用户名: 密码: 验证码:
安全处罚的中外对比研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
近年我国社会各界一直有加大安全处罚力度的呼声,希望借助严厉的处罚抑制安全事故。运用中外比较的方法,从安全管理学和法学等角度对我国企业内外部安全处罚与国外的安全处罚制度进行对比,分析了国内外安全处罚在处罚对象范围、处罚原因、处罚措施、处罚力度、处罚应考量的因素等方面的区别,发现我国内外部安全处罚均存在一些不合理现象。认为一味加大处罚力度并非抑制事故的有效对策。我国应以“事故预防”作为安全处罚的理念。建议外部安全处罚中增设危险犯、构建可强制执行的承诺制度和协商处罚制度,提出了规范缓刑适用、细化刑罚幅度等具体建议。内部安全处罚应在“系统观”的指导下科学地完善及适用安全处罚制度,使用“2-4”模型分析违章原因、依据执法金字塔理论设计对违章行为的层级管理方法。
The voice of increasing the penalty efforts for work safety violations has existed for long time,and based on the idea serious penalty can restrain safety accidents. From the perspective of safetymanagement and law, this article compares Chinese internal and external safety penalties with theforeign safety penalty system and analyzes the differences of the scope of the penalty objects,penalty reasons, penalty measures, penalty efforts and the factors that should be taken into theconsideration for safety penalty between our country and the abroad,and then the author finds thatthere are certain unreasonable aspects in both our internal and external safety penalty systems.Solely aggravating the penalty efforts is not the most effective countermeasure for restraining safetyaccidents, so the idea that we should put "accident prevention" as the philosophy of safety penalty.Our external safety penalty should add potential damage offenses and establish enforceableundertakings system and negotiated penalty system. In addition, the suggestions of regulating theapplication of probation and detailing the magnitude of criminal penalty and so on are also putforward in the article. Our internal safety penalty should improve and apply the safety penaltysystem scientifically under the guidance of "systematic review",use "2-4" model to analyze thereasons of violations and design a hierarchical management way of violations based on the pyramidtheory of law enforcement.
引文
1.我国已制定近30部关于安全生产的法律、行政法规[EB/OL].[2010-09-10].http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2008-06/01/content_1001897.htm,2008-06-01/2012-01-5
    2.石少华.严刑厉法惩治安全生产犯罪[J].劳动保护,2006(8):56~57
    3.进一步加强危害生产安全刑事案件审判工作[N].人民法院报,2012-01-11
    4.《A煤矿安全处罚实施细则》[Z].河南A煤矿,2009
    5.《B煤矿基本安全管理制度》[Z].山西B煤矿,2011
    6.我国安全生产形势:总体稳定,持续好转,形势严峻[EB/OL].[2012-09-15].http://www.legaldaily.com.cn/index_article/content/2012-03/02/content_3552366.htm?node=6148
    7.国家煤矿安全监察局事故统计[EB/OL].[2014-01-0].http://media.chinasafety.gov.cn:8090/iSystem/shigumain.jsp
    8.宁丙文.环球职业安全健康动态[J].劳动保护,2013(3):110~111
    9. MSHA issues preliminary mine safety data for2013[EB/OL].[2014-05-01].http://www.msha.gov/MEDIA/PRESS/2014/NR140410.asp
    10.中华工商时报:乱世当用重典安全生产警钟长鸣[EB/OL].[2010-10-28].http://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/20051129/0000419351.shtml
    11.栗继祖、尹贻勤.安全心理学[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,2012,14~16
    12.景国勋、杨玉中.安全管理学[M].北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社,2012,38~40
