高含硫裂缝性气藏储层综合伤害数学模型研究
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摘要
高含硫裂缝性气藏流体渗流是天然气、H2S气体以及元素硫的混合物在多孔介质中的复杂流动过程。该类气藏在开采过程中,随着气体的产出,地层压力不断下降,同时由于焦耳-汤姆逊效应,近井地带温度亦有不同程度的降低,热力学条件的改变致使硫微粒在气相中的溶解度逐渐减小,在达到临界饱和态后从气相中析出,并在储层孔隙喉道中运移、沉积,导致地层孔隙度和渗透率降低。另一方面,由于储层的应力敏感性,地层压力的降低致使裂缝逐渐趋于闭合,也会导致地层孔隙度和渗透率的降低。传统意义上经典的渗流理论不再适应高含硫裂缝性气藏。
该论文属于国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)项目“酸性气田安全开采关键技术(项目编号：2007AA062209)”部分研究内容,主要开展高含硫裂缝性气藏储层综合伤害模型研究。
本文在硫沉积热力学机理研究基础上,针对高含硫裂缝性气藏复杂渗流特征,突破传统意义上经典的渗流理论,基于空气动力学气固理论描述硫微粒在多孔介质中的运移和沉积,建立了能够描述该类气藏开采过程中压力和近井地带温度变化引起的硫微粒的析出、运移、沉积、堵塞以及储层应力敏感性特征的高含硫裂缝性气藏储层综合伤害数学模型。取得的主要成果有：
(1)通过多学科综合研究,引入化学反应平衡理论,建立了由多硫化氢分解生成元素硫的地层含硫饱和度计算方法。在此基础上,通过实例分析得出物理沉积是高含硫气藏开采过程中硫沉积的主要方式,进一步认清了硫沉积热力学机理。
(2)基于焦耳-汤姆逊效应原理与地层压力分布公式,建立了高含硫裂缝性气藏气井开采过程中近井地带温度变化数学模型,该模型可以预测井筒与地层边界处以及近井区域温度变化,能够更加准确描述开采过程中硫微粒在酸气中溶解度的变化。
(3)在分析高含硫裂缝性气藏开采过程中储层应力敏感性导致裂缝闭合基础上,建立了能够综合考虑储层应力敏感性以及由于压力和近井区域温度变化引起硫沉积影响的高含硫裂缝性气藏储层物性参数变化数学模型。
(4)考虑储层应力敏感性特征以及由于焦耳-汤姆逊效应引起近井地带温度变化的影响,建立了高含硫裂缝性气藏储层综合伤害数学模型,并对模型进行了数值求解、编制了计算程序。利用所建模型进行了开采机理分析,研究结果表明,所建模型能够描述高含硫裂缝性气藏开发过程。该部分研究成果已经在普光气田单井配产以及105亿方产能建设中得到初步应用。
Flow of fluid, mixture of natural gas. H2S and elemental sulfur, in porous media in fractured gas reservoirs with high H2S content is a complex process. During the course of production of fractured gas reservoirs with high H2S content, formation pressure falls continually and temperature drops near the wellbore due to Joule-Thomson effect to a certain extent. On the one hand, change of the thermodynamic conditions leads to decline of solubility of sulfur particles in gas phase, and sulfur particles will precipitate from gas phase after running up to saturation state and transport and deposit at pore space and throat, 'sequentially resulting in formation porosity and permeability reduction. In addition, the size of sulfur particle deposited in the pores has effect on the permeability. On the other hand, fracture will close continually due to decrease of formation pressure, which will also result in descending of porosity and permeability. Productivity and economic benefits are severely impaired by combined effects of both sulfur deposition and fracture close and gas well production may halts when sulfur deposition and fracture closure become severe. Classical percolation theory cannot meet the fractured gas reservoirs with high H2S content.
This thesis'comes from the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863 Program) project "key technology for safe exploitation of sour gas reservoirs (No.2007AA06Z209)", and the main content includes establishment and application of mathematical model of formation damage.
According to characteristics of complex flow through porous media in fractured gas reservoir with high H2S content, breaking through classical filtration theory, based on aerodynamics theory used to build a mathematical model for describing transportation and precipitation of sulfur particles in fractured gas reservoir with high H2S content, a new comprehensive formation damage model in fractured gas reservoir with high H2S content, accounting for sulfur deposition, fracture closure, temperature drop near the wellbore, has been proposed.
The main contents of the works are as follows:
(1) On the basis of analyzing H2S content change law in the process of developing the gas in the gas reservoirs with H2S content, the chemical reaction equilibrium theory of inorganic chemistry is introduced to establish formation sulfur saturation calculation method, and X gas field was taken as a case of application. Results indicate that, in the process of the development of the reservoirs with high H2S content, under the condition of minor sulfide content change, the sulfur content precipitated from polysulfide takes very low proportion of total precipitated amount. Therefore, physical deposition is the main way of sulfur deposition, so as the deposition theory of element sulfur is further recognized.
(2) based on Joule-Thomson effect theory and formation pressure distribution formula, a mathematical model of temperature change in vicinity of wellbore was proposed for gas well with high H2S.content, which can forecast temperature change in vicinity of wellbore and make predicting of solubility of sulfur in sour gas more precise.
(3) On basis of analyzing fracture closure due to reservoir stress sensibility for gas reservoirs with high H2S content, porosity and permeability change mathematical model which can comprehensively consider sulfur deposition resulting from drop of formation pressure, temperature change near wellbore and reservoir stress sensibility was proposed.
