功能梯度混凝土立井井壁承载性能研究
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摘要
混凝土厚壁圆筒是一种重要的支护结构,在矿山、水利水电、化工等工程领域有着广泛的应用。立井井壁是采矿工程广泛应用的一种混凝土厚壁圆筒。在厚壁圆筒设计中,经常会遇到有关厚壁圆筒在外载作用下应力、变形、极限承载力的计算问题。本文为了提高厚壁圆筒的极限承载能力,尝试将已应用于航空航天、核反应堆及化学工业等领域的功能梯度的概念引入到混凝土材料当中,通过理论分析、功能梯度混凝土的配制、物理模拟试验相结合的方法,研究了功能梯度特性在轴对称荷载作用下立井井壁中的应用。
(1)通过反演分析证明了：功能梯度材料(FGM)特性有利于减小厚壁圆筒的应力集中,使其能承受的弹性极限承载力大于经典均质厚壁圆筒的弹性极限承载力。当FGM圆筒的壁厚较大时,功能梯度厚壁圆筒的弹性极限承载力随着壁厚的增加而显著增加。
(2)建立了不同模量双层混凝土厚壁圆筒的优化设计方法,获得了双层混凝土厚壁圆筒在外载和单轴抗压强度已知情形下,所需要的最小壁厚,内外层的最佳厚度比值和最佳弹性模量比值。
(3)对双层厚壁圆筒进行了弹塑性分析,综合考虑了轴向荷载对弹性和塑性极限承载力的影响：考虑轴向的中间主应力时,双层厚壁圆筒的弹性和塑性极限承载力均有一定程度的提高。
(4)选定多项影响混凝土强度和弹性模量的试验因素,进行配比试验,初步得到了实现混凝土功能梯度特性的最优试验因素。
(5)通过FGM厚壁圆筒与传统厚壁圆筒物理模型对比试验,发现FGM厚壁圆筒承受的弹性极限承载力的确大于经典均质厚壁圆筒的弹性极限承载力,从而验证了前面的理论成果。
(6)研究了在非轴对称地应力作用下的井筒应力分析问题,并根据围岩与支护结构的不同接触条件,精确给出了井壁荷载的确定方法,解决了以往在井壁应力分析时,井壁外荷载必须事先假定的难题。
Concrete thick-walled hollow cylinders are widely used in hydropower, traffic, mining and military engineering. Shaft lining is a kind of concrete thick-walled hollow cylinder. In the thick-walled cylinder design, problems such as the stress, deformation, ultimate bearing capacity, are often encountered. In order to increase the ultimate bearing capactiy of thick-walled hollow cylinder, the concept of Functionally Graded (FM), which has been widely used in some fields, i.e. Aerospace, nuclear reactors and chemical industry, was introduced into concrete material. By theoretical analysis, preparation of functionally graded concrete and physical simulation test, the application of functionally graded concept in increasing the ultimate bearing capacity of shaft lining was analyzed.
(1) Based on the inversion analysis, we found that functional gradient materials (FGM) can reduce stress concentration of thick-walled cylinder and let the FGM thick-walled hollow cylinder have a higher ultimate bearing capacity than the conventional homogeneous thick-walled hollow cylinder does. As the thickness of cylinder is relatively thick, the elastic ultimate bearing capacity of FGM hollow cylinder can be improved significantly with the increase of thickness.
(2) The optimal design method for doubled layered thick-walled hollow cylinder with different elastic modulus was established. The minimum wall thickness required, the best thickness ratio and the modulus ratio of inner layer to outer layer are calculated for cases in which the external load and uniaxial compressive strength are known already.
(3) Elasto-plastic analysis for double layered thick-walled hollow cylinder was carried out. The effects of the axial load on the elastic and plastic ultimate bearing capacity were analyzed. As the intermediate principal stress was taken into consideration, the elastic and plastic ultimate bearing capacity of double layered thick-walled hollow cylinder increase.
(4) Ratio tests were carried out in order to get the variations of the compressive strength and elastic modulus versus a number of factors. The optimal experimental factors for functionally graded concrete has been preliminarily obtained.
(5) Model tests of thick-walled hollow cylinder were carried out. The tests results validated the theoretical conclusion, i.e. FGM thick-walled hollow cylinder has higher ultimate bearing capacity than homogeneous thick-walled hollow cylinder does.