    13.宗玲.煤矿守法的影响因素和对策研究[J].煤矿安全,2010(2):112~115
    14.牛立东、赵庆彬、赵林峰.煤矿事故“三违”行为机理分析[J].中国煤炭,2008(10)85~87
    15.裴旺.如何建立和谐的企业处罚文化[J].山西科技,2008(3):10~11
    16.梁楚奇.安全管理不能只局限于惩罚[J].当代矿工,2007(12):12~12
    17.胡春林.浅谈安全生产目标激励和奖惩机制在电力生产中的应用[J].湖南水利,2008(5):81~82
    18.吴兵、刘鸿义、冯小燕.苏赟.我国煤矿安全行政处罚问题研究[J].煤矿安全,2012(11):218~220
    19.柏冬军.石油企业安全管理的问题和改进思路[J].中国外资,2012(17):19~21
    20.钱剑安,魏巍.建筑施工现场安全检查问题剖析及对策[J].工业安全与环保,2012(6):65~67
    21.崔海莉、肖立军、尹逊新.三违”数控系统在安全生产中的开发与应用[J].山东煤炭,2012(4):222~223
    22.常凯.关于我国工业事故频发的法律分析[J].工会理论研究上海工会管理干部学院学报,2005(2):5~8
    23.施惠财.关于安全生产行政处罚工作存在的若干问题及对策思路(上)[J].安全与健康,2005(9):9~11
    24.施惠财.关于安全生产行政处罚工作存在的若干问题及对策思路(下)[J].安全与健康,2005(10):22~25
    25.王卫国.安全生产法律体系亟待完善[J].劳动保护,2006(2):38~39
    26.陈新.行政罚款制度之优化设计—以比较法为视角[J].广西政法管理干部学院学报,2008(5):115~118
    27.曾文生.对生产安全事故调查处理有关问题的探讨[J].安全与健康,2008(11):34~36
    28.任国友.中美职业安全健康法对比[J].中国安全科学学报,2009(7):46~51
    29.吴丽萍.经验背景下我国劳动者职业安全的法律保护[J].江南社会学院学报,2010(6):76~80
    30.杨晨、和尚光.安全生产的《刑法》规制探析[J].中国安全生科学技术,2012(9):182~185
    31.赵青青.美国职业安全卫生监察及其对我国的启示[J].安徽警官学院学报,2013(2):26~28
    32.李广勇.浅谈煤矿安全监察中行政处罚的弊端及对策[C]//江西省煤炭工业协会、江西省煤炭学会2004年工作暨学术年会学术论文集,江西:2004
    33.陈新.行政罚款制度之优化设计—以比较法为视角[J].广西政法管理干部学院学报,2008(5):115~118
    34.石少华.从“限期整改”到“立即处罚”—“限期改正”不可取消[J].现代职业安全,2011(6):84~84
    35.崔文俊.罚款处罚与当事人的经济承受能力[J].长白学刊,2012(3):82~85
    36.蒋晓玲、庄乾龙.矿山安生生产刑事责任若干问题浅析[J].煤矿安全,2008(10):112~114
    37.赵秉志、李慧织.业务过失犯罪处罚问题研究[J].当代法学,2009(1):81~87
    38.刘雪梅.危害矿山生产、生态安全犯罪的刑法对策研究[J].邵阳学院学报(社会科学版),2010(6):22~26
    39.刘菜.关于煤矿矿难事故刑事责任追究的调研报告—以贵州省F县为样本[D].重庆:西南政法大学,2012
    40.赵秉志.新刑法教程[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1997:448
    41.刘守芬、申柳华.重大责任事故罪罪过形式研究[J].法学论坛,2006(11):101~107
    42.王作富.刑法分则实务研究[M].北京:中国方正出版社,2001:175
    43.肖曦.试论生产安全责任事故犯罪的刑法规制[D].湖北:华中师范大学,2011
    44.王守俊.重大责任事故罪若干问题探析[J].重庆科技学院学报:社会科学版,2009(12):70~71
    45.周建军.企业责任事故犯罪若干问题的思考[J].安全与健康,2005(19):26~27
    46.白平则.重大劳动安全事故罪罪过形式探讨[J].山西省政法管理干部学院学报,2005(4):19~20
    47.张阳平.关于重大劳动安全事故罪罚金刑及犯罪主体的法律思考[J].长春大学学报,2009(3):64~67
    48.王瑞丽.论重大劳动安全事故罪之主体特征[J].武汉大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2009(4):545~549
    49.董植贵.事故调查处理中的几个问题[J].劳动保护,2005(2):58~59
    50.尚云宏.对行政处罚裁量的控制—以裁量基准为视角[D].北京:中国政法大学,2011
    51.苏苗罕.美国联邦政府监管中的行政罚款制度研究[J].环球法律评论,2012(3):103~115
    52.朱喜洋.中外安全生产法律责任设定比较[J].劳动保护,2012(10):106~108
    53.高颖.行政自由裁量权细化研究——以公安行政处罚自由裁量权为例[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2012
    54. Mark A. Long. Employee noncompliance with the occupational safety and health cut: makingthe worker pay[J].the American university law review vol.(31):123~132
    55.特里L利普,迈克尔D克莱诺.处理雇员不良行为时应该考虑的八个问题[J].杨玲珍,闵毅,译.外国经济与管理,1987(5):21~22
    56. John T. Scholz, Wayne B. Gray. OSHA enforcement and workplace injuries: A behavioralapproach to risk assessment. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty,1990,3(3):283~305
