道路噪声对鸟类习鸣质量的影响因子研究
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摘要
公路沿线是人类和自然之间相互作用的重要生态交错区。随着公路交通事业的发展，路网不断向自然腹地延伸，全球公路的生态影响面比例已达陆地面积的15%~20%（2006年统计数据），交通噪声对生物生境（尤其是对鸟类）的干扰日益严重。已经引发了众多的噪声生态事故。
目前，虽然以道路生态学为主的诸多学科已陆续展开道路噪声对自然生态的影响研究。但从国际整体水平上看，道路生态学属新兴学科，研究积累较薄弱，尤其在道路噪声生态影响方面更是如此。目前研究虽已进行了较多鸟种的行为现象统计工作，但总体上仍很欠缺，且尚缺乏道路交通噪声对鸟类产生干扰的作用机理及作用规律的定量化研究。而国内该领域研究水平则严重落后，鸟类噪声反应现象统计相当匮乏，噪声干扰作用机理及规律研究几乎空白。而这恰恰是这一研究领域的基础核心问题，本课题即针对这一国际前沿问题展开相关研究。
鸟类的鸣叫行为与其听觉作用关系密切，无论是在幼鸟的习鸣期，还是成年以后，正常的听觉输入对于鸟类鸣叫正常水平的维持至关重要。道路噪声的干扰恰恰会通过听觉输入导致鸟类鸣声水平产生变化，但这种变化对成鸟而言基本都是可逆的，即噪声干扰一旦消失，则成鸟鸣声便会恢复至初始状态。而对于处在习鸣期的幼鸟而言，噪声所造成的影响不仅要比成鸟严重，且往往是不可逆的，将会影响其终生。尤其对于鸣声结构更为复杂的鸣禽类鸟种，此种影响更为严重。
鸣禽类幼鸟出生后不久的一段时期内是其鸣声发育的重要阶段，此时幼鸟容易受到外界因素干扰而影响其鸣声学习质量，从而造成其成年后与整个种群的交流障碍。依据鸟类的这种生物学特性，本课题选择鸣禽类金丝雀作为实验对象，采用实验室实验，使处于习鸣敏感期的金丝雀幼鸟在不同水平的噪声环境中完成鸣声学习过程，对习鸣期过后各组别幼鸟所具有的鸣声质量的量化指标的组间差异进行统计分析，以考察道路交通噪声特性因子（频率、声压级）与幼鸟鸣声质量（鸣声音素符合度、鸣声鸣唱型符合度、鸣声平均主频偏离度、鸣声声压级平均增长量）之间的关系规律。
研究结论如下：
①证实金丝雀成鸟鸣声教习曲对幼鸟的习鸣质量至关重要；
②道路交通噪声对幼鸟习鸣质量存在着明显的干扰影响；
③道路交通噪声频率因子的高频水平对金丝雀幼鸟习鸣质量的影响最小，低频与中频水平的影响大于高频，且二者程度总体相近；
④道路交通噪声声压级因子的+30dB水平对幼鸟习鸣质量的影响最大，+20dB水平的影响其次，+10dB水平的影响程度最小。
The region along the highway line where the behavior of men and natural worldinteract on each other is an important ecology ecotone. With the development of thehighway construction, the road nets extend to the natural hinterland further. On aglobal scale, the impact area of the road nets has reached15%to20%of the wholeland (the statistics in2006). The interference to the natural habitat of the traffic noiseincrease rapidly and a numerous noise accidents have occurred.
At present, the research about the impact of the road noise to the natural world mainlycome into the domain of the road ecology. the road ecology is a emerging subject andthe achievement in this field relatively lacked, especially in the study about theinterference to the natural habitat of the traffic noise. Currently, the research is mainlyobserving and counting the abnormal behaviors of birds. And the research is lackingof the quantitative study in the mechanism and law about the interference of thetraffic noise to birds. The research in this field of domestic is seriously laggingbehind.
Birds chirping behavior is closely related to their auditory system. Whether to squabsin the song learning period or to adults, the regular auditory input is critical to themaintenance of the birds chirping. And precisely, the traffic noise can disturb birdscausing their songs change through the auditory input. This kind of change in birdsongs is reversible to adults, but is irreversible to squabs, and mostly sharp.Especially for accentors which song structure is more complex, the impact of thetraffic noise to the song is more serious.
The period of1to3months after the birth of the accentor fledglings is the importantstage for the development of its songs. In this period, the fledglings are prone to beaffected the quality of their song learning, resulting the obstacle in communicatingwith others. Based on this biological characteristics of the birds, the study programwas born. We choose the canary fledglings as the experiment subject. Firstly, let thefledglings finish the song learning process in the different noise environment.Secondly, after song learning process, quantifying the quality of song they have then.The quantifying parameters include "SONG PHONEMES COFORMITY","SONGTYPES COFORMITY","SONG FREQUENCY DIFFERENCE","SONG SOUNDPRESSURE LEVEL INCREASE". Finally, the relationships between the traffic noisefactor(frequency, sound pressure level) and the quality of the fledglings’ songlearning is being identified through the analysis of the parameters.
We got4conclusions as follows:
1. The song of canary adult is crucial in the fledgling song learning process.
2. The interference of the road traffic noise is significant to the song learning processof canary fledgling.
3. For the "frequency" factor of the road traffic noise: to the song quality of thefledglings, the impact of the "high-frequency" level is the weakest. The"low-frequency" level and the "middle-frequency" level have the similar impact andbeing stronger than the "low-frequency" level.
