福建省沿海木麻黄防护林生态系统服务功能及其评价
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摘要
木麻黄防护林是我国东南沿海地区防护林体系的重要组成部分,是抵御来自海岸带各种威胁的一道绿色屏障,具有防风固沙、保持水土、调节气候、涵养水源、改善环境和维持生态平衡等功能。虽然国内外对沿海木麻黄防护林生态系统功能开展过相关研究,积累了较为丰富的研究资料,但尚未较完整和全面地确定海岸带木麻黄人工林生态系统服务功能的类型及其机理,目前还未提出针对沿海防护林生态系统服务功能评价的指标体系与计算方法,没有从定量的角度对木麻黄林的生态系统服务功能进行评估和动态分析,并提供森林生态效益评价与动态仿真研究的案例。合理评估沿海木麻黄防护林生态系统服务价值,对进一步了解其功能、促进海岸带防护林的可持续经营具有非常重要的意义。本文主要开展了以下方面的研究工作:
(1)建立了沿海木麻黄防护林生态系统服务功能评价体系。遵循科学性、系统性、独立性、实用性、可比性和因地制宜的原则,根据2008年国家林业局发布的《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范(LY/T1721─2008)》,结合沿海防护林的特点,从沿海防护林的生态效益出发,把沿海防护林生态系统的服务功能划分为直接经济价值和间接经济价值,建立了由木材产品生产、固碳释氧、净化大气环境、森林防护、保育土壤、积累营养物质、水源涵养、生物多样性保护及森林游憩共9项功指标构成的海防林生态系统评价指标体系,并确定了相应的价值量估算方法。
(2)确定了沿海木麻黄防护林生态系统服务功能的计量方法。运用生态学及其经济学的原理与方法,确立我国沿海防护林生态系统类型,以福建省沿海木麻黄防护林为例,筛选出森林生态系统服务功能的评价方法和评价指标,根据福建省林科院在沿海惠安、东山、平潭设立的沿海防护林生态系统定位研究站数据,以及福建省第七次(2004～2008年)森林资源清查资料、变化的森林生产力、各种变化的价格参数,分别采用影子价格法、替代花费法、机会成本法、市场价值法、公众支付意愿法等评价方法,定量地评价木麻黄防护林生态系统各种服务功能的实物量与价值量。
(3)对福建沿海木麻黄防护林的生态系统服务功能进行定量化评估。计算结果表明:福建省木麻黄防护林生态系统服务功能的总价值为510284.1万元/年,直接经济价值为4662.52万元/年,占总价值的0.91%,主要为木材及林副产品。间接经济价值为505621.58万元/年,占总价值的99.01%,其中固碳制氧价值达156556.8万元/年,占30.680%;净化空气功能价值达3402.02万元/年,占0.67%;森林保护价值为26050万元/年,占5.10%;保育土壤功能价值为319033.7万元/年,占62.52%;涵养水源价值为489.26万元/年,占0.1%;维持生物多样性价值为89.82万元/年,占0.01%。由此可以看出,木麻黄防护林具有强大的生态服务功能,而且具有很大的提升潜力。
(4)提出了改善沿海木麻黄防护林生态系统服务功能的有效途径。一要完善沿海防护林的生态补偿;二要完善沿海防护林体系的结构和管理水平,其中沿海防护林体系空间格局优化是提升生态系统服务功能的关键,构建高效沿海防护林体系是提升生态系统服务功能的基础,改善沿海防护林管理技术是提升生态系统服务功能的保证;三要加强沿海防护林体系的监测与保护,为提升生态系统服务功能提供保障和依据。
开展森林生态系统服务功能的监测评价工作,实现森林生态效益的定量计算和货币化评估,有效评价森林生态效益当地生态、环境、社会、经济的贡献和影响,有利于充分展示森林生态系统的地位和作用,提高社会公众对森林与环境重视,争取更大的政府、社会各界的投入和支持。本研究为福建省沿海木麻黄防护林的生态价值评估作了开拓性的研究工作,对其进行了价值核算,对加深决策者对森林资源价值的认识、制定切实可行的森林管理计划,并最终做出合理的决策提供了量化数据,同时为加强和改善东南沿海木麻黄防护林体系工程建设提供了理论基础与科学依据。
Protection forest of Casuarina equisetifolia is one of the most important components of the protection forest system in the southeast coast of China, which can combat threaten from the ocean, and take good function in water conservation, regulate the climate, wind defending, water conservation, environmental enhancement and also keep balance of the ecosystem. There was already plenty of research on the ecological function of the protection forest of environmental enhancement, however, no index system and method of calculation aimed at coastal protection forest had been developed yet. No evaluation and analysis had been carried out in quantization perspective. To evaluate and quantify the ecological value of the protection forest of Casuarina equisetifolia can help to further recognize its value, and eventually help to improve the sustainable management significantly. The main research work listed as follows:
(1) An evaluation index system was developed. The ecological service value of the protection forest of Casuarina equisetifolia can be divided into two parts, one is direct economic value and indirect economic value. The index system was comprised of the nine ecological services, and corresponding calculation method was given, too.
