GNSS反射信号接收与处理方法研究
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摘要
基于全球卫星定位系统反射信号(GNSS-R)的双基雷达遥感是近年来国际上发展很快的一种全新概念的微波遥感方法。利用GNSS卫星信号经过海面、陆地地表反射面的反射信号,可以进行海面风场、地表湿度、盐碱度、森林覆盖度等参数的遥感测量、反演和探测。
本文系统的阐述了GNSS反射信号接收与处理的理论,重点论述了根据反射信号接收处理系统的要求所设计的FPGA反射信号相关器和DSP处理器,包括相关器各子模块的设计仿真以及处理器直射信号和反射信号的处理流程。论文的主要工作和创新性研究成果如下：
1.在相关值分辨率选择方面,设计了相关值分辨率选择模块和模式选择模块,实现了根据不同的物理反演需求输出不同分辨率的相关值和相关功率值。
2.在反射信号解调相关方面,设计了快速解调器和快速相关器,取代了传统处理反射信号载波解调和数据相关时的乘法运算,缩短了系统的延迟时间,减少了芯片逻辑资源的损耗,使接收机功能扩展时更加灵活。
3.在反射信号处理C/A码产生方面,设计了延迟C/A码发生器,使接收机无需考虑应用的高度,只需要在DSP处理器的辅助下产生反射通道所需要的延迟C/A码,减少了硬件逻辑资源的占用,且更适用于机载以及星载接收机。
Recently the use of GNSS reflected signals as opportunistic bi-static radar signals has become increasingly popular in the microwave remote sensing method. Using the reflected signals of GNSS satellite signals through the ocean or land reflection surface, it can be carried out remote sensing, retrieval and detection of sea surface wind field, humidity, salinity, forest cover and so on.
In this paper the theory of GNSS reflected signal receiving and processing is described. It focuses on FPGA reflected signal correlator and DSP processor whice are designed according to requirements of the reflected signal receiving and processing system, including design and simulation of each sub-module, direct signal and reflected signal processing of processor. The Innovative work and the main achievements are as follows:
1. In the correlation's resolution, the resolution option module and mode selection module are designed. According to the different needs of physical retrieval, it can achieve outputting of different resolution's correlation and power.
2. In the reflected signal processing, the fast demodulator and correlator are designed. The carrier demodulation and data correlation's multiplications whice use in traditional reflected signal processing are replaced. Through use of fast demodulator and correlator, depletion of the chip logic resources is reduced, so that receiver machine's extension is more flexible.
3. In the C/A code generation of the reflected signal processing, the delay C/A code generator is designed. Not need to consider the using height of the receiver, with the aid of the DSP processor, it can produce the C/A code whice the reflection channel requires and be more suitable for airborne and satellite receiver.
本文系统的阐述了GNSS反射信号接收与处理的理论,重点论述了根据反射信号接收处理系统的要求所设计的FPGA反射信号相关器和DSP处理器,包括相关器各子模块的设计仿真以及处理器直射信号和反射信号的处理流程。论文的主要工作和创新性研究成果如下：
1.在相关值分辨率选择方面,设计了相关值分辨率选择模块和模式选择模块,实现了根据不同的物理反演需求输出不同分辨率的相关值和相关功率值。
2.在反射信号解调相关方面,设计了快速解调器和快速相关器,取代了传统处理反射信号载波解调和数据相关时的乘法运算,缩短了系统的延迟时间,减少了芯片逻辑资源的损耗,使接收机功能扩展时更加灵活。
3.在反射信号处理C/A码产生方面,设计了延迟C/A码发生器,使接收机无需考虑应用的高度,只需要在DSP处理器的辅助下产生反射通道所需要的延迟C/A码,减少了硬件逻辑资源的占用,且更适用于机载以及星载接收机。
Recently the use of GNSS reflected signals as opportunistic bi-static radar signals has become increasingly popular in the microwave remote sensing method. Using the reflected signals of GNSS satellite signals through the ocean or land reflection surface, it can be carried out remote sensing, retrieval and detection of sea surface wind field, humidity, salinity, forest cover and so on.
