中国企业境外可持续森林培育模板研究
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摘要
为了规范和指导我国企业在境外的森林培育活动,2007年8月,国家林业局、商务部联合编制并发布了《中国企业境外可持续森林培育指南》。本研究根据《指南》的要求,提倡中国企业在境外遵循可持续发展的理念开展森林培育活动,遵守国际公约和当地相关法律法规,编制科学合理的可持续森林培育方案,对企业境外人工造林、生态保护、社区发展等也提出科学的建议,并由此建立指导今后中国企业的境外森林培育活动的示范性模板。
本文从以下几方面对企业在境外的森林培育活动进行了案例分析,并提出了企业应采取的具体措施：
自觉遵守相关国际公约及法律；编制科学合理的可持续森林培育方案；注重生态保护；促进社区发展。
通过案例分析,笔者认为在境外进行可持续森林培育活动的中国企业应做到：
1遵守相关法律法规,具体包括：遵守森林培育相关的国际公约和协议；遵守中国政府关于企业(林业)境外经济技术合作的法律和法规；遵守所在国的相关法律法规,并正确把握该国的政治、经济、林业及法律发展走势,争取投资利益最大化。
2制定科学的可持续森林培育方案,包括以下具体内容：森林培育活动目标,包括调查资源结构和优化培育模式；自然社会经济状况,包括森林特别是高保护价值森林资源、环境限制因素、土地利用及所有权状况、社会经济条件、社会发展与主导需求、森林培育活动沿革,以及邻近土地的概况；林业生产的总体布局；森林培育体系和营林措施,包括种苗生产、更新造林、抚育间伐、林分改造等；森林采伐和更新规划,包括年采伐面积、采伐量、采伐强度、出材量、采伐方式、伐区配置和更新作业等；森林和环境保护规划,包括森林有害生物防治、森林防火、水土保持、化学制剂和有毒物质的控制,以及林地占用等；野生动植物保护规划,特别是珍稀、受威胁及濒危物种；多种经营和林产品加工规划设计；重要非木质林产品培育、保护与利用的经营规划和措施；基本建设和林道规划；森林培育活动效益和风险评估；森林生态系统的监测措施；与森林培育有关的必要图表；应符合所在国其他方面的具体要求。
3重视生态保护,包括：生物多样性保护；进行环境影响评估,并采取相应措施将森林培育对环境造成的不利影响降至最低；森林保护,包括林木有害生物防治和森林防火管理；森林监测。
4促进当地社区发展,主要内容有：人力资源本地化；处理好劳工关系；保障社区对森林及相关资源的法定权益；建立合作伙伴关系。
August,2007, State Forestry Administration, P.R China and Ministry of Commerce have developed A Guide On Sustainable Overseas Silviculture by Chinese Enterprises, in order to regulating the overseas Chinese enterprises. Based on the Guide, the author suggested that those overseas Chinese enterprises should operate silviculture activities in a sustainable way, observe the conventions and agreements signed by China and host country, formulate a scientific silviculture plan, meanwhile they should pay attention to ecological protection and community development. On top of it, to build a model of sustainable overseas silviculture by Chinese enterprises. For that, the overseas silviculture activities by enterprises were analyzed based on these factors below:
Observing the relevant international conventions and agreements; Formulating and implanted a silviculture plan; Paying attention to ecological protections; Community development promotion.
Through the Process above, the conclusion was that those Chinese enterprises who has been or about to doing overseas silviculture should act like this:
1 Observing the relevant laws, rules, conventions and agreements, which including:
The relevant conventions and agreements signed by China and the host country should be observed; The laws, statutes, departmental regulations and relevant documents, made or issued by competent government agencies on the companies involved in foreign economic and technological cooperation, shall be observed; The laws and regulations of the host country should be abided by, meanwhile the developing tendency of politic, economic, forestry and law in host country should be mastered, in order to maximum the profit.
2 Formulating and implemented a silviculture plan, The silviculture planning and its accessory documents shall include the following:
The purpose of silviculture activities, including investigation of resource and optimum silviculture model; The natural and socio-economic situation, including forest, high conservation value forest in particular, limited environmental factors, the situation of land use and ownership, socio-economic conditions, social progress and predominant demands, evolution of silviculture as well as the survey of adjacent land; The overall arrangement of forestry production; The silviculture system and afforestation measures, including seedling production, regeneration plating, tending and selective thinning forest evaluation and transformation, etc; Forest logging and renewal planning, including logging area, harvest volume, logging intersity, yield volume, logging methods, logging area configuration and renewal operations, etc; Forest and environment protection planning, including prevention and treatment of harmful forest living organisms, forest fire prevention, water and soil conservation, control of chemicals and toxicants, occupation and expropriation of forestland, etc; Wild fauna and flora protection planning, including the rare, threatened as well as endangered species; Diversified operations and planning and designs of forest product processing; Operational planning and measures of silviculture, protection and utilization of non-timber forest products; Planning of infrastructure and forest road network; Evaluation of the benefits and risks of silviculture activities; Measures for monitoring the forest ecosystem; Necessary charts pertaining to silvicultrue; Meeting other requirements of the host country.