    57. Raymond J. Burby. Coercive versus cooperative pollution control. comparative study on stateprograms to reduce erosion and sedimentation pollution in urban areas.Enviromentalmanagement,vol.19:359~370
    58. A Hopkins.Holding Corporate Leaders Responsible[EB/OL].[2013-11-15].http://asiapacific02.cap.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/WorkingPaper_48.pdf,2011-09-07
    59. N Gunningham, D Sinclair. Multiple OHS inspection tools: Balancing deterrence andcompliance in the mining sector. National Research Centre for OHS Regulation[EB/OL].[2013-07-02].http://asiapacific02.cap.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/WorkingPaper_55.pdf,2013-2-1
    60. C Johnson.Ten contentions of corporate manslaughter legislations: public policy and thelegal response to workplace accidents.Safety Science.2008(3):349~370
    61. DM Uhlmann.Prosecuting worker endangerment. The need for stronger criminal penalties forviolations of the occupational safety and health act[EB/OL].[2014-03-20].http://www.acslaw.org/files/Uhlmann%20issue%20brief_0.pdf
    62. J Braithwaite.Enforced self-regulation: A new strategy for corporate crime control. Michiganlaw review.1982,80(7)1466~1507
    63. Ayres, Ian and John Braithwaite. Responsive regulation: Transcending the deregulationdebate. New York: Oxford University Press,1992:101
    64. L Bluff. The use of infringement notices in OHS law enforcement[EB/OL].[2013-12-20].https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/39958
    65. Nsw law reform commission.Report122(2009)workplace death.[EB/OL].[2010-11-03].http://www.lawreform.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lrc/reportsmain/LRC_r122bib.html
    66. RS Crompton, S Mayman, B Sherriff.National review into model occupational health andsafety laws: first report[EB/OL].[2011-10-26].http://apo.org.au/research/national-review-model-occupational-health-and-safety-laws
    67. Johnstone, Richard.Safety, courts and crime: occupational safety and health prosecutions inthe Magistrates' courts. Policy and Practice in Health and Safety, Issue1:105~127
    68.徐菱涓.运用强化理论提高激励效果—浅议强化理论在学生工作中的具体运用[J].江苏航空,2002(01):37~38
    69.李秋香.论守法的成本与效益[J].兰州学刊,2005(3):169~173
    70. John T. Scholz, Wayne B. Gray. OSHA enforcement and workplace injuries: A behavioralapproach to risk assessment. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty,1990,3(3):283~305
    71. Ayres, Ian and John Braithwaite. Responsive regulation: Transcending the deregulationdebate. New York: Oxford University Press,1992:101
    72.徐久生.刑罚目的及其实现[D].中国政法大学,2009
    73.长北气油田合作开发项HSE管理的调查报告(下)[EB/OL].[2010-05-07].http://www.oilhome.com.cn/news/newsgn/200604/34570.html
    74.梁楚奇.安全管理不能只局限于惩罚[J].当代矿工,2007(12):12~12
    75.程方强.严处罚≠强效果[EB/OL].[2013-08-20].http://www.scfzw.net/flfwmk/html/86/982.html
    76.安监总局通报查处瞒报事故等安全监管监察执法情况[EB/OL].[2011-04-03].http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/1027/8685947.html.
