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桉树基肥利用率与需肥量研究
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摘要
长期以来,农林业中肥料利用率一直较低,关于农业肥料的相关研究较多,但是关于林业的肥料利用率报道还是较少。本文以桉树为研究对象,分别从肥料、植物、土壤3方面进行研究探讨了影响桉树肥料利用率的主要因素。
     (1)通过淋溶和水浸两种方式,研究相同原料配方的块状肥和粒状肥的N、P、K的释放特性及其缓释效果。其中一级动力学方程对于块状肥料的拟合效果最好,其拟合度大多可达0.95以上,而Elovich方程对粒状肥料的拟合效果较好。以浸提液中的P释放浓度为指标分阶段进行比较,结果显示不同外形设计和不同质量的肥料之间均有不同程度的差异,其中块状肥和对照组中的粒状肥之间差异显著。另外在本文中利用拟合方程计算肥料中的P在第1天和第28天的释放率,与国标进行对比,检验所有肥料的缓释性,试验结果显示缓释性均达到国标要求。其中无孔块状肥料相对于粒状肥料24小时和28天的溶出率分别减少了46.02%和6.30%,有孔块状肥料相对粒状肥料分别减少了36.92%和10.92%,缓释效果显著。
     (2)块状、粒状肥料进行盆栽试验,结果显示两种块状肥料的促进生长的后劲较粒状均大。在前3个月各处理与对照生长量差异均不大,在3个月后施肥处理与对照开始出现生长量差异。到调查结束时施用块状肥的苗木相对施用粒状肥的苗木的苗高平均提高了10.6%和4.3%,地径平均提高了8.8%和2%。根据对肥料的利用率进行对比两种块状肥料的氮、磷、钾的利用率均大等于粒状肥氮、磷、钾的利用率,其中生长6月时,氮肥利用率方面,块孔的相对于粒状肥料的利用率提高了20%,而块实的利用率和粒状肥料持平。磷肥方面,块孔和块实的利用率相当于粒状分别提高了21.57%和19.23%。钾肥方面,块孔和块实的利用率相当于粒状分别提高了16.2%和11.5%。在生长9个月时块孔和块实氮肥利用率相对于粒状利用率分别提高了43.18%和13.64%,磷肥的利用率相对于粒状分别提高了20.42%和11.5%,钾肥利用率相对于粒状分别提高了41.71%和31.11%。说明块状肥料有利于提高肥料的利用效率,更能适合苗木的需求规律。
     (3)通过对DH_(32-29)无性系桉苗的需肥规律的研究,其需肥规律可用Logistic曲线进行拟合,拟合效果良好,其中需肥量陡增的点我们称之为需肥拐点。桉苗的需肥拐点出现在生长3个月左右,其中在生长的3~4月时需肥量占整个观察时间总需肥的百分比氮、磷、钾分别为46.93%、40.88%和42.42%。在观察的生长期间其生长需肥量分别为氮、磷、钾3394.91mg、1069.56mg和3605.13mg,对N:P_2O_5:K_2O的需求比例宜控制在1:0.5:1.5左右为宜。
     (4)肥料的养分比例也会影响到肥料养分的利用效率,试验中的氮、磷、钾比例为6:12:6、7:11:7和16:16:16的三种比例肥料在总养分相同的情况下对氮、磷、钾的利用效率有所不同,其中氮的利用率三者分别为35.23%、17.83%、22.49%,磷的利用率三者分别为15.4%、16.59%、12.83%,钾的利用率分别为51.19%、23.1%、25.82%。其中以6:12:6的综合效果最好,养分利用率最高。
     (5)施肥量的多少直接影响着肥料的利用效率,试验中的3种施肥量以750g/株的肥量的利用率最小氮、磷、钾的利用率只有2.15%、1.32%和7.84%,而施肥量为250g的氮磷钾利用率最高分别达到了37.32%、15.4%和50.31%。
     (6)通过对采自南方种苗基地和河头的土壤进行施肥淋溶试验,对淋溶后土壤养分的测定结果的拟合结果可以得出国家南方种苗基地的土壤的保氮、磷、钾的能力分别为95.75mg/kg、40.50mg/kg、105.7mg/kg,供氮、磷、钾的能力为94.89kg/hm~2、14.95kg/hm~2、134.06kg/hm~2。河头土壤的保氮、磷、钾的能力分别为92.38mg/kg、39.43mg/kg、90.50mg/kg,供氮、磷、钾的能力为57.31kg/hm~2、29.9kg/hm~2、89.63kg/hm~2。
     (7)根据测土配方技术利用地力差减法,平衡施肥法和校正系数法可以得到达到目标产量60000kg/hm~2的干产量时的需肥量,其中地力差减法得到的所需的氮、磷、钾的肥量为342kg/hm~2、73.8kg/hm~2、282kg/hm~2,平衡施肥法得到的氮、磷、钾需求量分别为316.76kg/hm~2、72.53kg/hm~2、278.98kg/hm~2,校正系数法得到的氮、磷、钾需求量为247.21kg/hm~2、59.85kg/hm~2、169.82kg/hm~2。
Fertilizer utilization rate was low in the agriculture and forestry for long time,relatedresearches were less in forestry than that in agriculture.In this study, plants、soil and fertilizerwere studied in order to find the primary effect factors in Eucalypt fertilizer utilization.
