冰雪灾害对南岭常绿阔叶林结构的影响研究
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摘要
南岭是我国中亚热带与南亚热带的气候分界线，是我国重要的生物多样性中心，分布着典型的亚热带常绿阔叶林。2008年1月－2月，发生在我国南方的特大雨雪冰冻灾害对南岭常绿阔叶林造成了大面积的破坏。为了了解灾害对南岭常绿阔叶林的影响，本研究在南岭中段南坡广东乐昌杨东山十二度水自然保护区、广东南岭国家级自然保护区大顶山保护站、广东始兴车八岭国家级自然保护区和广东天井山国家森林公园等冰雪灾害严重受损区，选择具有代表性的地段设立植物样地，通过样地调查与分析，结果如下：
（1）南岭中段南坡冰雪灾害受损植物群落处于中国-日本森林植物区的重要分布区，中国特有种是该区域的主要建群成分，其区系具有亚热带向热带过渡性质。无论是常绿阔叶次生林还是常绿阔叶老龄林，其优势种均为壳斗科植物，不同的是灌木层，分别为杜鹃花科和金缕梅科植物，整体上具有亚热带常绿阔叶林的群落特征。
（2）此次灾害造成常绿阔叶次生林和老龄林分别为84.24%和40.91%以上的机械损伤，但以轻度受损为主，且老龄林受损程度轻于次生林。低频度种在此次灾害中受损较轻。常绿阔叶次生林以压弯类型多，而老龄林以断梢类型多。压弯和正常木主要分布在径级Ⅰ和Ⅱ，断梢主要分布在Ⅳ。各优势种受损程度不同，优势科壳斗科受损较轻，但其他优势科受损程度不同，这从整体上不会改变群落栲类林的特征，但可能改变冠层的结构组成。
（3）灾害对5块样地共形成林隙72个，常绿阔叶次生林以小林隙为主，老龄林以大林隙为主。林隙形成木：常绿阔叶次生林主要以翻兜类型组成，老龄林主要以断梢类型组成，形成木主要由优势种组成。林隙更新种以乔灌木植物种类最多，其次为藤本植物，草本植物种类最少。更新种与原有林分种类组成相似性较低，这将导致大量阳性树种的侵入，短期内改变群落的结构组成。
（4）冰雪灾害造成的常绿阔叶林树木死亡比率较低，为6.81%～14.80%，主要以受机械损伤的小径级树木组成。常绿阔叶林萌条率大于73.00%，老龄林高于次生林。次生林各类型受损木按萌条率从高到低排序为：倒伏＞断干＞断梢＞压弯＞翻兜；老龄林萌条率从高到低排序为：断干＞压弯＞断梢＞倒伏。胸径大小对萌条数具有一定的相关性，次生林呈线性相关，老龄林呈幂指数相关。受损优势种萌条数与萌条高度无规律性相关，断干高度与优势种萌条数和萌条高度无明显的规律相关。
（5）首次运用植物地理学对南岭常绿阔叶次生林对冰雪灾害响应进行研究，其地理成分与南岭中段南坡地理成分整体特征一致，以中国-日本成分占优势。各地理成分中，江南分布和热带亚洲分布在严重受损型中所占比例最大，而华南分布和南岭特有成分受损最轻，可知本地起源种具有较强的抵抗冰雪灾害干扰能力。灾后林下更新种木本植物主要是在热带亚洲、中国－日本和华南分布，南岭分布数量较少，但灾后南岭分布种萌条率最高。
（6）通过研究结果表明，在冰雪灾害评估时需考虑合适的受损程度指数计算方法，森林自我恢复潜力估算等因子，才能做到更客观。如对受损常绿阔叶林进行人工促进恢复，应多选乡土树种或以南岭为起源中心的种，同时加强对“目标树”进行抚育。
Nanling montains is the important climate dividing line between mid-subtropical zone andsouthern-subtropical zone of China, and one of the biodiversity hotspots of China wheretypical subtropical evergreen forests are distributed. Heavy snow and freeze disaster occurredin southern China during January to February in2008greatly damaged evergreen forests inNanling. In order to understand the effect of this damage to Nanling evergreen forests, we setup sampling plots in Shi’er Dushui Natural Reserve, Dadingshan Protection Station of NanlingNational Nature Reserve, Shixing Chebaling National Nature Reserve and TianjingshanNational Forest Park. All these reserves are in Guangdong Province. The main results obtainedfrom our investigation and analyses are as follows:
(1) Damaged plant community in the mid-section of Nanling is situated in the importantpart of China-Japan forest vegetation zone dominated by China-endemic species, and whoseflora has the property that transited from subtropics to tropics. In both broad-leaved evergreensecondary forests (SF) and broad-leaved evergreen old-growth forest (OF), their dominant treespecies belong to Fagaceae, and the difference is found in the shrub layer with dominantEricaceae in SF and Hamamelidaceae in PF, respectively. These community characteristics onthe whole showed a picture of a subtropical evergreen forest.
