植物绝缘油中特征气体及油纸吸湿特性与纳米粒子分散稳定性研究
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摘要
植物绝缘油是一种高燃点、环保型液体电介质，具有良好的绝缘性能，已在配电变压器中应用多年。由于植物绝缘油与矿物绝缘油的理化性能不同，变压器电、热故障下植物绝缘油中溶解气体产生机制与植物油纸绝缘吸湿特性与矿物绝缘油的具有显著差异，纳米粒子在植物绝缘油中的分散方法也不同于在矿物绝缘油中的方法。随着植物绝缘油的推广应用，需要对上述问题进行深入系统的研究，从而为植物绝缘油电力变压器的设计、制造和运行维护提供实验数据、数学模型和技术规范。
作者针对上述问题，开展了变压器典型故障下植物绝缘油中特征气体与植物油纸绝缘吸湿特性的研究工作，同时对纳米植物绝缘油及其稳定性进行理论分析与试验研究。论文包括以下主要内容：
①对变压器典型过热和电性故障下的植物绝缘油中溶解气体特性进行了试验研究，分析并提出了典型故障下的植物绝缘油中特征气体。在变压器典型故障的模拟实验中，设计了低温、中温和高温等三种过热故障与油纸绝缘击穿及局部放电等电性故障的模拟试验方法，采用IEC三比值法和杜威三角形法对典型故障下的油中特征气体进行了分析。结果表明：在典型故障下，植物绝缘油与矿物绝缘油中的特征气体具有显著差异，IEC三比值法与杜威三角形法的分析准则不适合于植物绝缘油中溶解气体分析。
②研究了植物油纸绝缘水分扩散特性，根据费克（Fick）第二扩散定律，提出了植物油纸绝缘水分扩散数学模型。通过植物油纸绝缘水分扩散试验，对植物绝缘油与绝缘纸之间的水分扩散系数进行了测量，根据测量结果，对植物油纸绝缘中水分动态分布进行了仿真，分析了温度、绝缘纸厚度和初始水分浓度等因素对平衡时间的影响，并与矿物油纸绝缘油的仿真结果进行了对比。同时，提出了分析植物油纸绝缘水分扩散的二维红外光谱法，研究了水分在植物油纸绝缘中的扩散行为，并与植物油纸绝缘水分扩散试验结果进行了对比分析。结果表明：水分从植物绝缘油向绝缘纸的扩散速率约为从矿物绝缘油向绝缘纸扩散速率的一半。
③采用直接法和间接法对植物油纸绝缘中水分平衡关系进行了研究，提出并建立了基于分段函数的油纸绝缘水分平衡数学模型。通过油纸绝缘水分平衡试验，采用直接法和间接法获得了植物油纸绝缘水分平衡曲线，与矿物油纸绝缘中水分平衡曲线进行了对比分析，通过数据拟合建立了表征植物油纸绝缘水分平衡特性的分段函数。与传统油纸绝缘水分平衡数学模型相比，分段函数数学模型能够更准确地表征油纸绝缘水分平衡特性。
④研究了植物油纸绝缘在吸湿情况下的击穿特性与介电性能，测试了不同水分情况下的植物绝缘油及其油纸绝缘的工频击穿电压、介电常数和介质损耗等性能参数，并通过老化试验，研究了初始水分含量对植物油纸绝缘的老化性能的影响规律，测试了植物油纸绝缘老化过程中植物绝缘油的工频击穿电压、油酸值、油中糠醛浓度以及绝缘纸聚合度等参数，揭示了初始水分含量对植物油纸绝缘老化的影响规律。结果表明：水分对植物油纸绝缘击穿特性、介电性能以及老化性能的影响与对矿物油纸绝缘的影响具有显著差异，植物绝缘油使绝缘纸保持较低的水分含量，延缓了绝缘纸的老化速率。
⑤采用共沉淀法与油酸及油酸钠表面改性法，制备出Fe_3O_4纳米粒子改性植物绝缘油，研究了纳米粒子在植物绝缘油中的分散稳定性，分析了表面活性剂含量、包覆时机、加料方式、搅拌时间等参数对纳米粒子在植物绝缘油中的分散稳定性的影响规律；同时，研究了纳米植物绝缘油的在标准雷电冲击电压下击穿性能，建立了植物绝缘油中纳米粒子的极化和充电动力学模型，对油中空间电荷对植物绝缘油在雷电冲击电压下击穿特性的影响进行了分析。研究结果表明，加料方式、搅拌时间和表面活性剂的包覆时机对纳米粒子在油中的分散稳定性有着极大的影响，纳米粒子能够显著提高植物绝缘油在正负极性雷电冲击电压下的击穿性能。
上述研究工作，为植物绝缘油电力变压器的设计、制造和运行维护提供了理论支撑和试验依据，对植物绝缘油以及纳米植物绝缘油在电力变压器中的应用具有重要的参考价值。
Vegetable insulating oils are environment-friendly and fire-resistant liquiddielectrics with good insulation properties， and have been used in distributiontransformers for many years. Because the physical and chemical properties of vegetableinsulating oil are different from those of mineral oil, the gases dissolved in vegetable oilunder typical thermal and electrical faults differ from those in mineral oil，as well as themoisture-absorption characteristics and the dispersion of nanoparticles. With the widespreading application of vegetable insulating oil, the problems above are vital to thedesign, manufacture, operation and maintenance of vegetable oil filled transformers.