(2) Method to calculate the ecological service value was determined. Distinguish different types of protection forest in both Ecological and Economics perspective. In this thesis, we took the ecological service value of the protection forest Casuarina equisetifolia as an example, method and indexes were selected. Ecosystem service value was obtained based on the data taken by fix by observation, cooperated with the data taken from the seventh National Forestry Survey. Dynamics of the forest productivity
(3) Ecosystem service value of the coastal protection forest of Casuarina equisetifolia was evaluated quantitively. The result shows that the average annual shelter forests ecosystem services values of Fujian adds up to 510284.1×10~4 yuan, which consist of 4662.52×10~4 yuan of timber Value, accounts for 0.91%, 156556.8×10~4 yuan of carbon fixation and oxygen release, accounts for 30.68%, 3402.02×10~4 yuan of air purification, accounts for 0.67%, 319033.7×10~4 yuan of soil conservation, accounts for 62.52%, 26050×10~4 yuan of forest protection , accounts for5.10%, 489.26×10~4 yuan of water storage, accounts for 0.10%, 89.82×10~4 yuan of habitat provision, accounting for 0.01%.
(4) The effective way of improving the ecosystem services of Casuarina equisetifolia protection forest was proposed. First, we must improve the coastal protection forest ecological compensation. Second, improve the structure and management of coastal shelterbelts, of which coastal protection forest spatial structure optimization was the key to enhance the ecosystem services. Construction of efficient coastal protection forest system is the foundation of improving ecosystem services and improving the coastal protection forest management techniques is the guarantee of improving ecosystem services. Third, monitoring and protection of coastal shelterbelts should be strengthened to enhance ecosystem services.
Monitoring and evaluation of ecosystem services function was conducted to achieve forest ecological benefits of the quantitative calculation and currency-based assessment, and to evaluate the contribution and effects of forest ecological benefit to ecology, environment and economy. These will indicate the importance and role of the forest ecosystem, then enhance the attention of public on the forest and the environment and for greater government investment and support the community. In this study, the pioneering research work was made to assess the ecological value of Casuarina equisetifolia protection forest, and to carry out its accounting values. These will make the policy makers to deep the awareness of the forest resources values, to develop practical forest management plans, and ultimately make a reasonable decision. The theoretical and scientific basis will be developed to strengthen and enhance the construction of southeast coastal shelterbelt project.
(1)建立了沿海木麻黄防护林生态系统服务功能评价体系。遵循科学性、系统性、独立性、实用性、可比性和因地制宜的原则,根据2008年国家林业局发布的《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范(LY/T1721─2008)》,结合沿海防护林的特点,从沿海防护林的生态效益出发,把沿海防护林生态系统的服务功能划分为直接经济价值和间接经济价值,建立了由木材产品生产、固碳释氧、净化大气环境、森林防护、保育土壤、积累营养物质、水源涵养、生物多样性保护及森林游憩共9项功指标构成的海防林生态系统评价指标体系,并确定了相应的价值量估算方法。
(2)确定了沿海木麻黄防护林生态系统服务功能的计量方法。运用生态学及其经济学的原理与方法,确立我国沿海防护林生态系统类型,以福建省沿海木麻黄防护林为例,筛选出森林生态系统服务功能的评价方法和评价指标,根据福建省林科院在沿海惠安、东山、平潭设立的沿海防护林生态系统定位研究站数据,以及福建省第七次(2004～2008年)森林资源清查资料、变化的森林生产力、各种变化的价格参数,分别采用影子价格法、替代花费法、机会成本法、市场价值法、公众支付意愿法等评价方法,定量地评价木麻黄防护林生态系统各种服务功能的实物量与价值量。
(3)对福建沿海木麻黄防护林的生态系统服务功能进行定量化评估。计算结果表明:福建省木麻黄防护林生态系统服务功能的总价值为510284.1万元/年,直接经济价值为4662.52万元/年,占总价值的0.91%,主要为木材及林副产品。间接经济价值为505621.58万元/年,占总价值的99.01%,其中固碳制氧价值达156556.8万元/年,占30.680%;净化空气功能价值达3402.02万元/年,占0.67%;森林保护价值为26050万元/年,占5.10%;保育土壤功能价值为319033.7万元/年,占62.52%;涵养水源价值为489.26万元/年,占0.1%;维持生物多样性价值为89.82万元/年,占0.01%。由此可以看出,木麻黄防护林具有强大的生态服务功能,而且具有很大的提升潜力。
(4)提出了改善沿海木麻黄防护林生态系统服务功能的有效途径。一要完善沿海防护林的生态补偿;二要完善沿海防护林体系的结构和管理水平,其中沿海防护林体系空间格局优化是提升生态系统服务功能的关键,构建高效沿海防护林体系是提升生态系统服务功能的基础,改善沿海防护林管理技术是提升生态系统服务功能的保证;三要加强沿海防护林体系的监测与保护,为提升生态系统服务功能提供保障和依据。
开展森林生态系统服务功能的监测评价工作,实现森林生态效益的定量计算和货币化评估,有效评价森林生态效益当地生态、环境、社会、经济的贡献和影响,有利于充分展示森林生态系统的地位和作用,提高社会公众对森林与环境重视,争取更大的政府、社会各界的投入和支持。本研究为福建省沿海木麻黄防护林的生态价值评估作了开拓性的研究工作,对其进行了价值核算,对加深决策者对森林资源价值的认识、制定切实可行的森林管理计划,并最终做出合理的决策提供了量化数据,同时为加强和改善东南沿海木麻黄防护林体系工程建设提供了理论基础与科学依据。