(2) The disaster damage to SF and OF were up to84.24%and40.91%in mechanicaldamage, respectively. However, the mild damage was dominated and the damage to OF is lessthan to SF. Low frequency species were less destroyed in this disaster. Stem bending was themajor type of damages in SF, while top breadage was the major type of damages in OF. Stembending and normal trees were trees with diameter classes I andⅡ, top breadage trees are thosewith diameter class Ⅳ. The damage degree differed in variable dominant species. Fagaceaespecies were damaged slightly. Only the canopy structure changed a little and the wholecharacteristics of Fargesii did not change.
(3) There were72gaps formed after the disaster in our five sampling plots. Small gapswere the majority in SF and big gaps were the majority in OF. Gap-maker trees were mainlycomposed by dominant species: uprooting trees in SF and top breakage trees in OF. For gapregeneration species, most of them were trees and bushes, followed by vines and grasses. Gapregeneration species and the original forest species had low similarity, and this would result inthe invasion of heliophilous species and then short-term changes in community composition.
(4)The snow and freeze damage led to low mortality (6.81%-14.80%) in broad-leavedevergreen forests and the dead trees were mainly small ones almost with mechanical damages.Sprouting rates in broad-leaved evergreen forests were up to73.00%, and sprouting rates of OFwere bigger than those of SF. The sprouting rates of destroyed trees in SF were in the sequence:lodging> trunk breakage> top breakage> stem bending> uprooting; the sprout rates ofdestroyed trees in OF were listed: trunk breakage> stem bending> top breakage> lodging.Diameters at breast height (DBH) had certain correlation with the sprout number in SF (a linearcorrelation) and in PF (Power exponent correlation). The number and lengths of sprouts had nocorrelation, and the length of broken stem have no obvious impact on the number and lengthsof sprouts.
(5)We firstly used phytogeography to study the response of Nanling broad-leavedevergreen secondary forests to the snow and freeze disaster. We found that their geographicalcomponents were similar with geographical components of mid-section of Nanling, which aredominated by China-Japan components. Among these geographical components, Jiangnandistribution and tropical Asia distribution accounted for the largest proportion in heavydamaged type; South China distribution and Nanling unique elements were less destroyed.Local originating species’ ability to resisting damage was stronger than that of tropicaloriginating species. The regeneration of woody plants after the disaster mainly came fromTropical Asia, China-Japan and South China distribution. Though regeneration trees were lessfrom Nanling distribution, their sprouting rates were the highest.
(6) Our results suggested that for a rational conclusion it is very important to chooseappropriate calculation or estimate methods for damage index and forest self-recovery potential and so forth. That is to say, to restore the damaged broad-leaved evergreen forests efficiently,we should choose indigenous trees or trees which are originated from Nanling, and at themeantime we should also strengthen the nurture of “target trees”.
（1）南岭中段南坡冰雪灾害受损植物群落处于中国-日本森林植物区的重要分布区，中国特有种是该区域的主要建群成分，其区系具有亚热带向热带过渡性质。无论是常绿阔叶次生林还是常绿阔叶老龄林，其优势种均为壳斗科植物，不同的是灌木层，分别为杜鹃花科和金缕梅科植物，整体上具有亚热带常绿阔叶林的群落特征。
（2）此次灾害造成常绿阔叶次生林和老龄林分别为84.24%和40.91%以上的机械损伤，但以轻度受损为主，且老龄林受损程度轻于次生林。低频度种在此次灾害中受损较轻。常绿阔叶次生林以压弯类型多，而老龄林以断梢类型多。压弯和正常木主要分布在径级Ⅰ和Ⅱ，断梢主要分布在Ⅳ。各优势种受损程度不同，优势科壳斗科受损较轻，但其他优势科受损程度不同，这从整体上不会改变群落栲类林的特征，但可能改变冠层的结构组成。
（3）灾害对5块样地共形成林隙72个，常绿阔叶次生林以小林隙为主，老龄林以大林隙为主。林隙形成木：常绿阔叶次生林主要以翻兜类型组成，老龄林主要以断梢类型组成，形成木主要由优势种组成。林隙更新种以乔灌木植物种类最多，其次为藤本植物，草本植物种类最少。更新种与原有林分种类组成相似性较低，这将导致大量阳性树种的侵入，短期内改变群落的结构组成。
（4）冰雪灾害造成的常绿阔叶林树木死亡比率较低，为6.81%～14.80%，主要以受机械损伤的小径级树木组成。常绿阔叶林萌条率大于73.00%，老龄林高于次生林。次生林各类型受损木按萌条率从高到低排序为：倒伏＞断干＞断梢＞压弯＞翻兜；老龄林萌条率从高到低排序为：断干＞压弯＞断梢＞倒伏。胸径大小对萌条数具有一定的相关性，次生林呈线性相关，老龄林呈幂指数相关。受损优势种萌条数与萌条高度无规律性相关，断干高度与优势种萌条数和萌条高度无明显的规律相关。
（5）首次运用植物地理学对南岭常绿阔叶次生林对冰雪灾害响应进行研究，其地理成分与南岭中段南坡地理成分整体特征一致，以中国-日本成分占优势。各地理成分中，江南分布和热带亚洲分布在严重受损型中所占比例最大，而华南分布和南岭特有成分受损最轻，可知本地起源种具有较强的抵抗冰雪灾害干扰能力。灾后林下更新种木本植物主要是在热带亚洲、中国－日本和华南分布，南岭分布数量较少，但灾后南岭分布种萌条率最高。
（6）通过研究结果表明，在冰雪灾害评估时需考虑合适的受损程度指数计算方法，森林自我恢复潜力估算等因子，才能做到更客观。如对受损常绿阔叶林进行人工促进恢复，应多选乡土树种或以南岭为起源中心的种，同时加强对“目标树”进行抚育。