In this paper the theory of GNSS reflected signal receiving and processing is described. It focuses on FPGA reflected signal correlator and DSP processor whice are designed according to requirements of the reflected signal receiving and processing system, including design and simulation of each sub-module, direct signal and reflected signal processing of processor. The Innovative work and the main achievements are as follows:
1. In the correlation's resolution, the resolution option module and mode selection module are designed. According to the different needs of physical retrieval, it can achieve outputting of different resolution's correlation and power.
2. In the reflected signal processing, the fast demodulator and correlator are designed. The carrier demodulation and data correlation's multiplications whice use in traditional reflected signal processing are replaced. Through use of fast demodulator and correlator, depletion of the chip logic resources is reduced, so that receiver machine's extension is more flexible.
3. In the C/A code generation of the reflected signal processing, the delay C/A code generator is designed. Not need to consider the using height of the receiver, with the aid of the DSP processor, it can produce the C/A code whice the reflection channel requires and be more suitable for airborne and satellite receiver.
引文
[1]谢钢.GPS原理与接收机设计[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2009
[2]杨东凯,张飞舟,张波(译).软件定义的GPS和伽利略接收机[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2009.3
[3]寇艳红(译).GPS原理与应用(第二版)[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2007.7
[4]Global Positioning System Standard Positioning Service Signal Specification[S]. GPS Joint Program Office. June 1995
[5]R.R. Bate, D.D. Mueller and J.E. White. Fundamentals of Astrodynamics[J]. Dover Publications, New York, US.1971,182-188
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[7]System Specification for NAVSTAR Global Positioning System[S]. SS-GPS-300B code ident 07868. Mar.3,1980
[8]IS-GPS-200, Reversion D[S].2004
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[10]Manuel Martin-Neira, Marco Caparrini, J. Font-Rossello, et al. The PARIS Concept:An Experimental Demonstration of Sea Surface Altimetry Using GPS Reflected Signals[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2001,39(1):156-174
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[2]杨东凯,张飞舟,张波(译).软件定义的GPS和伽利略接收机[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2009.3
[3]寇艳红(译).GPS原理与应用(第二版)[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2007.7
[4]Global Positioning System Standard Positioning Service Signal Specification[S]. GPS Joint Program Office. June 1995
[5]R.R. Bate, D.D. Mueller and J.E. White. Fundamentals of Astrodynamics[J]. Dover Publications, New York, US.1971,182-188
[6]张益强,杨东凯,张其善.GPS海面散射信号探测技术研究[J].电子与信息学报,2006,28(6)：1091-1094
[7]System Specification for NAVSTAR Global Positioning System[S]. SS-GPS-300B code ident 07868. Mar.3,1980
[8]IS-GPS-200, Reversion D[S].2004
[9]李明峰,冯宝红,刘三枝.GPS定位技术及其应用[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2006
[10]Manuel Martin-Neira, Marco Caparrini, J. Font-Rossello, et al. The PARIS Concept:An Experimental Demonstration of Sea Surface Altimetry Using GPS Reflected Signals[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2001,39(1):156-174
[11]Katzberg S J, Garrison J L. Utilizing GPS to Deter-mine Ionospheric Delay over the Ocean[R]. Techni-cal Memorandum, TM-4750, NASA Langley Re-search Center, Hampton, VA,1996
[12]Garrison J L, Katzberg S J, Howell C T. Detection of Ocean Reflected GPS Signals:Theory and Experiment [A]. IEEE Southeaston'97[C]. Blacksburg, VA,1997,290-294