     (1)In this study, the method of leaching and extracting were used to research the N P Kreleasing characteristics and their sustained-release properties of the bulk fertilizer and thegranular fertilizer which were made by the same raw materials.The kinetic equation, Parabolicdiffusion equation and Elovich equation were used to fit the element releasing processes.Theresults show the kinetic equation was the best one for matching the bulk fertilizer,the degree offitting is more than0.95, and the Elovich equation was more suitable for matching the granularfertilizer. Meanwhile, the realeasing concentration of P in the extract was compared,theoutcome was that the fertilizers with different shape and quality were different, the bulkfertilizer and the granular fertilizer in control group were significantly different.In addition,the fitted equation of P was used to calculate the releasing rate of different fertilizer in the1thand28th day, the results were matched with the national sustained-release degree standard forall trial fertilizers, The non-porous bulk fertilizer’s dissolution rate reduced by46.02%and6.30%in the1th and28th day comparing granular fertilizer,the porous bulk fertilizer was36.92%and10.92%,Sustained-release effect was notable.Finally VI fertilizer was selected asthe best one of all trial controlled-release fertilizers after testing in the field.
     (2)Bulk Fertilizer and granular fertilizer were used in this pot experiment, which weremade by the same material.The result was the two kinds of bulk fertilizer own greater staminathan the granular fertilizer.The differences of the treatments were not significant in the firstthree months, After three months, the difference begin appear.When the investigation wascomplete, comparing the seedlings with the granular fertilizer,the height of the ones with theBulk Fertilizer increased by10.6%and4.3%and the ground diameter increased by8.8%and2%.In6th month the utilization efficiency of the bulk fertilizer with pore improved by20% than granular fertilizer and of the bulk fertilizer without pore was equal to the granularfertilizer in Nitrogen.The utilization efficiency of two kind of bulk fertilizer improved by21.57%and19.23%than the granular in phosphorous,improved by16.2%and11.5%thangranular fertlizer in potassium.In the9th month The utilization efficiency of two kind of bulkfertilizer improved by43.18%and13.64%,20.42%and11.5%,41.71%and31.11%respectively than granular fertilizer respectively in Nitrogen,phosphorous and potassium.Theaverage utilization efficiency of N P K in the Bulk Fertilizer was not less than that in thegranular fertilizer. Indicating that bulk fertilizer was helpful to improve the efficiency offertilizer and it was more suitable for seedlings’ demand.
     (3)DH_(32-29)clone Eucalypt seedlings were used in this study to find the law of nutrientrequirement.The results show the law can be fitted well by logistic curve,the time thatfertilizer demand rise sharply was the inflection point.The inflection point of growth appearedin the3th month and the demand proportion of N P K was46.93%,40.88%and42.42%duringthe observation time.The seedling’s of the N P K was3394.91mg,1069.56mg and3605.13mg,the requirement ratio of N:P_2O_5:K_2O should be controlled at about1:0.5:1.5.
     (4)The usage efficiency of feitilizer nutrients also could be affected by the N P Kratio.Three kinds of ratio which were6:12:6,7:11:7,16:16:16were used in this experiment.Allof them own the same total nutrient.The utilization of them was35.23%,17.83%,22.49%inNitrogen and15.4%,16.59%,12.83%in phosphorous and51.19%,23.1%,25.82%inpotassium.The result shows the seedling grow best by using the ratio6:12:6,the nutrientutilization efficiency was the highest.
     (5)The usage efficiency of nutrients can be affected directly by the the amount offeitilizer.There were3levels amount of feitilizer in this experiment:250g,500g,750g.Thenutrient utilization efficiency of750g’N P K was7.15%、3.33%、and7.84%,but the nutrientutilization efficiency of250g was37.32%,15.4%and50.31%.
     (6)Preservation capacity of the soil ‘N P K in South china nersury and Hetou wasmeasured by leaching the soil with feitilizer.The results of leaching could be fitted well. Thesoil preservation capacity could be got by the fitting equation,they were95.75mg/kg,40.50 mg/kg,105.7mg/kg in soil of South china nersury and92.38mg/kg,39.43mg/kg,90.50mg/kgin soil of Hetou.The soil can provide N P K by94.89kg/hm~2,14.95kg/hm~2,134.06kg/hm~2inSouth china nersury and57.31kg/hm~2,29.9kg/hm~2,89.63kg/hm~2in Hetou.
     (7)Fertility subtraction,balanced fertilization and correction factor method of the soiltesting and fertilizer recommendation were used to calculate the nurtrition requirement in orderto get the target yield which was60000kg/hm~2in stalk.According to fertility subtraction,therequirement of N P K was342kg/hm~2,73.8kg/hm~2,282kg/hm~2, according to balancedfertilization, the requirement of N P K was316.76kg/hm~2,72.53kg/hm~2,278.98kg/hm~2,according to correction factor method, the requirement of N P K was247.21kg/hm~2,59.85kg/hm~2,169.82kg/hm~2.
引文
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