Nanling montains is the important climate dividing line between mid-subtropical zone andsouthern-subtropical zone of China, and one of the biodiversity hotspots of China wheretypical subtropical evergreen forests are distributed. Heavy snow and freeze disaster occurredin southern China during January to February in2008greatly damaged evergreen forests inNanling. In order to understand the effect of this damage to Nanling evergreen forests, we setup sampling plots in Shi’er Dushui Natural Reserve, Dadingshan Protection Station of NanlingNational Nature Reserve, Shixing Chebaling National Nature Reserve and TianjingshanNational Forest Park. All these reserves are in Guangdong Province. The main results obtainedfrom our investigation and analyses are as follows:
(1) Damaged plant community in the mid-section of Nanling is situated in the importantpart of China-Japan forest vegetation zone dominated by China-endemic species, and whoseflora has the property that transited from subtropics to tropics. In both broad-leaved evergreensecondary forests (SF) and broad-leaved evergreen old-growth forest (OF), their dominant treespecies belong to Fagaceae, and the difference is found in the shrub layer with dominantEricaceae in SF and Hamamelidaceae in PF, respectively. These community characteristics onthe whole showed a picture of a subtropical evergreen forest.
(2) The disaster damage to SF and OF were up to84.24%and40.91%in mechanicaldamage, respectively. However, the mild damage was dominated and the damage to OF is lessthan to SF. Low frequency species were less destroyed in this disaster. Stem bending was themajor type of damages in SF, while top breadage was the major type of damages in OF. Stembending and normal trees were trees with diameter classes I andⅡ, top breadage trees are thosewith diameter class Ⅳ. The damage degree differed in variable dominant species. Fagaceaespecies were damaged slightly. Only the canopy structure changed a little and the wholecharacteristics of Fargesii did not change.
(3) There were72gaps formed after the disaster in our five sampling plots. Small gapswere the majority in SF and big gaps were the majority in OF. Gap-maker trees were mainlycomposed by dominant species: uprooting trees in SF and top breakage trees in OF. For gapregeneration species, most of them were trees and bushes, followed by vines and grasses. Gapregeneration species and the original forest species had low similarity, and this would result inthe invasion of heliophilous species and then short-term changes in community composition.
(4)The snow and freeze damage led to low mortality (6.81%-14.80%) in broad-leavedevergreen forests and the dead trees were mainly small ones almost with mechanical damages.Sprouting rates in broad-leaved evergreen forests were up to73.00%, and sprouting rates of OFwere bigger than those of SF. The sprouting rates of destroyed trees in SF were in the sequence:lodging> trunk breakage> top breakage> stem bending> uprooting; the sprout rates ofdestroyed trees in OF were listed: trunk breakage> stem bending> top breakage> lodging.Diameters at breast height (DBH) had certain correlation with the sprout number in SF (a linearcorrelation) and in PF (Power exponent correlation). The number and lengths of sprouts had nocorrelation, and the length of broken stem have no obvious impact on the number and lengthsof sprouts.
(5)We firstly used phytogeography to study the response of Nanling broad-leavedevergreen secondary forests to the snow and freeze disaster. We found that their geographicalcomponents were similar with geographical components of mid-section of Nanling, which aredominated by China-Japan components. Among these geographical components, Jiangnandistribution and tropical Asia distribution accounted for the largest proportion in heavydamaged type; South China distribution and Nanling unique elements were less destroyed.Local originating species’ ability to resisting damage was stronger than that of tropicaloriginating species. The regeneration of woody plants after the disaster mainly came fromTropical Asia, China-Japan and South China distribution. Though regeneration trees were lessfrom Nanling distribution, their sprouting rates were the highest.
(6) Our results suggested that for a rational conclusion it is very important to chooseappropriate calculation or estimate methods for damage index and forest self-recovery potential and so forth. That is to say, to restore the damaged broad-leaved evergreen forests efficiently,we should choose indigenous trees or trees which are originated from Nanling, and at themeantime we should also strengthen the nurture of “target trees”.
引文
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