时，结构的破坏指数稍微降低或稍微增加，基本保持不变，本文认为此区间内结构破坏程度不变，建议相邻结构间距取该区间的最小值，算例表明本文建议间距比无碰撞间距缩小10%左右，可节约土地成本，给设计施工带来方便。
(2)相邻建筑碰撞谱研究
碰撞谱既能反映地震动的特征，也能考虑相邻建筑之间碰撞对结构地震反应的影响。选取76条最不利设计地震动进行碰撞谱计算，主要在弹性范围内研究了不同参数对碰撞谱的影响，为近似估计碰撞影响提供参考。分析表明防震缝宽度和PGA对碰撞谱曲面的影响与时程分析结果一致。当质量、阻尼比、延性系数相同时，若不考虑地震动输入相位差，相邻结构周期相同则无碰撞。另外，结构的阻尼比、延性系数越大，质量越轻、接触刚度越低，相邻结构之间的碰撞力越小。碰撞对小阻尼比结构反应峰值的影响比大阻尼比结构要大。结构的质量越大，碰撞力越大，但碰撞对结构反应的影响越小；质量小的结构的反应受碰撞影响较大。碰撞对延性系数大的结构加速度反应峰值影响较大。降低相邻建筑物之间的接触刚度，可有效避免相邻结构地震碰撞破坏。场地类型对碰撞作用有一定影响，但随PGA增大，影响变小。
Pounding between adjacent buildings can be referred as a lateral collision for thedistance between adjacent buildings failing to satisfy the demand of relative displacementunder earthquake. Building structures are often built close to each other as in the case ofresidential building complexes or in downtown of metropolitan cities where the cost of landis high. Due to the close proximity of these structures, they have often been found to impacteach other while responding to earthquake induced strong ground motion and brings greatcasualties and economic losses. So, the study of pounding between adjacent buildings, and todevelop seismic capacity assessment for adjacent buildings contribute a lot in the fields ofboth theoretical significance and engineering value.
With the aim of studying pounding between adjacent buildings, the thesis mainlyfocuses on the following two aspects. Firstly, the thesis derives the constitutive equations ofsteel considering buckling and establishes a beam element based on fiber model. The loadingprocess of quasi-static test made by Tsinghua University is simulated. The results show thatthe beam element is available for calculation of seismic response. The paper selectsHertz-damp model, which can account for non-linearity associated with impact as well as theenergy dissipated during collision. Dynamic equations of adjacent RC frame structuresconsidering pounding get derived with Hertz-damp model. The method of variableintegration step, guaranteeing both efficiency and accuracy, is proposed. The collisionprogress of adjacent frame structures is simulated and varying process of constructiondamage index is provided by a post processor program. Then the thesis analyzes the cause ofcollision damage and the relation between structural damage index and gap between adjacentbuildings. Secondly, the thesis offers the conception of pounding spectrum of adjacentbuildings, at the same time, analyzes its characteristics and influencing factors, which canoffer good references for seismic capacity assessment and the study of pounding resistanceand reinforcement. The main contents and conclusions are as follows:
(1) Simulation of pounding between adjacent RC frame buildings
The analyses of pounding between buildings show that:1.in most cases, with wideningthe seismic joint, the structure becomes less damaged, and the collision force and the numberof pounding decrease;2.when PGA increases, the impact force and the number of poundingwill also increase;3.peak force and PGA appear to have linear relation, which indicates thatthe PGA has a significant influence on pounding;4.when the peak force is high, the mainmode shape of the lateral vibration will change;5.the pounding of structure will magnifyhorizontal acceleration, increase high frequency components, and generate directionaldifferences;6.impact of pounding on horizontal displacement is significantly less thanacceleration, and one of the main characteristics of the displacement reaction is being limited in a single direction;7.the analyses of unit damage index show that smaller seismic joint willaggravate partial or total damage of adjacent structures;8.throughout the analysis of therelation between structural damage index and interval between adjacent structures, thestructural damage index, in nearer than a certain distance of without-pounding, decreases orincreases for just a little, and basically remains unchanged. This thesis considers the degreeof structural damage within this interval unchanged, and I personally recommend the intervalvalue of adjacent structures the minimum of the interval. Examples show that the proposedcollision-interval should narrow about10%, aiming at saving the cost of land, and beingconvenient for the design and construction.