    77.事故可怕,瞒报更可怕[N].浙江日报,2013-01-06
    78. Paragon Hotel Corp. v. Ramirez,783S.W.2d654. Court of Appeals State of ArizonaDivision Two,1990
    79. Glass, Harry, III v. Amber, Inc.--Appeal from215th District Court of Harris County[Z].TexasFirst District Court,2002
    80.乔明亮.山西洪洞"12·5"煤矿爆炸事故抢险工作基本结束[N].山西日报,2007-12-08
    81.国家安全监管总局.国家煤矿安监局关于贵州省2起煤矿顶板事故的通报[EB/OL].[2013-10-21].http://www.chinacoal-safety.gov.cn/Contents/Channel_5961/2012/0809/174967/content_174967.html
    82.麦克斯温.安全管理:流程与实施(第2版)[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2011,18~19
    83.高铭暄,彭凤莲.论中国刑法中单位犯罪的几个问题[EB/OL].[2012-03-22].http://www.criminallawbnu.cn/criminal/Info/showpage.asp?pkID=9135.2006-08-17/2012-10-08
    84.鹤岗市对富华煤矿火灾事故责任人进行一审宣判[EB/OL].[2011-07-03].http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2008-09/23/content_1103521.html
    85.郭太生、李娟.对“关于特大安全事故行政责任追究的规定”的思考[J].山东公安专科学校学报,2002.(4):84~86
    86.黑龙江省人民政府关于印发黑龙江省煤矿重特大安全事故行政责任追究暂行规定的通知[Z].黑龙江省人民政府,2005
    87. ACA opposes administrative penalties for occupational health and safety[EB/OL].[2013-01-20].http://albertaconstruction.net/?p=1666
    88. Chris Seymour.Mining safety prosecutions[EB/OL].[2012-03-14].http://www.qrc.org.au/conference/_dbase_upl/Mining_Safety_Prosecutions.docx
    89. Eric J. Conn.OSHA Criminal Referrals on the Rise[EB/OL].[2012-11-18].http://www.oshalawupdate.com/2012/12/18/osha-criminal-referrals-on-the-rise/,2011-08-20.
    90.代海军.美国矿山安全立法及其启示[J].现代职业安全,2013(4):90~93
    91. H.R.2768S-MINER Act[EB/OL].[2013-10-02].http://beta.congress.gov/bill/110th-congress/house-bill/2768
    92. Number of Documented Mine Disasters(5or more deaths)[EB/OL].[2011-02-09].http://www.msha.gov/MSHAINFO/FactSheets/MSHAFCT8.HTML
    93. US Labor Department's. MSHA cites corporate culture as root cause of Upper Big BranchMine disaster Massey issued369citations and orders with$10.8million in civilpenalties[EB/OL].[2013-12-10].http://www.msha.gov/MEDIA/PRESS/2011/NR111206.asp
    94. Criminal charges filed against company in Crandall Canyon Mine Accident [EB/OL].[2013-12-23].http://www.fbi.gov/saltlakecity/press-releases/2012/criminal-charges-filed-against-company-in-crandall-canyon-mine-accident
    95. Investigators blame illegal cutting torch for deadly blast [EB/OL].[2013-12-23].http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=266&dat=20070413&id=hvkrAAAAIBAJ&sjid=HW0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=4999,1088748
    96. Judicial opinion[EB/OL].[2013-12-24].http://www.msha.gov/Fatals/Judicial%20Opinions/Sago/SagoMinedecision.pdf
    97. Docket No. SE2003-160.[EB/OL].[2013-12-24].http://www.msha.gov/fatals/Judicial%20Opinions/JWR/se2003-160-08302006.pdf
    98. MSHA news release No.95-035[EB/OL].[2013-12-24].http://www.msha.gov/MEDIA/PRESS/1995/NR950914.HTML
    99.王显政.美国煤矿安全监察体系[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,2011:329~330
    100. U.S. Labor Department's MSHA levies$1.5million fine against Aracoma mineoperator[EB/OL].[2013-12-25].http://www.msha.gov/MEDIA/PRESS/2007/NR070329.asp
    101. MSHA issues$874,500in fines to R&D Coal Co.[EB/OL].[2013-12-27].http://www.msha.gov/MEDIA/PRESS/2007/NR070412b.asp
    102. MSHA fines Kentucky operator$360,000after mine fatalities [EB/OL].[2013-12-27].http://www.msha.gov/MEDIA/PRESS/2006/NR060531.asp
    103. US Labor Department's MSHA cites corporate culture as root cause of Upper Big BranchMine disaster[EB/OL].[2014-03-10].http://www.dol.gov/opa/media/press/msha/MSHA20111734.html
    104. Former Upper Big Branch Mine superintendent sentenced to prison in connection withfederal investigation at Upper Big Branch [EB/OL].[2014-03-10].http://www.justice.gov/usao/wvs/press_releases/Jan2013/attachments/011713May-sentencing