Therefore, dissolved gas analysis in vegetable insulating oil under typical faults,the moisture diffusion and equilibrium characteristics of vegetable oil-paper insulationand vegetable oil based nanofluid are studied. The main contents are as follows:
①The dissolved gases in vegetable insulating oil under the typical faults areobtained，and the key gas is proposed. In the simulated typical faults experiment, testingequipment and testing method for thermal faults and electrical faults are designed. IECthree ratios and Duval triangle diagnostic method are utilized to analyze the dissolvedgases in vegetable insulating oil under the typical faults. The results show that the keygas under typical thermal faults in mineral oil is different from that in vegetableinsulating oil is C2H6, IEC three ratio method and Duval triangle diagnostic method arenot suitable for the fault of vegetable insulating oil.
②The moisture diffusion characteristics between vegetable insulating oil andinsulating paper are studied. According to Fick’s second diffusion law, the model formoisture diffusion in vegetable oil-paper insulation is proposed and the moisturediffusion coefficient between vegetable oil and paper is obtained from experiment. Thedynamic moisture distribution in the vegetable oil-paper system is simulated.Temperature, thickness of paper and initial moisture content are considered to be thefactors influencing the equilibrium time constant, which are also compared with theminimal oil-paper system. In addition, a2D infrared spectrum method is used to studythe moisture diffusion in vegetable oil-paper system. The experiment and analysisresults show that the diffusion rate of moisture in vegetable oil-paper insulation is abouthalf of that in mineral oil-paper insulation.
③The moisture distribution equilibrium in vegetable oil-paper insulation is studiedand a new mathematical model for the moisture distribution equilibrium is proposed.The moisture equilibrium curves of vegetable oil-paper insulation are obtained by bothdirect and indirect methods. Meanwhile, the results of vegetable oil-paper insulation arecompared with that of the minimal oil-paper. According to the moisture equilibriumcurve, the mathematical model for the moisture distribution equilibrium is set up bydata fitting and approximate methods, and the corresponding parameters are given. Themodel can accurately describe the oil-paper moisture equilibrium curve after verified.
④The influence of moisture on the breakdown and dielectric properties ofvegetable insulating oil are studied. Aging experiment of in vegetable oil-paperinsulation with different initial moisture content are carried out, aging parameters suchas breakdown voltage of oil, acid value, furfural concentration and DP of paper aretested. Experiment results indicate that the impact of moisture content on the breakdown,dielectric and aging properties of vegetable insulating oil differs greatly from that ofmineral oil. Vegetable insulating oil has higher moisture absorption ability than mineraloil and makes the insulating paper drier, thus delaying the aging rate of insulating paper.
⑤.The vegetable oil based Fe_3O_4nanofluid are prepared by the co-precipitationmethod and modified by the oleic acid and sodium oleate. The dispersion stability of themodified nanoparticles in vegetable insulating oil is studied. The impulse breakdowncharacteristic of vegetable oil based nanofluid are investigated, the polarization andcharging dynamics model of nanoparticles in vegetable oil are proposed, space chargesaffecting the breakdown performance of nanofluid are subsequently analyzed. Theexperiment results show that feeding mode, stirring time and surfactant coating timehave a great impact on the dispersion stability of the modified nanoparticles invegetable insulating oil, and nanoparticles can significantly improve both the positiveand negative lightning impulse breakdown voltage of vegetable insulating oil.