(2) Study on the pounding spectrum between adjacent buildings
Pounding spectrum not only is able to show the characteristics of earthquake motion,but also consider the impact between adjacent buildings to structural response. The thesismainly study the impact of different parameters to the pounding spectrum curved surfaces inits elastic range,76most unfavorable design ground motions are selected to calculate thesurfaces, the analyses indicate that:1.the impact of PGA and the width of seismic joint fit theresults of time-history analysis.2.without considering the phase difference of the inputearthquake motion, adjacent buildings with the same mass, damping ratio and ductility factorwill never collide.3. with a larger damping ratio and ductility factor, or a smaller mass andtouching stiffness, the adjacent buildings suffer a smaller collision force.4. poundinginfluence is more obvious to structure with small damping ratio on PGA than that with largeone, and in PGD aspect, the conclusion is opposite.5. for a larger mass and smaller ductilityfactor, the structure withstands a smaller impact.6. decreasing the touching stiffness is aneffective way to avoid damage.7. the type of site has some certain impact, but with a largerPGA, the impact becomes smaller.
针对相邻建筑地震碰撞破坏问题，本文主要进行了两方面研究。首先，推导了考虑屈曲的钢筋本构方程，基于纤维模型建立钢筋混凝土框架梁柱单元，模拟了清华大学公布的一个框架结构边柱拟静力试验加载过程；与试验结果对比表明，本文建立的梁柱单元模型能满足计算要求；选取Hertz-damp接触单元模型，推导了考虑碰撞的结构动力方程；提出变积分步长法，兼顾了计算效率和碰撞模拟精度；模拟了相邻钢筋混凝土框架结构地震碰撞过程，编写后处理程序，显示梁柱单元破坏指数的变化过程，分析了碰撞破坏致灾原因；研究了相邻建筑结构破坏指数与其间距的关系，给出相邻建筑间距取值方法。其次，本文提出相邻建筑物碰撞谱的概念，分析了碰撞谱的影响因素和特征，可为相邻建筑物抗震能力评估以及防撞、加固措施研究提供参考。主要结论如下：
(1)相邻钢筋混凝土框架结构碰撞过程模拟
碰撞过程分析表明，多数情况下随防震缝的加宽，碰撞力幅值和碰撞次数降低，结构破坏程度减轻；随着PGA的增大，碰撞力的幅值增加，碰撞次数增多；碰撞力峰值与PGA基本呈线性关系，说明PGA对结构碰撞影响很大；当碰撞力峰值较高时，结构的侧向振动主振型会发生改变；碰撞会使得结构水平加速度反应放大，高频成分会增多，并且产生方向性差异；碰撞对结构水平位移反应的影响明显小于加速度，位移反应的主要特征就是单方向位移受限；单元破坏指数分析表明，防震缝较小时碰撞会造成相邻结构局部或整体破坏程度加重；分析结构破坏指数与相邻结构间距的关系，发现在小于无碰撞间距的一定区间内时，结构的破坏指数稍微降低或稍微增加，基本保持不变，本文认为此区间内结构破坏程度不变，建议相邻结构间距取该区间的最小值，算例表明本文建议间距比无碰撞间距缩小10%左右，可节约土地成本，给设计施工带来方便。
(2)相邻建筑碰撞谱研究
碰撞谱既能反映地震动的特征，也能考虑相邻建筑之间碰撞对结构地震反应的影响。选取76条最不利设计地震动进行碰撞谱计算，主要在弹性范围内研究了不同参数对碰撞谱的影响，为近似估计碰撞影响提供参考。分析表明防震缝宽度和PGA对碰撞谱曲面的影响与时程分析结果一致。当质量、阻尼比、延性系数相同时，若不考虑地震动输入相位差，相邻结构周期相同则无碰撞。另外，结构的阻尼比、延性系数越大，质量越轻、接触刚度越低，相邻结构之间的碰撞力越小。碰撞对小阻尼比结构反应峰值的影响比大阻尼比结构要大。结构的质量越大，碰撞力越大，但碰撞对结构反应的影响越小；质量小的结构的反应受碰撞影响较大。碰撞对延性系数大的结构加速度反应峰值影响较大。降低相邻建筑物之间的接触刚度，可有效避免相邻结构地震碰撞破坏。场地类型对碰撞作用有一定影响，但随PGA增大，影响变小。
Pounding between adjacent buildings can be referred as a lateral collision for thedistance between adjacent buildings failing to satisfy the demand of relative displacementunder earthquake. Building structures are often built close to each other as in the case ofresidential building complexes or in downtown of metropolitan cities where the cost of landis high. Due to the close proximity of these structures, they have often been found to impacteach other while responding to earthquake induced strong ground motion and brings greatcasualties and economic losses. So, the study of pounding between adjacent buildings, and todevelop seismic capacity assessment for adjacent buildings contribute a lot in the fields ofboth theoretical significance and engineering value.