4. For the "sound pressure level" factor of the road traffic noise: to the song quality ofthe fledglings, the "+30dB" level has the most serious impact, the "+20dB" level inthe middle, and the "+10dB" level is the weakest.
目前，虽然以道路生态学为主的诸多学科已陆续展开道路噪声对自然生态的影响研究。但从国际整体水平上看，道路生态学属新兴学科，研究积累较薄弱，尤其在道路噪声生态影响方面更是如此。目前研究虽已进行了较多鸟种的行为现象统计工作，但总体上仍很欠缺，且尚缺乏道路交通噪声对鸟类产生干扰的作用机理及作用规律的定量化研究。而国内该领域研究水平则严重落后，鸟类噪声反应现象统计相当匮乏，噪声干扰作用机理及规律研究几乎空白。而这恰恰是这一研究领域的基础核心问题，本课题即针对这一国际前沿问题展开相关研究。
鸟类的鸣叫行为与其听觉作用关系密切，无论是在幼鸟的习鸣期，还是成年以后，正常的听觉输入对于鸟类鸣叫正常水平的维持至关重要。道路噪声的干扰恰恰会通过听觉输入导致鸟类鸣声水平产生变化，但这种变化对成鸟而言基本都是可逆的，即噪声干扰一旦消失，则成鸟鸣声便会恢复至初始状态。而对于处在习鸣期的幼鸟而言，噪声所造成的影响不仅要比成鸟严重，且往往是不可逆的，将会影响其终生。尤其对于鸣声结构更为复杂的鸣禽类鸟种，此种影响更为严重。
鸣禽类幼鸟出生后不久的一段时期内是其鸣声发育的重要阶段，此时幼鸟容易受到外界因素干扰而影响其鸣声学习质量，从而造成其成年后与整个种群的交流障碍。依据鸟类的这种生物学特性，本课题选择鸣禽类金丝雀作为实验对象，采用实验室实验，使处于习鸣敏感期的金丝雀幼鸟在不同水平的噪声环境中完成鸣声学习过程，对习鸣期过后各组别幼鸟所具有的鸣声质量的量化指标的组间差异进行统计分析，以考察道路交通噪声特性因子（频率、声压级）与幼鸟鸣声质量（鸣声音素符合度、鸣声鸣唱型符合度、鸣声平均主频偏离度、鸣声声压级平均增长量）之间的关系规律。
研究结论如下：
①证实金丝雀成鸟鸣声教习曲对幼鸟的习鸣质量至关重要；
②道路交通噪声对幼鸟习鸣质量存在着明显的干扰影响；
③道路交通噪声频率因子的高频水平对金丝雀幼鸟习鸣质量的影响最小，低频与中频水平的影响大于高频，且二者程度总体相近；
④道路交通噪声声压级因子的+30dB水平对幼鸟习鸣质量的影响最大，+20dB水平的影响其次，+10dB水平的影响程度最小。
The region along the highway line where the behavior of men and natural worldinteract on each other is an important ecology ecotone. With the development of thehighway construction, the road nets extend to the natural hinterland further. On aglobal scale, the impact area of the road nets has reached15%to20%of the wholeland (the statistics in2006). The interference to the natural habitat of the traffic noiseincrease rapidly and a numerous noise accidents have occurred.
At present, the research about the impact of the road noise to the natural world mainlycome into the domain of the road ecology. the road ecology is a emerging subject andthe achievement in this field relatively lacked, especially in the study about theinterference to the natural habitat of the traffic noise. Currently, the research is mainlyobserving and counting the abnormal behaviors of birds. And the research is lackingof the quantitative study in the mechanism and law about the interference of thetraffic noise to birds. The research in this field of domestic is seriously laggingbehind.
Birds chirping behavior is closely related to their auditory system. Whether to squabsin the song learning period or to adults, the regular auditory input is critical to themaintenance of the birds chirping. And precisely, the traffic noise can disturb birdscausing their songs change through the auditory input. This kind of change in birdsongs is reversible to adults, but is irreversible to squabs, and mostly sharp.Especially for accentors which song structure is more complex, the impact of thetraffic noise to the song is more serious.
The period of1to3months after the birth of the accentor fledglings is the importantstage for the development of its songs. In this period, the fledglings are prone to beaffected the quality of their song learning, resulting the obstacle in communicatingwith others. Based on this biological characteristics of the birds, the study programwas born. We choose the canary fledglings as the experiment subject. Firstly, let thefledglings finish the song learning process in the different noise environment.Secondly, after song learning process, quantifying the quality of song they have then.The quantifying parameters include "SONG PHONEMES COFORMITY","SONGTYPES COFORMITY","SONG FREQUENCY DIFFERENCE","SONG SOUNDPRESSURE LEVEL INCREASE". Finally, the relationships between the traffic noisefactor(frequency, sound pressure level) and the quality of the fledglings’ songlearning is being identified through the analysis of the parameters.
We got4conclusions as follows:
1. The song of canary adult is crucial in the fledgling song learning process.
2. The interference of the road traffic noise is significant to the song learning processof canary fledgling.
3. For the "frequency" factor of the road traffic noise: to the song quality of thefledglings, the impact of the "high-frequency" level is the weakest. The"low-frequency" level and the "middle-frequency" level have the similar impact andbeing stronger than the "low-frequency" level.
4. For the "sound pressure level" factor of the road traffic noise: to the song quality ofthe fledglings, the "+30dB" level has the most serious impact, the "+20dB" level inthe middle, and the "+10dB" level is the weakest.
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