3 Paying attention to ecological protection, including:
Protection of biodiversity; The impact of the silviculture activities upon environment shall be considered, and take measures to minimize the negative impact of silviculture activities to the environment; Forest conservation including:Preventing and treating harmful forest living organisms and forest fire management; Forest monitoring
4 Community development promotion, which were:
Human resource localization; Employment management; No infringement of the legal rights and benefits of forest and other resources enjoyed by the local residents shall be tolerated; To established partnership with the local community
本文从以下几方面对企业在境外的森林培育活动进行了案例分析,并提出了企业应采取的具体措施：
自觉遵守相关国际公约及法律；编制科学合理的可持续森林培育方案；注重生态保护；促进社区发展。
通过案例分析,笔者认为在境外进行可持续森林培育活动的中国企业应做到：
1遵守相关法律法规,具体包括：遵守森林培育相关的国际公约和协议；遵守中国政府关于企业(林业)境外经济技术合作的法律和法规；遵守所在国的相关法律法规,并正确把握该国的政治、经济、林业及法律发展走势,争取投资利益最大化。
2制定科学的可持续森林培育方案,包括以下具体内容：森林培育活动目标,包括调查资源结构和优化培育模式；自然社会经济状况,包括森林特别是高保护价值森林资源、环境限制因素、土地利用及所有权状况、社会经济条件、社会发展与主导需求、森林培育活动沿革,以及邻近土地的概况；林业生产的总体布局；森林培育体系和营林措施,包括种苗生产、更新造林、抚育间伐、林分改造等；森林采伐和更新规划,包括年采伐面积、采伐量、采伐强度、出材量、采伐方式、伐区配置和更新作业等；森林和环境保护规划,包括森林有害生物防治、森林防火、水土保持、化学制剂和有毒物质的控制,以及林地占用等；野生动植物保护规划,特别是珍稀、受威胁及濒危物种；多种经营和林产品加工规划设计；重要非木质林产品培育、保护与利用的经营规划和措施；基本建设和林道规划；森林培育活动效益和风险评估；森林生态系统的监测措施；与森林培育有关的必要图表；应符合所在国其他方面的具体要求。
3重视生态保护,包括：生物多样性保护；进行环境影响评估,并采取相应措施将森林培育对环境造成的不利影响降至最低；森林保护,包括林木有害生物防治和森林防火管理；森林监测。
4促进当地社区发展,主要内容有：人力资源本地化；处理好劳工关系；保障社区对森林及相关资源的法定权益；建立合作伙伴关系。
August,2007, State Forestry Administration, P.R China and Ministry of Commerce have developed A Guide On Sustainable Overseas Silviculture by Chinese Enterprises, in order to regulating the overseas Chinese enterprises. Based on the Guide, the author suggested that those overseas Chinese enterprises should operate silviculture activities in a sustainable way, observe the conventions and agreements signed by China and host country, formulate a scientific silviculture plan, meanwhile they should pay attention to ecological protection and community development. On top of it, to build a model of sustainable overseas silviculture by Chinese enterprises. For that, the overseas silviculture activities by enterprises were analyzed based on these factors below:
Observing the relevant international conventions and agreements; Formulating and implanted a silviculture plan; Paying attention to ecological protections; Community development promotion.
Through the Process above, the conclusion was that those Chinese enterprises who has been or about to doing overseas silviculture should act like this:
1 Observing the relevant laws, rules, conventions and agreements, which including:
The relevant conventions and agreements signed by China and the host country should be observed; The laws, statutes, departmental regulations and relevant documents, made or issued by competent government agencies on the companies involved in foreign economic and technological cooperation, shall be observed; The laws and regulations of the host country should be abided by, meanwhile the developing tendency of politic, economic, forestry and law in host country should be mastered, in order to maximum the profit.
2 Formulating and implemented a silviculture plan, The silviculture planning and its accessory documents shall include the following:
The purpose of silviculture activities, including investigation of resource and optimum silviculture model; The natural and socio-economic situation, including forest, high conservation value forest in particular, limited environmental factors, the situation of land use and ownership, socio-economic conditions, social progress and predominant demands, evolution of silviculture as well as the survey of adjacent land; The overall arrangement of forestry production; The silviculture system and afforestation measures, including seedling production, regeneration plating, tending and selective thinning forest evaluation and transformation, etc; Forest logging and renewal planning, including logging area, harvest volume, logging intersity, yield volume, logging methods, logging area configuration and renewal operations, etc; Forest and environment protection planning, including prevention and treatment of harmful forest living organisms, forest fire prevention, water and soil conservation, control of chemicals and toxicants, occupation and expropriation of forestland, etc; Wild fauna and flora protection planning, including the rare, threatened as well as endangered species; Diversified operations and planning and designs of forest product processing; Operational planning and measures of silviculture, protection and utilization of non-timber forest products; Planning of infrastructure and forest road network; Evaluation of the benefits and risks of silviculture activities; Measures for monitoring the forest ecosystem; Necessary charts pertaining to silvicultrue; Meeting other requirements of the host country.
3 Paying attention to ecological protection, including:
Protection of biodiversity; The impact of the silviculture activities upon environment shall be considered, and take measures to minimize the negative impact of silviculture activities to the environment; Forest conservation including:Preventing and treating harmful forest living organisms and forest fire management; Forest monitoring
4 Community development promotion, which were:
Human resource localization; Employment management; No infringement of the legal rights and benefits of forest and other resources enjoyed by the local residents shall be tolerated; To established partnership with the local community
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