(6) A vertical shaft lining remotely loaded by non-axisymmetrical in situ stresses was analyzed. Two extreme boundary conditions along the liner/ground interfaces, namely, pure bond and pure slip cases, are implemented. The accurate solutions of the loads acting on the outer boundary of liner were obtained.
(1)通过反演分析证明了：功能梯度材料(FGM)特性有利于减小厚壁圆筒的应力集中,使其能承受的弹性极限承载力大于经典均质厚壁圆筒的弹性极限承载力。当FGM圆筒的壁厚较大时,功能梯度厚壁圆筒的弹性极限承载力随着壁厚的增加而显著增加。
(2)建立了不同模量双层混凝土厚壁圆筒的优化设计方法,获得了双层混凝土厚壁圆筒在外载和单轴抗压强度已知情形下,所需要的最小壁厚,内外层的最佳厚度比值和最佳弹性模量比值。
(3)对双层厚壁圆筒进行了弹塑性分析,综合考虑了轴向荷载对弹性和塑性极限承载力的影响：考虑轴向的中间主应力时,双层厚壁圆筒的弹性和塑性极限承载力均有一定程度的提高。
(4)选定多项影响混凝土强度和弹性模量的试验因素,进行配比试验,初步得到了实现混凝土功能梯度特性的最优试验因素。
(5)通过FGM厚壁圆筒与传统厚壁圆筒物理模型对比试验,发现FGM厚壁圆筒承受的弹性极限承载力的确大于经典均质厚壁圆筒的弹性极限承载力,从而验证了前面的理论成果。
(6)研究了在非轴对称地应力作用下的井筒应力分析问题,并根据围岩与支护结构的不同接触条件,精确给出了井壁荷载的确定方法,解决了以往在井壁应力分析时,井壁外荷载必须事先假定的难题。
Concrete thick-walled hollow cylinders are widely used in hydropower, traffic, mining and military engineering. Shaft lining is a kind of concrete thick-walled hollow cylinder. In the thick-walled cylinder design, problems such as the stress, deformation, ultimate bearing capacity, are often encountered. In order to increase the ultimate bearing capactiy of thick-walled hollow cylinder, the concept of Functionally Graded (FM), which has been widely used in some fields, i.e. Aerospace, nuclear reactors and chemical industry, was introduced into concrete material. By theoretical analysis, preparation of functionally graded concrete and physical simulation test, the application of functionally graded concept in increasing the ultimate bearing capacity of shaft lining was analyzed.
(1) Based on the inversion analysis, we found that functional gradient materials (FGM) can reduce stress concentration of thick-walled cylinder and let the FGM thick-walled hollow cylinder have a higher ultimate bearing capacity than the conventional homogeneous thick-walled hollow cylinder does. As the thickness of cylinder is relatively thick, the elastic ultimate bearing capacity of FGM hollow cylinder can be improved significantly with the increase of thickness.
(2) The optimal design method for doubled layered thick-walled hollow cylinder with different elastic modulus was established. The minimum wall thickness required, the best thickness ratio and the modulus ratio of inner layer to outer layer are calculated for cases in which the external load and uniaxial compressive strength are known already.
(3) Elasto-plastic analysis for double layered thick-walled hollow cylinder was carried out. The effects of the axial load on the elastic and plastic ultimate bearing capacity were analyzed. As the intermediate principal stress was taken into consideration, the elastic and plastic ultimate bearing capacity of double layered thick-walled hollow cylinder increase.
(4) Ratio tests were carried out in order to get the variations of the compressive strength and elastic modulus versus a number of factors. The optimal experimental factors for functionally graded concrete has been preliminarily obtained.
(5) Model tests of thick-walled hollow cylinder were carried out. The tests results validated the theoretical conclusion, i.e. FGM thick-walled hollow cylinder has higher ultimate bearing capacity than homogeneous thick-walled hollow cylinder does.
(6) A vertical shaft lining remotely loaded by non-axisymmetrical in situ stresses was analyzed. Two extreme boundary conditions along the liner/ground interfaces, namely, pure bond and pure slip cases, are implemented. The accurate solutions of the loads acting on the outer boundary of liner were obtained.
引文
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