雷公藤盐胁迫及施肥对其影响的研究
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摘要
雷公藤是最近才兴起的药材植物，具有很高的经济价值和利用价值，由于雷公藤需求量在不断地上升，天然资源开始日益减少，发展人工种植雷公藤成为了解决雷公藤资源枯竭的首要条件。因此深入了解雷公藤的生物学特性和生态学特性，参阅其他树种“施肥与营养诊断研究”方法与技术路线，针对雷公藤的生物学特性和生态学特性，对雷公藤进行施肥与营养诊断研究是十分必要的。本研究以雷公藤一年生苗为材料，研究了雷公藤盐胁迫以及不同施肥处理对雷公藤有效成分的影响，主要结果如下：
⑴在电解质渗透率和丙二醛含量的变化方面，在盐胁迫条件下的植株，其叶片电解质渗透率均有不同程度的增加，在一定的NaCl浓度范围内，植物自身可通过调节来减少盐胁迫对叶片细胞膜造成的伤害，维持细胞膜的稳定性和完整性，提高盐胁迫时植物对环境的适应能力，其极限值为18mmol/LNaCl。叶片中的丙二醛含量在胁迫开始前的15天时呈上升趋势，在第15天时达到最大值，随后开始下降，其中缓解极限在22.5mmol/L。
⑵在脯氨酸含量方面，在盐胁迫条件下，七个处理在盐胁迫期间，前20天植株叶片内脯氨酸的含量增长较为平缓，20天之后开始快速增长，并在第30天达到最高峰，不同NaCl浓度的盐胁迫处理下，45mmol/L处理效果最为显著，而9mmol/L处理试验后期对脯氨酸含量的增加起到了抑制作用。
⑶在酶活性方面，不同NaCl浓度处理的雷公藤叶片SOD活性成不同的变化趋势，在各处理中以27mmol/L处理在25天时叶片中SOD活性最高，对盐胁迫抵御能力最强。随着胁迫时间的延长，植株叶片中POD活性呈向上升后下降的趋势变化，雷公藤叶片中POD活性在22.5mmol/L处理下会达到最大。不同NaCl浓度下盐胁迫对雷公藤叶片中CAT活性除了0mmol/L处理变化较为平稳之外其他7个处理均呈现较明显的波动，其中45mmol/L与27mmol/L处理的CAT活性显著高于其他处理。
⑷不同配比施肥对雷公藤一年生苗的生物量和苗高的影响，对盆栽雷公藤一年生苗运用3414施肥试验设计，其结果表明，N、P、K三种肥料不同配比施肥对雷公藤的生物量和苗高都有不同程度的影响，由数学模型我们可以计算出最优方案的最大株高生长量为35.10865cm，此时最适宜N，P，K的量分别为3.6g/盆，1.8g/盆，3.3g/盆。从6月份开始到9月份各处理苗的鲜重快速升高，除第11号处理（有严重的落叶现象），7月份之后营养生长开始减弱。由数学模型我们可以计算出最优方案的最大鲜重为28.13598g，此时最适宜N，P，K的量分别为4.3g/盆，1.5g/盆，4.6g/盆。
⑸不同配比施肥对雷公藤一年生苗生理指标的影响，包括硝酸还原酶活性，叶绿素含量，光合作用和植物中甲素含量。经过对14个处理5个月的数据进行处理，可以得出N肥的使用量对于一年生雷公藤苗的硝酸还原酶活性具有决定性作用。由数学模型我们可以计算出最优方案的最大硝酸还原酶活性为61.8μg g~(-1) h~(-1)，此时最适宜N，P，K的量分别为4.1g/盆，1.9g/盆，3.6g/盆。
⑹对于不同配比施肥，我们可以看出，14个处理中叶绿素含量增加的主要时期在6月和7月，与雷公藤一年生苗的营养生长时期相一致，其中植株中叶绿素含量涨幅最高的是10号处理。由数学模型我们可以计算出最优方案的最大叶绿素含量为4.1mg g~(-1) Fw，此时最适宜N，P，K的量分别为6.77g/盆，4.8g/盆，7.3g/盆。
⑺对于不同施肥对一年生雷公藤苗的光合作用的影响，从前文的数据中我们可以看出在7、8、9月份的时候植株的净光合速率达到最大，其中以9号和10号处理的净光合速率最高。由数学模型我们可以计算出最优方案的最大净光合速率为4.1mg g~(-1) Fw，此时最适宜N，P，K的量分别为6.4g/盆，3.1g/盆，3.2g/盆。
⑻对于植物中甲素含量而言，由数学模型我们可以计算出最优方案的最大净光合速率为4.1mg g~(-1) Fw，此时最适宜N，P，K的量分别为6.4g/盆，3.1g/盆，3.2g/盆。
Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F is a new type of medicinal materials plant which has the very higheconomic value, because its demand rising, natural resources is reducing day by day, and develop artificialTripterygium wilfordii Hook. F planting has became a solution to solve exhaustion resource. So furtherunderstanding of its biological characteristics and ecological characteristics, refer to the other tree"fertilization and nutrition diagnosis research" method and the technical route, in view of its biologicalcharacteristics and ecological characteristics of its fertilization practice and nutrition diagnosis research isvery necessary. The Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F annual seedlings as materials, Reach the influence ofthe Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F salt stress and different fertilizer treatment on the active ingredients, themain results are as follows:
⑴In the change of electrolyte permeability and malondialdehyde and the condition of salt stress,plant leaves electrolyte permeability are different degree of increased, in certain NaCl concentration range,the plant can reduce regulation through own salt stress on leaf of the cell damage, the plant can maintainthe stability and integrity of the cell, improve the salt stress adaptability to the environment of plants, thelimit for18mmol/LNaCl. Mda content of leaves in15days before the start of stress is increasing,15daysin reach maximum, and then began to decline, which ease in the limit of22.5mmol/L.