With the aim of studying pounding between adjacent buildings, the thesis mainlyfocuses on the following two aspects. Firstly, the thesis derives the constitutive equations ofsteel considering buckling and establishes a beam element based on fiber model. The loadingprocess of quasi-static test made by Tsinghua University is simulated. The results show thatthe beam element is available for calculation of seismic response. The paper selectsHertz-damp model, which can account for non-linearity associated with impact as well as theenergy dissipated during collision. Dynamic equations of adjacent RC frame structuresconsidering pounding get derived with Hertz-damp model. The method of variableintegration step, guaranteeing both efficiency and accuracy, is proposed. The collisionprogress of adjacent frame structures is simulated and varying process of constructiondamage index is provided by a post processor program. Then the thesis analyzes the cause ofcollision damage and the relation between structural damage index and gap between adjacentbuildings. Secondly, the thesis offers the conception of pounding spectrum of adjacentbuildings, at the same time, analyzes its characteristics and influencing factors, which canoffer good references for seismic capacity assessment and the study of pounding resistanceand reinforcement. The main contents and conclusions are as follows:
(1) Simulation of pounding between adjacent RC frame buildings
The analyses of pounding between buildings show that:1.in most cases, with wideningthe seismic joint, the structure becomes less damaged, and the collision force and the numberof pounding decrease;2.when PGA increases, the impact force and the number of poundingwill also increase;3.peak force and PGA appear to have linear relation, which indicates thatthe PGA has a significant influence on pounding;4.when the peak force is high, the mainmode shape of the lateral vibration will change;5.the pounding of structure will magnifyhorizontal acceleration, increase high frequency components, and generate directionaldifferences;6.impact of pounding on horizontal displacement is significantly less thanacceleration, and one of the main characteristics of the displacement reaction is being limited in a single direction;7.the analyses of unit damage index show that smaller seismic joint willaggravate partial or total damage of adjacent structures;8.throughout the analysis of therelation between structural damage index and interval between adjacent structures, thestructural damage index, in nearer than a certain distance of without-pounding, decreases orincreases for just a little, and basically remains unchanged. This thesis considers the degreeof structural damage within this interval unchanged, and I personally recommend the intervalvalue of adjacent structures the minimum of the interval. Examples show that the proposedcollision-interval should narrow about10%, aiming at saving the cost of land, and beingconvenient for the design and construction.
(2) Study on the pounding spectrum between adjacent buildings
Pounding spectrum not only is able to show the characteristics of earthquake motion,but also consider the impact between adjacent buildings to structural response. The thesismainly study the impact of different parameters to the pounding spectrum curved surfaces inits elastic range,76most unfavorable design ground motions are selected to calculate thesurfaces, the analyses indicate that:1.the impact of PGA and the width of seismic joint fit theresults of time-history analysis.2.without considering the phase difference of the inputearthquake motion, adjacent buildings with the same mass, damping ratio and ductility factorwill never collide.3. with a larger damping ratio and ductility factor, or a smaller mass andtouching stiffness, the adjacent buildings suffer a smaller collision force.4. poundinginfluence is more obvious to structure with small damping ratio on PGA than that with largeone, and in PGD aspect, the conclusion is opposite.5. for a larger mass and smaller ductilityfactor, the structure withstands a smaller impact.6. decreasing the touching stiffness is aneffective way to avoid damage.7. the type of site has some certain impact, but with a largerPGA, the impact becomes smaller.
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