    .html
    105. Boyle, Theresa.Why did safety system fail? Sad questions grow louder. The Toronto Star(Toronto):A10
    106. WESTRAY:20Years Later the impact of this tragedy on workers safety[EB/OL].[2013-12-25].http://ohsinsider.com/wp-content/images/OHSI_Westray_Mar2012_Proof5.pdf
    107. Mark A. Long. Employee noncompliance with the occupational safety and health cut: makingthe worker pay[J].the American university law review vol.(31):123~132
    108. Report of investigation Sago Mine, Wolf Run Mining Company[EB/OL].[2013-12-25].http://www.msha.gov/Fatals/2006/Sago/ftl06C1-12.pdf
    109.王显政.美国煤矿安全监察体系[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,2011:338
    110. NEW INFO: W.Va. Mine widows bring fight to Supreme Court[EB/OL].[2013-12-28].http://www.wsaz.com/news/headlines/98286214.html
    111.关于山西省临汾市洪洞县瑞之源煤业有限公司“12.5”特别重大瓦斯事故结案的通知[EB/OL].[2013-12-28].http://www.chinacoal.gov.cn/templet/3/ShowArticle.jsp?id=14068
    112.国家安全监管总局关于山西省襄汾县新塔矿业公司“9·8”特别重大尾矿库溃坝事故结案的通知[EB/OL].[2013-12-28].http://zfxxgk.chinasafety.gov.cn/userfiles/infoopen/20090801/48e4e417232cca4d01232ce6159d0394/content.html?c=iroot190001000510006&i=48e4e417232cca4d01232ce6159d039
    113.王良顺.美国法人犯罪的归责[J].环球法律评论,2009(6):56~64
    114.国务院办公厅关于印发国家职业病防治规划(2009—2015年)的通知[Z].国务院办公厅,2009
    115. Mark A. Long. Employee noncompliance with the occupational safety and health cut: makingthe worker pay[J].the American university law review vol.(31):123~132
    116.元照英美法词典[Z].北京:法律出版社,2011:711~1156
    117. Coal worker fined$11000for lighting up[EB/OL].[2013-12-30].http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-04-22/coal-worker-fined-11k-for-lighting-up/4642760.
    118. Community based ‘prison term’imposed for OHS breach by a worker[EB/OL].[2013-12-28].http://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/knowledge/publications/56018/community-based-prison-term-imposed-for-ohs-breach-by-a-worker
    119. See Telecommunications Act.(S.C.1993, c.38)[EB/OL].[2013-12-30].http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/t-3.4/FullText.html
    120. Enforceable undertaking list [EB/OL].[2014-03-01].http://www.deir.qld.gov.au/workplace/law/enforceable-undertakings/summary/index.htm#.U1CAoHmKDIU2.1998-2014
    121. Kenny Constructions Pty Ltd [EB/OL].[2014-03-01].http://www.deir.qld.gov.au/workplace/law/enforceable-undertakings/2013/kenny-constructions/index.htm#.U3GXqnmKDIU
    122. Non-prosecution agreement [EB/OL].[2014-2-20].http://www.gibsondunn.com/publications/Documents/AlphaResources_NPA.pdf
    123. Corporate-wide settlement agreements[EB/OL].[2014-2-20].https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owasrch.search_form?p_doc_type=CWSA&p_toc_level=0
    124.陕西省澄城瓦斯事故20人被追究责任[EB/OL].[2014-2-22].http://www.sn.xinhuanet.com/2009-03/03/content_15847052.html
    125.国家安全监管总局关于山西省襄汾县新塔矿业公司“98”特别重大尾矿库溃坝事故结案的通知[EB/OL].[2014-2-22].http://www.51benan.com/a/201309/212474.html
    126. See Clean Air Act1990
    127. Johnstone, Richard.Safety, courts and crime: occupational safety and health prosecutions inthe Magistrates' courts[J]. Policy and Practice in Health and Safety. Issue1:105~127
    128. J Gobert.The Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act2007–Thirteen years inthe making but was it worth the wait [J]. The Modern Law Review.2008
    129. Testimony of David Michaels[EB/OL].[2013-10-20].https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=TESTIMONIES&p_id=1062
    130. OSHA’s per violatiow penalties inerease in2011[EB/OL].[2014-2-22].https://www.osha.gov/dep/index.html
