扎龙湿地丹顶鹤（Grus japonensis）栖息地利用
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摘要
2007年3月—10月中旬,利用无线电遥测技术、定点观察法、GPS定位、样方法、因子测定法等野外调查方法和T检验、主成分分析、logistic回归等内业处理方法并结合地理信息系统对扎龙湿地丹顶鹤营巢地、巢址选择、领域面积、觅食地生境选择及集群地生境进行了调查研究。结果表明:
繁殖前期,丹顶鹤营巢地主要选择芦苇沼泽中(100%),植被密度、水深及苇丛距离对巢址生境选择为主要限制性因子,这与其食物因素、隐蔽条件和水因素有关。野生与散养丹顶鹤营巢选择时,巢深、巢下水深、巢周围水深及距苇丛距离有明显差异;巢址生境选择时,植被密度、水深及人为干扰因子有明显差异外,其它基本上无差别,这都跟散养丹顶鹤离人群较近有关。
野生丹顶鹤领域面积为0.689±0.106km~2,散养丹顶鹤领域面积为0.343±0.240km~2,生境斑块化和破碎化导致领域面积急剧减少。
整个繁殖期,丹顶鹤觅食生境选择具有特异性和随机性。繁殖前期时,水深、苇丛高度及人为干扰为主成分中前三个因子,累积贡献率达到76.371%。繁殖中期与繁殖前期无区别。繁殖后期时,植被密度、植被盖度、水深及人为干扰距离主成分分析时系数较大,累积贡献率达到73.534%,这与雏鹤身体因素、生长发育、躲避天敌等因素有关。集群期时,丹顶鹤觅食生境主要选择干涸的草甸,水深平均小于7cm,由于幼鹤的长大,隐蔽条件及人为活动因素已不是重要因子,要求不严。
通过逻辑斯蒂回归模型和生境选择指数显示,营巢生境和觅食生境有下降的趋势。导致这一原因主要是芦苇收割严重,生境退化、人为干扰频繁。
The research on nest building, nest-site selection, territory area, feeding habitat selection and flocking habitat of Red-crowned Cranes (Grus japonensis) during the different stages of the breeding period and flocking period was conducted from March to October 2007 by the field survery methods of radio tracking, fixed-spot observation, GPS positioning, plot sampling measurement, factor measurement ,etc, and the date proceeding methods of Independent sampling test, the principal componet analysis, logistic regression analysis and combining geographical information systems. The results are as follows:
During pre-breeding period, Red-crowned Cranes prefer to select reed marsh (100%) in nest building site, The type of vegetation, water depth, and distance of reed cluster are mainly restrictive factors in nest-site habitat selection, which are relate to food factor, cover condition and water factor. The nest depth, water depth down nest, water depth round nest have significant difference in nesting selection; The vegetation density, water depth and human disturbance factor have significant difference and other factors have not in nest-site selection of the wild and semi-domestic Red-crowned Cranes, which are relate to approach human about semi-domestic Red-crowned Cranes.
The territory area is 0.689±0.106km~2 about the wild Red-crowned Cranes, and is 0.343±0.240km~2 semi-domestic Red-crowned Cranes, Due to habitat fragmentation and habitat patch which reasons lead to reduce territory area.
During all breeding period Red-crowned Cranes takes on specific and non-randomicity about feeding habitat. In pre-breeding period, water depth, reed cluster height and human disturbance were three essential factors in the principal componet analysis, which cumulative contributation rate gain 76.371%. The med-breeding period and pre-breeding period were not difference. During upper-breeding period, Its coefficients were plurality with vegetation density, vegetation coverage, water depth and distance to human disturbance in principal component analysis, which cumulative contributation rate gain 73.534%. that may be relate to body factor, growth and sheering natural enemies about the young Red-crowned Cranes. During flocking period, Red-crowned Cranes prefer to mainly select dry meadow and water depth (<7cm) in feeding habitat. Due to growing the young Red-crowned Cranes, The cover condition and human disturbance have been unimportant factors.