(4) A new mathematical model of formation damage for fractured gas reservoirs with high H2S content, considering fracture closure resulting from reservoir stress sensibility and temperature change near wellbore and reservoir, was proposed. Some well with high H2S content was taken as a case of analyses of production mechanism. Results indicate this mathematical model of formation damage can describe the process of development of fractured gas reservoirs with high H2S content, and have been preliminarily applied in reasonable allocation of production rate and construction of productive capacity in PG gas field.
该论文属于国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)项目“酸性气田安全开采关键技术(项目编号：2007AA062209)”部分研究内容,主要开展高含硫裂缝性气藏储层综合伤害模型研究。
本文在硫沉积热力学机理研究基础上,针对高含硫裂缝性气藏复杂渗流特征,突破传统意义上经典的渗流理论,基于空气动力学气固理论描述硫微粒在多孔介质中的运移和沉积,建立了能够描述该类气藏开采过程中压力和近井地带温度变化引起的硫微粒的析出、运移、沉积、堵塞以及储层应力敏感性特征的高含硫裂缝性气藏储层综合伤害数学模型。取得的主要成果有：
(1)通过多学科综合研究,引入化学反应平衡理论,建立了由多硫化氢分解生成元素硫的地层含硫饱和度计算方法。在此基础上,通过实例分析得出物理沉积是高含硫气藏开采过程中硫沉积的主要方式,进一步认清了硫沉积热力学机理。
(2)基于焦耳-汤姆逊效应原理与地层压力分布公式,建立了高含硫裂缝性气藏气井开采过程中近井地带温度变化数学模型,该模型可以预测井筒与地层边界处以及近井区域温度变化,能够更加准确描述开采过程中硫微粒在酸气中溶解度的变化。
(3)在分析高含硫裂缝性气藏开采过程中储层应力敏感性导致裂缝闭合基础上,建立了能够综合考虑储层应力敏感性以及由于压力和近井区域温度变化引起硫沉积影响的高含硫裂缝性气藏储层物性参数变化数学模型。
(4)考虑储层应力敏感性特征以及由于焦耳-汤姆逊效应引起近井地带温度变化的影响,建立了高含硫裂缝性气藏储层综合伤害数学模型,并对模型进行了数值求解、编制了计算程序。利用所建模型进行了开采机理分析,研究结果表明,所建模型能够描述高含硫裂缝性气藏开发过程。该部分研究成果已经在普光气田单井配产以及105亿方产能建设中得到初步应用。
Flow of fluid, mixture of natural gas. H2S and elemental sulfur, in porous media in fractured gas reservoirs with high H2S content is a complex process. During the course of production of fractured gas reservoirs with high H2S content, formation pressure falls continually and temperature drops near the wellbore due to Joule-Thomson effect to a certain extent. On the one hand, change of the thermodynamic conditions leads to decline of solubility of sulfur particles in gas phase, and sulfur particles will precipitate from gas phase after running up to saturation state and transport and deposit at pore space and throat, 'sequentially resulting in formation porosity and permeability reduction. In addition, the size of sulfur particle deposited in the pores has effect on the permeability. On the other hand, fracture will close continually due to decrease of formation pressure, which will also result in descending of porosity and permeability. Productivity and economic benefits are severely impaired by combined effects of both sulfur deposition and fracture close and gas well production may halts when sulfur deposition and fracture closure become severe. Classical percolation theory cannot meet the fractured gas reservoirs with high H2S content.
This thesis'comes from the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863 Program) project "key technology for safe exploitation of sour gas reservoirs (No.2007AA06Z209)", and the main content includes establishment and application of mathematical model of formation damage.
According to characteristics of complex flow through porous media in fractured gas reservoir with high H2S content, breaking through classical filtration theory, based on aerodynamics theory used to build a mathematical model for describing transportation and precipitation of sulfur particles in fractured gas reservoir with high H2S content, a new comprehensive formation damage model in fractured gas reservoir with high H2S content, accounting for sulfur deposition, fracture closure, temperature drop near the wellbore, has been proposed.
The main contents of the works are as follows:
(1) On the basis of analyzing H2S content change law in the process of developing the gas in the gas reservoirs with H2S content, the chemical reaction equilibrium theory of inorganic chemistry is introduced to establish formation sulfur saturation calculation method, and X gas field was taken as a case of application. Results indicate that, in the process of the development of the reservoirs with high H2S content, under the condition of minor sulfide content change, the sulfur content precipitated from polysulfide takes very low proportion of total precipitated amount. Therefore, physical deposition is the main way of sulfur deposition, so as the deposition theory of element sulfur is further recognized.
(2) based on Joule-Thomson effect theory and formation pressure distribution formula, a mathematical model of temperature change in vicinity of wellbore was proposed for gas well with high H2S.content, which can forecast temperature change in vicinity of wellbore and make predicting of solubility of sulfur in sour gas more precise.
(3) On basis of analyzing fracture closure due to reservoir stress sensibility for gas reservoirs with high H2S content, porosity and permeability change mathematical model which can comprehensively consider sulfur deposition resulting from drop of formation pressure, temperature change near wellbore and reservoir stress sensibility was proposed.
(4) A new mathematical model of formation damage for fractured gas reservoirs with high H2S content, considering fracture closure resulting from reservoir stress sensibility and temperature change near wellbore and reservoir, was proposed. Some well with high H2S content was taken as a case of analyses of production mechanism. Results indicate this mathematical model of formation damage can describe the process of development of fractured gas reservoirs with high H2S content, and have been preliminarily applied in reasonable allocation of production rate and construction of productive capacity in PG gas field.
引文
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