    131. OSHA field operations manual.2009.9[EB/OL].[2014-3-01].https://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/Directive_pdf/CPL_02-00-148.pdf
    132.2010enforcement summary-OSHA[EB/OL].[2014-3-08].https://www.osha.gov/dep/2010_enforcement_summary.html
    133. OSHA’s Per Violation Penalties Increase in2011.[EB/OL].[2014-3-09].http://www.oshalawupdate.com/2012/01/03/osha%E2%80%99s-per-violation-penalties-increase-in-2011/
    134. OSHA receives budget increase in2012[EB/OL].[2014-3-10].http://www.nsc.org/news_resources/nsc_publications/Documents/oshaUpToDate/osha.03.12.pdf
    135. Corporate criminal liability2004-2013[EB/OL].[2014-3-10].http://www.stopthekilling.ca/sites/g/files/g1337701/f/201401/WestIICorpCrimLiabilitySept013.pdf
    136. OSHA’s field operations manual [EB/OL].[2014-3-11].https://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/Directive_pdf/CPL_02-00-148.pdf
    137. BP to Pay$50.6Million Fine for Texas Refinery Blast[EB/OL].[2014-3-11].http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/08/12/us-bp-refinery-texascity-osha-idUSTRE67B49520100812(2011-5-12)
    138. OSHA takes action to protect America workers with severe violator program and increasedpenalties[EB/OL].[2013-2-01].http://www.dol.gov/opa/media/press/osha/osha20100538.html
    139. US Department of Labor's OSHA cites Alabama lumber mill with willful and serious safetyand health violations following worker fatality[EB/OL].[2014-3-15].https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=NEWS_RELEASES&p_id=20160
    140. Inspection:313940033Kraft Foods Global, Inc[EB/OL].[2014-3-15].https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=313940033
    141.吕海燕.美国职业安全卫生自愿保护纲要介绍[J].劳动保护,1998(11):44~45
    142. OSHA field operations manual.2009.9[EB/OL].[2014-3-15].https://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/Directive_pdf/CPL_02-00-148.pdf
    143. Terry Macalister.BP admits blame for Texas oil disaster[EB/OL].[2014-3-16].http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2005/may/18/usnews.oilandpetro
    144.窦竹君.连坐:中国传统社会治理的制度基础—关于连坐与社会治理的思考[J].河北法学,2010(6):90~101
    145.第四章第四章有效奖励与惩罚的理论与应用[EB/OL].[2014-3-10].http://wenku.baidu.com/link?url=w1Fi3Xqb7Nm6_xi2wwf4yBV17O1oiffq4_CNOSrZyZ1cXtS95yudqzGvTJdRAVTIwRLIRkI50MNG_wHOvme2nN03jVEIanolR1pIUQwujfO
    146.名企奖惩案例:处分,但不惩罚[EB/OL].[2014-2-07].http://www.4oa.com/office/748/934/200712/137386.html
    147.钟耀荣.德国和美国的安全管理模式[J].电力安全技术,2002(4):4~5
    148. Alexa Sulzenko.When is a health and safety violation just cause for dismissal[EB/OL].[2014-3-15].http://filion.on.ca/uploads/ckeditor/attachment_files/283/Seminar2013%20When%20Is%20a%20Health%20and%20Safety%20Violation%20Just%20Cause%20for%20Dismissal.pdf
    149.张晨,刘洪波.美国航空安全信息共享和分析[J].中国民用航空,2011(10):67~69
    150.史晓红.生产安全未遂事件管理研究[D].首都经济贸易大学,2008
    151.鲁信春.舟山石油深化未遂事故管理[J].中国石化,2009(5):57~58
    152.史晓红.生产安全未遂事件管理研究[D].首都经济贸易大学,2008
    153.庄汝峰.基于安全文化建设的石化企业未遂事件管理研究[D].青岛科技大学,2010
    154.周志鹏、李启明、邓小鹏、吴伟巍.险兆事件管理系统在地铁施工安全管理中的应用[J].解放军理工大学学报(自然科学版),2009(6):597~603
    155.冯志明.论康菲石油公司项目安全管理的特色及实际应用[J].中国科技财富,2010(12):52~52
    156.张晓. Near-Miss管理分析及其在某公司的应用研究[D].中国地质大学,2007
    157.史晓红.生产安全未遂事件管理研究[D].首都经济贸易大学,2008
    158.程应需.关于完善煤矿安全生产刑罚保障机制的立法构想[J].郑州经济管理干部学院学报,2006.6:64~67
    159. Reason J. Human error: Models and management.BMJ,2000.320:768~770
    160.傅贵、殷文韬、董继业.行为安全“2-4”模型及其在煤矿安全管理中的应用[J].煤炭学报,2013(7):1123~1129
    161.傅贵、张苏、董继业、高上飞.行为安全的理论实质与效果讨论[J].中国安全科学报,2013(3):150~154
    162.王丹、沈玉志.矿工违章行为分类及控制模式研究[J].煤矿安全,2010(8):151~153

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700