⑵In proline content, in salt stress condition, in the period of seven processing in salt stress,20daysbefore of plant proline content of leaves in the relatively moderate growth,20days later began to rapidgrowth, and in the30days to peak, different NaCl concentration of salt stress under processing,45mmol/Lthe treatment effect is the most significant, and9mmol/L processing test the late with the increase of thecontent of proline played the inhibition.
⑶In the enzyme activity, different NaCl concentration of processing tripterygium wilfordii blade SODactivity into different change trend, the treatment to27mmol/L in25days in the leaf blade handle SODactivity of the highest, and the ability to salt stress against the strongest. Along with the stress the extensionof time, the plant in the leaf blade is after rising to POD activity of the decline of the trend, tripterygiumwilfordii leaf in POD activity in22.5mmol/L treatment will reach the maximum under. Different NaClunder salt stress concentration of tripterygium wilfordii leaf in CAT activity mmol/L except for zero handlechange is more steady other seven processing are significantly more apparent fluctuations, including45mmol/L and27mmol/L of processing significantly higher than other CAT activity processing.
⑷Different ratio fertilization for tripterygium wilfordii annual biomass and seedlings seedlings of highimpact on the potted tripterygium wilfordii annual seedlings use3414fertilization trial design, and theresults show that N, P, K three fertilizer fertilization for different ratio of tripterygium wilfordii biomassand seedling height has the influence of different level, the mathematical model we can calculate theoptimal scheme of the biggest growth for plant height35.10865cm, right now the most suitable N, P, K forthe amount of3.6g/basin respectively, and1.8g/basin,3.3g/basin. Begins in June to September theprocessing of the miao fresh weight increases rapidly, in addition to the11th processing (have seriousleaves phenomenon), and in July, the nutritional growth after started to diminish. The mathematical model we can calculate the optimum scheme of the biggest fresh weight of28.13598g, right now the mostsuitable for N, P, K for the amount of4.3g/basin respectively, and1.5g/basin,4.6g/basin.
⑸Different ratio fertilization for tripterygium wilfordii annual seedlings physiological indexes effects,including activities of nitrate reductase, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis and plants medium armorelement content. After14to treatment5months of data processing, can draw N fertilizer for the usage ofthe annual tripterygium wilfordii seedling activities of nitrate reductase decisive role. The mathematicalmodel we can calculate the optimum scheme of the biggest activities of nitrate reductase for61.8u g g~(-1) h~(-1), right now the most suitable for N, P, K for the amount of4.1g/basin respectively, and1.9g/basin,3.6g/basin.
⑹For different ratio fertilization, we can see,14processing content of chlorophyll in the main period inJune and July, and tripterygium wilfordii annual seedlings growth period of nutrition is consistent, of whichplants chlorophyll content is the highest annual10processing. The mathematical model we can calculatethe optimum scheme of the biggest chlorophyll content is4.1mg g~(-1) Fw, right now the most suitable forN, P, K for the amount of6.77g/basin respectively, and4.8g/basin,7.3g/basin.
⑺For different fertilization for annual tripterygium wilfordii seedlings of the influence of photosynthesis,once upon a time in the data we can see that in July and August and September when the plant of the netphotosynthetic rate achieve maximum, among them with9and10processing the net photosynthetic rate isthe highest. The mathematical model we can calculate theoptimum scheme of the biggest netphotosynthetic rate of4.1mg g~(-1) Fw, right now the most suitable for N, P, K for the amount of6.4g/basin respectively, and3.1g/basin,3.2g/basin.