Protection forest of Casuarina equisetifolia is one of the most important components of the protection forest system in the southeast coast of China, which can combat threaten from the ocean, and take good function in water conservation, regulate the climate, wind defending, water conservation, environmental enhancement and also keep balance of the ecosystem. There was already plenty of research on the ecological function of the protection forest of environmental enhancement, however, no index system and method of calculation aimed at coastal protection forest had been developed yet. No evaluation and analysis had been carried out in quantization perspective. To evaluate and quantify the ecological value of the protection forest of Casuarina equisetifolia can help to further recognize its value, and eventually help to improve the sustainable management significantly. The main research work listed as follows:
(1) An evaluation index system was developed. The ecological service value of the protection forest of Casuarina equisetifolia can be divided into two parts, one is direct economic value and indirect economic value. The index system was comprised of the nine ecological services, and corresponding calculation method was given, too.
(2) Method to calculate the ecological service value was determined. Distinguish different types of protection forest in both Ecological and Economics perspective. In this thesis, we took the ecological service value of the protection forest Casuarina equisetifolia as an example, method and indexes were selected. Ecosystem service value was obtained based on the data taken by fix by observation, cooperated with the data taken from the seventh National Forestry Survey. Dynamics of the forest productivity
(3) Ecosystem service value of the coastal protection forest of Casuarina equisetifolia was evaluated quantitively. The result shows that the average annual shelter forests ecosystem services values of Fujian adds up to 510284.1×10~4 yuan, which consist of 4662.52×10~4 yuan of timber Value, accounts for 0.91%, 156556.8×10~4 yuan of carbon fixation and oxygen release, accounts for 30.68%, 3402.02×10~4 yuan of air purification, accounts for 0.67%, 319033.7×10~4 yuan of soil conservation, accounts for 62.52%, 26050×10~4 yuan of forest protection , accounts for5.10%, 489.26×10~4 yuan of water storage, accounts for 0.10%, 89.82×10~4 yuan of habitat provision, accounting for 0.01%.
(4) The effective way of improving the ecosystem services of Casuarina equisetifolia protection forest was proposed. First, we must improve the coastal protection forest ecological compensation. Second, improve the structure and management of coastal shelterbelts, of which coastal protection forest spatial structure optimization was the key to enhance the ecosystem services. Construction of efficient coastal protection forest system is the foundation of improving ecosystem services and improving the coastal protection forest management techniques is the guarantee of improving ecosystem services. Third, monitoring and protection of coastal shelterbelts should be strengthened to enhance ecosystem services.
Monitoring and evaluation of ecosystem services function was conducted to achieve forest ecological benefits of the quantitative calculation and currency-based assessment, and to evaluate the contribution and effects of forest ecological benefit to ecology, environment and economy. These will indicate the importance and role of the forest ecosystem, then enhance the attention of public on the forest and the environment and for greater government investment and support the community. In this study, the pioneering research work was made to assess the ecological value of Casuarina equisetifolia protection forest, and to carry out its accounting values. These will make the policy makers to deep the awareness of the forest resources values, to develop practical forest management plans, and ultimately make a reasonable decision. The theoretical and scientific basis will be developed to strengthen and enhance the construction of southeast coastal shelterbelt project.
引文
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