[13]Lowe S T, Hajj G. LEO.Detection of an Ocean-Reflected GPS SignalGPS Surface Reflection Workshop at Goddard Space Flight Center[A]. JPL[C]. Pasadena, CA,1998,201-209 Garrison, J.L., S.J. Katzberg, and C.T. Howell. Detection of Ocean Reflected GPS signals:
[14]Theory and Experiment [A]. Proceeding of the IEEE Southeaston[C]. Engineering the New Century. Blacksburg:VA,1997,290-294 Garrison, J.L., S.J. Katzberg, M.I. Hill. Effect of sea roughness on bistatically scattered range
[15]coded signals from the Global Positioning System [J].Geophysical Research Letters,1998,25: 2257-2260
[16]Komjathy, A., et al. GPS signal scattering from sea surface:Comparison between experimental data and theoretical model[A]. Proc.5th Int. Conf[C]. Marine and Coastal Environments,1998, 2-12
[17]Zavorotny, V.U, A.G Voronvich. Scattering of GPS Signals from the Ocean with Wind Remote Sensing Application[J]. IEEE Trans. Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2000.38(2):951-964
[18]Armatys, M., et al. A Comparison of GPS and Scatterometer Sensing of Ocean Wind Speed and Direction [A]. IGARSS 2000[C]. Honolulu,HI,2000(7):2861-2863
[19]Garrison, J.L., et al. Wind speed measurement using forward scattered GPS signals[J]. IEEE Tran. Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2002.40(1):50-65
[20]M. Martin-Neira, M. Caparrini, J. Font-Rossello, S. Lannelongue, and C. S. Vallmitjana. The PARIS concept:An experimental demonstration of sea surface altimetry using GPS reflected signals[J]. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol.39, no.1, Jan.2001,142-149
[21]S. T. Lowe, C. Zuffada, J. L. LaBrecque, M. Lough, J. Lerma, and L. E. Young. An ocean-altimetry measurement using reflected GPS signals observed from a low-altitude aircraft[J]. in Proc. IEEE IGARSS, Honolulu, HI, July,2000,24-28,
[22]R. N. Treuhaft, S. T. Lowe, C. Zuffada, and Y. Chao.2-cm GPS altimetry over Crater Lake[J]. Geophys. Res. Lett., Dec.2001, vol.28,4343-4346
[23]S. T. Lowe, C. Zuffada, Y. Chao, P. Kroger, L. E. Young, and J. L. LaBrecque.5-cm precision aircraft ocean altimetry using GPS reflections[J]. Geophys. Res. Lett., May 2002, vol.29, No. 10,1375
[24]S. T. Lowe, P. Kroger, G Franklin, J. L. LaBrecque, J. Lerma, M. Lough, M. R. Marcin, R. J. Muellerschoen, D. Spitzmesser, and L. E. Young. A delay/doppler-mapping receiver system for GPSreflection remote sensing[J]. Geosci. Remote Sens. May 2002, vol.40, No.5,1150-1163
[25]Juan Fernando Marchan-Hernandez, Nereida Rodriguez-Alvarez,Adriano Camps, et al. Correction of the sea state impact in the L-band Brightness temperature by means of Delay-DopplerMaps of global navigation satellite signals reflected over the sea surface. [J]..IEEE Tran. Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2008,10(46):2914-2923
[26]Dallas Masters, Dennis Akos, Stephan Esterhuizen et al. Integration of GNSS bstatic radar ranging into an aircraft terrain awareness and warning system[A]. ION GNSS 18th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division[C]. Long Beach, CA,2005,333-335
[27]Gleason S, Adjrad M. Sensing Ocean, Ice and Land Reflected Signals from Space:Results from the UK-DMC GPS Reflectometry Experiment [A]. IONGNSS 18th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division [C].Long Beach, CA,2005,679-1685
[28]Beyerle G, Hocke K, Wickert J, et al. GPS RadioOccultations with CHAMP:a Radio Holographic Analysis of GPS Signal Propagation in the Tropo-sphere and Surface Reflections[J]. Jouranal of Geo-physical Research,2002,107(D24):4802
[29]Gleason S, Adjrad M. Sensing Ocean, Ice and Land Reflected Signals from Space:Results from the UK-DMC GPS Reflectometry Experiment [A]. IONGNSS 18th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division [C].Long Beach, CA,2005,1679-1685
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