⑻For meat content in plant medium armor, the mathematical model we can calculate the optimum schemeof the biggest net photosynthetic rate of4.1mg g~(-1) Fw, right now the most suitable for N, P, K for theamount of6.4g/basin respectively, and3.1g/basin,3.2g/basin.
⑴在电解质渗透率和丙二醛含量的变化方面，在盐胁迫条件下的植株，其叶片电解质渗透率均有不同程度的增加，在一定的NaCl浓度范围内，植物自身可通过调节来减少盐胁迫对叶片细胞膜造成的伤害，维持细胞膜的稳定性和完整性，提高盐胁迫时植物对环境的适应能力，其极限值为18mmol/LNaCl。叶片中的丙二醛含量在胁迫开始前的15天时呈上升趋势，在第15天时达到最大值，随后开始下降，其中缓解极限在22.5mmol/L。
⑵在脯氨酸含量方面，在盐胁迫条件下，七个处理在盐胁迫期间，前20天植株叶片内脯氨酸的含量增长较为平缓，20天之后开始快速增长，并在第30天达到最高峰，不同NaCl浓度的盐胁迫处理下，45mmol/L处理效果最为显著，而9mmol/L处理试验后期对脯氨酸含量的增加起到了抑制作用。
⑶在酶活性方面，不同NaCl浓度处理的雷公藤叶片SOD活性成不同的变化趋势，在各处理中以27mmol/L处理在25天时叶片中SOD活性最高，对盐胁迫抵御能力最强。随着胁迫时间的延长，植株叶片中POD活性呈向上升后下降的趋势变化，雷公藤叶片中POD活性在22.5mmol/L处理下会达到最大。不同NaCl浓度下盐胁迫对雷公藤叶片中CAT活性除了0mmol/L处理变化较为平稳之外其他7个处理均呈现较明显的波动，其中45mmol/L与27mmol/L处理的CAT活性显著高于其他处理。
⑷不同配比施肥对雷公藤一年生苗的生物量和苗高的影响，对盆栽雷公藤一年生苗运用3414施肥试验设计，其结果表明，N、P、K三种肥料不同配比施肥对雷公藤的生物量和苗高都有不同程度的影响，由数学模型我们可以计算出最优方案的最大株高生长量为35.10865cm，此时最适宜N，P，K的量分别为3.6g/盆，1.8g/盆，3.3g/盆。从6月份开始到9月份各处理苗的鲜重快速升高，除第11号处理（有严重的落叶现象），7月份之后营养生长开始减弱。由数学模型我们可以计算出最优方案的最大鲜重为28.13598g，此时最适宜N，P，K的量分别为4.3g/盆，1.5g/盆，4.6g/盆。
⑸不同配比施肥对雷公藤一年生苗生理指标的影响，包括硝酸还原酶活性，叶绿素含量，光合作用和植物中甲素含量。经过对14个处理5个月的数据进行处理，可以得出N肥的使用量对于一年生雷公藤苗的硝酸还原酶活性具有决定性作用。由数学模型我们可以计算出最优方案的最大硝酸还原酶活性为61.8μg g~(-1) h~(-1)，此时最适宜N，P，K的量分别为4.1g/盆，1.9g/盆，3.6g/盆。
⑹对于不同配比施肥，我们可以看出，14个处理中叶绿素含量增加的主要时期在6月和7月，与雷公藤一年生苗的营养生长时期相一致，其中植株中叶绿素含量涨幅最高的是10号处理。由数学模型我们可以计算出最优方案的最大叶绿素含量为4.1mg g~(-1) Fw，此时最适宜N，P，K的量分别为6.77g/盆，4.8g/盆，7.3g/盆。
⑺对于不同施肥对一年生雷公藤苗的光合作用的影响，从前文的数据中我们可以看出在7、8、9月份的时候植株的净光合速率达到最大，其中以9号和10号处理的净光合速率最高。由数学模型我们可以计算出最优方案的最大净光合速率为4.1mg g~(-1) Fw，此时最适宜N，P，K的量分别为6.4g/盆，3.1g/盆，3.2g/盆。
⑻对于植物中甲素含量而言，由数学模型我们可以计算出最优方案的最大净光合速率为4.1mg g~(-1) Fw，此时最适宜N，P，K的量分别为6.4g/盆，3.1g/盆，3.2g/盆。
Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F is a new type of medicinal materials plant which has the very higheconomic value, because its demand rising, natural resources is reducing day by day, and develop artificialTripterygium wilfordii Hook. F planting has became a solution to solve exhaustion resource. So furtherunderstanding of its biological characteristics and ecological characteristics, refer to the other tree"fertilization and nutrition diagnosis research" method and the technical route, in view of its biologicalcharacteristics and ecological characteristics of its fertilization practice and nutrition diagnosis research isvery necessary. The Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F annual seedlings as materials, Reach the influence ofthe Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F salt stress and different fertilizer treatment on the active ingredients, themain results are as follows:
⑴In the change of electrolyte permeability and malondialdehyde and the condition of salt stress,plant leaves electrolyte permeability are different degree of increased, in certain NaCl concentration range,the plant can reduce regulation through own salt stress on leaf of the cell damage, the plant can maintainthe stability and integrity of the cell, improve the salt stress adaptability to the environment of plants, thelimit for18mmol/LNaCl. Mda content of leaves in15days before the start of stress is increasing,15daysin reach maximum, and then began to decline, which ease in the limit of22.5mmol/L.