The above work offers the theory and experiment basis for the design,manafacturing, operation and maintenance of vegetable insulating oil filled powertransformer, which has important reference value for the application of the vegetableinsulating oil and vegetable insulating oil based nanofluid in the power transformer.
作者针对上述问题，开展了变压器典型故障下植物绝缘油中特征气体与植物油纸绝缘吸湿特性的研究工作，同时对纳米植物绝缘油及其稳定性进行理论分析与试验研究。论文包括以下主要内容：
①对变压器典型过热和电性故障下的植物绝缘油中溶解气体特性进行了试验研究，分析并提出了典型故障下的植物绝缘油中特征气体。在变压器典型故障的模拟实验中，设计了低温、中温和高温等三种过热故障与油纸绝缘击穿及局部放电等电性故障的模拟试验方法，采用IEC三比值法和杜威三角形法对典型故障下的油中特征气体进行了分析。结果表明：在典型故障下，植物绝缘油与矿物绝缘油中的特征气体具有显著差异，IEC三比值法与杜威三角形法的分析准则不适合于植物绝缘油中溶解气体分析。
②研究了植物油纸绝缘水分扩散特性，根据费克（Fick）第二扩散定律，提出了植物油纸绝缘水分扩散数学模型。通过植物油纸绝缘水分扩散试验，对植物绝缘油与绝缘纸之间的水分扩散系数进行了测量，根据测量结果，对植物油纸绝缘中水分动态分布进行了仿真，分析了温度、绝缘纸厚度和初始水分浓度等因素对平衡时间的影响，并与矿物油纸绝缘油的仿真结果进行了对比。同时，提出了分析植物油纸绝缘水分扩散的二维红外光谱法，研究了水分在植物油纸绝缘中的扩散行为，并与植物油纸绝缘水分扩散试验结果进行了对比分析。结果表明：水分从植物绝缘油向绝缘纸的扩散速率约为从矿物绝缘油向绝缘纸扩散速率的一半。
③采用直接法和间接法对植物油纸绝缘中水分平衡关系进行了研究，提出并建立了基于分段函数的油纸绝缘水分平衡数学模型。通过油纸绝缘水分平衡试验，采用直接法和间接法获得了植物油纸绝缘水分平衡曲线，与矿物油纸绝缘中水分平衡曲线进行了对比分析，通过数据拟合建立了表征植物油纸绝缘水分平衡特性的分段函数。与传统油纸绝缘水分平衡数学模型相比，分段函数数学模型能够更准确地表征油纸绝缘水分平衡特性。
④研究了植物油纸绝缘在吸湿情况下的击穿特性与介电性能，测试了不同水分情况下的植物绝缘油及其油纸绝缘的工频击穿电压、介电常数和介质损耗等性能参数，并通过老化试验，研究了初始水分含量对植物油纸绝缘的老化性能的影响规律，测试了植物油纸绝缘老化过程中植物绝缘油的工频击穿电压、油酸值、油中糠醛浓度以及绝缘纸聚合度等参数，揭示了初始水分含量对植物油纸绝缘老化的影响规律。结果表明：水分对植物油纸绝缘击穿特性、介电性能以及老化性能的影响与对矿物油纸绝缘的影响具有显著差异，植物绝缘油使绝缘纸保持较低的水分含量，延缓了绝缘纸的老化速率。
⑤采用共沉淀法与油酸及油酸钠表面改性法，制备出Fe_3O_4纳米粒子改性植物绝缘油，研究了纳米粒子在植物绝缘油中的分散稳定性，分析了表面活性剂含量、包覆时机、加料方式、搅拌时间等参数对纳米粒子在植物绝缘油中的分散稳定性的影响规律；同时，研究了纳米植物绝缘油的在标准雷电冲击电压下击穿性能，建立了植物绝缘油中纳米粒子的极化和充电动力学模型，对油中空间电荷对植物绝缘油在雷电冲击电压下击穿特性的影响进行了分析。研究结果表明，加料方式、搅拌时间和表面活性剂的包覆时机对纳米粒子在油中的分散稳定性有着极大的影响，纳米粒子能够显著提高植物绝缘油在正负极性雷电冲击电压下的击穿性能。
上述研究工作，为植物绝缘油电力变压器的设计、制造和运行维护提供了理论支撑和试验依据，对植物绝缘油以及纳米植物绝缘油在电力变压器中的应用具有重要的参考价值。
Vegetable insulating oils are environment-friendly and fire-resistant liquiddielectrics with good insulation properties， and have been used in distributiontransformers for many years. Because the physical and chemical properties of vegetableinsulating oil are different from those of mineral oil, the gases dissolved in vegetable oilunder typical thermal and electrical faults differ from those in mineral oil，as well as themoisture-absorption characteristics and the dispersion of nanoparticles. With the widespreading application of vegetable insulating oil, the problems above are vital to thedesign, manufacture, operation and maintenance of vegetable oil filled transformers.