The logistic regression model and index of habitat selection on Red-crowned Cranes were simulated: The habitat quality are declining with nest building and feeding hatitat, because serious harvest reed, high frequent human disturbance lead to degenerate habitat.
繁殖前期,丹顶鹤营巢地主要选择芦苇沼泽中(100%),植被密度、水深及苇丛距离对巢址生境选择为主要限制性因子,这与其食物因素、隐蔽条件和水因素有关。野生与散养丹顶鹤营巢选择时,巢深、巢下水深、巢周围水深及距苇丛距离有明显差异;巢址生境选择时,植被密度、水深及人为干扰因子有明显差异外,其它基本上无差别,这都跟散养丹顶鹤离人群较近有关。
野生丹顶鹤领域面积为0.689±0.106km~2,散养丹顶鹤领域面积为0.343±0.240km~2,生境斑块化和破碎化导致领域面积急剧减少。
整个繁殖期,丹顶鹤觅食生境选择具有特异性和随机性。繁殖前期时,水深、苇丛高度及人为干扰为主成分中前三个因子,累积贡献率达到76.371%。繁殖中期与繁殖前期无区别。繁殖后期时,植被密度、植被盖度、水深及人为干扰距离主成分分析时系数较大,累积贡献率达到73.534%,这与雏鹤身体因素、生长发育、躲避天敌等因素有关。集群期时,丹顶鹤觅食生境主要选择干涸的草甸,水深平均小于7cm,由于幼鹤的长大,隐蔽条件及人为活动因素已不是重要因子,要求不严。
通过逻辑斯蒂回归模型和生境选择指数显示,营巢生境和觅食生境有下降的趋势。导致这一原因主要是芦苇收割严重,生境退化、人为干扰频繁。
The research on nest building, nest-site selection, territory area, feeding habitat selection and flocking habitat of Red-crowned Cranes (Grus japonensis) during the different stages of the breeding period and flocking period was conducted from March to October 2007 by the field survery methods of radio tracking, fixed-spot observation, GPS positioning, plot sampling measurement, factor measurement ,etc, and the date proceeding methods of Independent sampling test, the principal componet analysis, logistic regression analysis and combining geographical information systems. The results are as follows:
During pre-breeding period, Red-crowned Cranes prefer to select reed marsh (100%) in nest building site, The type of vegetation, water depth, and distance of reed cluster are mainly restrictive factors in nest-site habitat selection, which are relate to food factor, cover condition and water factor. The nest depth, water depth down nest, water depth round nest have significant difference in nesting selection; The vegetation density, water depth and human disturbance factor have significant difference and other factors have not in nest-site selection of the wild and semi-domestic Red-crowned Cranes, which are relate to approach human about semi-domestic Red-crowned Cranes.
The territory area is 0.689±0.106km~2 about the wild Red-crowned Cranes, and is 0.343±0.240km~2 semi-domestic Red-crowned Cranes, Due to habitat fragmentation and habitat patch which reasons lead to reduce territory area.
During all breeding period Red-crowned Cranes takes on specific and non-randomicity about feeding habitat. In pre-breeding period, water depth, reed cluster height and human disturbance were three essential factors in the principal componet analysis, which cumulative contributation rate gain 76.371%. The med-breeding period and pre-breeding period were not difference. During upper-breeding period, Its coefficients were plurality with vegetation density, vegetation coverage, water depth and distance to human disturbance in principal component analysis, which cumulative contributation rate gain 73.534%. that may be relate to body factor, growth and sheering natural enemies about the young Red-crowned Cranes. During flocking period, Red-crowned Cranes prefer to mainly select dry meadow and water depth (<7cm) in feeding habitat. Due to growing the young Red-crowned Cranes, The cover condition and human disturbance have been unimportant factors.
The logistic regression model and index of habitat selection on Red-crowned Cranes were simulated: The habitat quality are declining with nest building and feeding hatitat, because serious harvest reed, high frequent human disturbance lead to degenerate habitat.
引文
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