⑵In proline content, in salt stress condition, in the period of seven processing in salt stress,20daysbefore of plant proline content of leaves in the relatively moderate growth,20days later began to rapidgrowth, and in the30days to peak, different NaCl concentration of salt stress under processing,45mmol/Lthe treatment effect is the most significant, and9mmol/L processing test the late with the increase of thecontent of proline played the inhibition.
⑶In the enzyme activity, different NaCl concentration of processing tripterygium wilfordii blade SODactivity into different change trend, the treatment to27mmol/L in25days in the leaf blade handle SODactivity of the highest, and the ability to salt stress against the strongest. Along with the stress the extensionof time, the plant in the leaf blade is after rising to POD activity of the decline of the trend, tripterygiumwilfordii leaf in POD activity in22.5mmol/L treatment will reach the maximum under. Different NaClunder salt stress concentration of tripterygium wilfordii leaf in CAT activity mmol/L except for zero handlechange is more steady other seven processing are significantly more apparent fluctuations, including45mmol/L and27mmol/L of processing significantly higher than other CAT activity processing.
⑷Different ratio fertilization for tripterygium wilfordii annual biomass and seedlings seedlings of highimpact on the potted tripterygium wilfordii annual seedlings use3414fertilization trial design, and theresults show that N, P, K three fertilizer fertilization for different ratio of tripterygium wilfordii biomassand seedling height has the influence of different level, the mathematical model we can calculate theoptimal scheme of the biggest growth for plant height35.10865cm, right now the most suitable N, P, K forthe amount of3.6g/basin respectively, and1.8g/basin,3.3g/basin. Begins in June to September theprocessing of the miao fresh weight increases rapidly, in addition to the11th processing (have seriousleaves phenomenon), and in July, the nutritional growth after started to diminish. The mathematical model we can calculate the optimum scheme of the biggest fresh weight of28.13598g, right now the mostsuitable for N, P, K for the amount of4.3g/basin respectively, and1.5g/basin,4.6g/basin.
⑸Different ratio fertilization for tripterygium wilfordii annual seedlings physiological indexes effects,including activities of nitrate reductase, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis and plants medium armorelement content. After14to treatment5months of data processing, can draw N fertilizer for the usage ofthe annual tripterygium wilfordii seedling activities of nitrate reductase decisive role. The mathematicalmodel we can calculate the optimum scheme of the biggest activities of nitrate reductase for61.8u g g~(-1) h~(-1), right now the most suitable for N, P, K for the amount of4.1g/basin respectively, and1.9g/basin,3.6g/basin.
⑹For different ratio fertilization, we can see,14processing content of chlorophyll in the main period inJune and July, and tripterygium wilfordii annual seedlings growth period of nutrition is consistent, of whichplants chlorophyll content is the highest annual10processing. The mathematical model we can calculatethe optimum scheme of the biggest chlorophyll content is4.1mg g~(-1) Fw, right now the most suitable forN, P, K for the amount of6.77g/basin respectively, and4.8g/basin,7.3g/basin.
⑺For different fertilization for annual tripterygium wilfordii seedlings of the influence of photosynthesis,once upon a time in the data we can see that in July and August and September when the plant of the netphotosynthetic rate achieve maximum, among them with9and10processing the net photosynthetic rate isthe highest. The mathematical model we can calculate theoptimum scheme of the biggest netphotosynthetic rate of4.1mg g~(-1) Fw, right now the most suitable for N, P, K for the amount of6.4g/basin respectively, and3.1g/basin,3.2g/basin.
⑻For meat content in plant medium armor, the mathematical model we can calculate the optimum schemeof the biggest net photosynthetic rate of4.1mg g~(-1) Fw, right now the most suitable for N, P, K for theamount of6.4g/basin respectively, and3.1g/basin,3.2g/basin.
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