Therefore, dissolved gas analysis in vegetable insulating oil under typical faults,the moisture diffusion and equilibrium characteristics of vegetable oil-paper insulationand vegetable oil based nanofluid are studied. The main contents are as follows:
①The dissolved gases in vegetable insulating oil under the typical faults areobtained，and the key gas is proposed. In the simulated typical faults experiment, testingequipment and testing method for thermal faults and electrical faults are designed. IECthree ratios and Duval triangle diagnostic method are utilized to analyze the dissolvedgases in vegetable insulating oil under the typical faults. The results show that the keygas under typical thermal faults in mineral oil is different from that in vegetableinsulating oil is C2H6, IEC three ratio method and Duval triangle diagnostic method arenot suitable for the fault of vegetable insulating oil.
②The moisture diffusion characteristics between vegetable insulating oil andinsulating paper are studied. According to Fick’s second diffusion law, the model formoisture diffusion in vegetable oil-paper insulation is proposed and the moisturediffusion coefficient between vegetable oil and paper is obtained from experiment. Thedynamic moisture distribution in the vegetable oil-paper system is simulated.Temperature, thickness of paper and initial moisture content are considered to be thefactors influencing the equilibrium time constant, which are also compared with theminimal oil-paper system. In addition, a2D infrared spectrum method is used to studythe moisture diffusion in vegetable oil-paper system. The experiment and analysisresults show that the diffusion rate of moisture in vegetable oil-paper insulation is abouthalf of that in mineral oil-paper insulation.
③The moisture distribution equilibrium in vegetable oil-paper insulation is studiedand a new mathematical model for the moisture distribution equilibrium is proposed.The moisture equilibrium curves of vegetable oil-paper insulation are obtained by bothdirect and indirect methods. Meanwhile, the results of vegetable oil-paper insulation arecompared with that of the minimal oil-paper. According to the moisture equilibriumcurve, the mathematical model for the moisture distribution equilibrium is set up bydata fitting and approximate methods, and the corresponding parameters are given. Themodel can accurately describe the oil-paper moisture equilibrium curve after verified.
④The influence of moisture on the breakdown and dielectric properties ofvegetable insulating oil are studied. Aging experiment of in vegetable oil-paperinsulation with different initial moisture content are carried out, aging parameters suchas breakdown voltage of oil, acid value, furfural concentration and DP of paper aretested. Experiment results indicate that the impact of moisture content on the breakdown,dielectric and aging properties of vegetable insulating oil differs greatly from that ofmineral oil. Vegetable insulating oil has higher moisture absorption ability than mineraloil and makes the insulating paper drier, thus delaying the aging rate of insulating paper.
⑤.The vegetable oil based Fe_3O_4nanofluid are prepared by the co-precipitationmethod and modified by the oleic acid and sodium oleate. The dispersion stability of themodified nanoparticles in vegetable insulating oil is studied. The impulse breakdowncharacteristic of vegetable oil based nanofluid are investigated, the polarization andcharging dynamics model of nanoparticles in vegetable oil are proposed, space chargesaffecting the breakdown performance of nanofluid are subsequently analyzed. Theexperiment results show that feeding mode, stirring time and surfactant coating timehave a great impact on the dispersion stability of the modified nanoparticles invegetable insulating oil, and nanoparticles can significantly improve both the positiveand negative lightning impulse breakdown voltage of vegetable insulating oil.
The above work offers the theory and experiment basis for the design,manafacturing, operation and maintenance of vegetable insulating oil filled powertransformer, which has important reference value for the application of the vegetableinsulating oil and vegetable insulating oil based nanofluid in the power transformer.
引文
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