锡铁山铅锌矿床喷流沉积特征及构造环境
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摘要
锡铁山铅锌矿床是西北地区大型块状硫化物矿床，前人对该矿床成因做了初步工作，但对矿床喷流成矿地球化学特征缺乏系统阐述，本文在前人研究工作的基础上，参阅了近年来块状硫化物矿床的最新研究进展，通过地质现象调查，包括对锡铁山矿床地表地质现象调查以及矿井坑道观测，较详细了解锡铁山铅锌矿床地质特征，矿体空间展布规律及变形特征，对矿区喷流岩石类型进行了划分，对矿体围岩的岩石学、地球化学进行了较深入研究，为进一步阐述矿床成因提供了新的有价值的资料。
锡铁山铅锌矿床的矿体主要产于大理岩中，具有明显的岩控性。矿体围岩以沉积岩为主，有大理岩、碳质片岩及绿泥石片岩，火山组分低，显示火山作用对成矿贡献不显著。岩石的稀土特征均有明显铈异常(δ Ce=0.47～0.9)，显示其原岩为海相沉积岩，矿体围岩中Ag、Hg、As、Sb、Ba等热液指示元素明显偏高，显示为热水喷流沉积作用形成。
沿矿体走向的碳质片岩的铈异常值的变化(如无名沟δ Ce=0.84、锡铁山沟δ Ce=0.47)，说明锡铁山沟碳质片岩沉积深度大于无名沟，这可为证实锡铁山沟(勘探线55线)为喷流成矿中心(喷流口)提供证据。矿石的结构构造特征研究表明矿石较好的保存了早期喷流的沉积组构，宏观上在矿床的东部(1线—5线)细粒铅锌矿体与围岩整合接触，黄铁矿矿石具有条带条纹状构造，镜下为胶状黄铁矿环带结构发育，这是喷流沉积组构发育的有力证据；运用玄武岩的化学成分恢复了矿床产出的大地构造背景为板内裂谷环境。
本文对矿体围岩岩石学、岩石化学、地球化学及矿石典型的沉积组构分析认为锡铁山铅锌矿床为产于沉积岩中的Sedex型喷流沉积矿床，并可以与世界其他Sedex型矿床对比。
The Xitieshan Pb-Zn ores is the large-scale sulfide deposit located in northwestern China, some primary researches had been carried out since 1960's ,but systemic study about geochemistry of exhalation mineralization is less. In this paper, the author consults a lot of papers about exhalative deposit and summarizes some new studying progresses.On the basis of former studies and by field investigations to geological appearances and observation of mine gallery, the geological characteristics of Xitieshan Pb-Zn ores and the rule of spatial distribution have been obtained, these new and valuable datum can be used to explain the genesis of ore ,the writer also classfied the types of exhalative rocks through study of lithology and geochemistry about the wall rock of ore-body.
Ore-body of Xitieshan Pb-Zn deposits mostly occurenced in marble and controlled by lithof acies obviously. Wall rock of ore-body is sedimentary rock and including marble, carbonaceous schist , chlorite schist ,summarily, they has less volcanic component, it shows that contribution of volcanism to mineralization is not notable. Negative Ce anomaly (0.47~0.9 ) implies that rock is typical sedimentary rock in submarine, some trace elements (Ag, Hg, As, Sb, Ba etc) in wall rock of ore-body have high values,it suggests that sedimentary rockes formed through hydrothermal exhalation.
Along ore-body tending, variety of cerium anormaly in the carbonaceous schist(for exemple Ce=0.84 in Wuminggou Ce=0.47 in Xitieshangou) implies that sedimentary deepness of carbonaceous schist is bigger than Wuminggou's, it approves that Xitieshangou is the center of exhalative mineralizion(prospection line 55).Research on ore formation indicates that ores remain sediment fabric of early exhalative period ,fine-grain Pb-Zn ores in eastern part of ores macroscopically conformitily contacts with wall rock, ribbon pyrite develops circle-zone of colloidal pyrite,these features strongly show that it develop fabrics of exhalative sedimentary.In this paper , according to chemistry component
of basalt, geological background of deposit was discriminated as rift valley in inner plate.
In conclusion ,by studying on lithology ,petrochemistry and geochemistry of wall rock of ore-body and sedimental fabris of representative ores, the author considers that Xitieshan Pb-Zn ores is of Sedex exhalative sedimentary deposit occurring in sedimentary rock ,it can be compared with other Sedex deposits in the world.
锡铁山铅锌矿床的矿体主要产于大理岩中，具有明显的岩控性。矿体围岩以沉积岩为主，有大理岩、碳质片岩及绿泥石片岩，火山组分低，显示火山作用对成矿贡献不显著。岩石的稀土特征均有明显铈异常(δ Ce=0.47～0.9)，显示其原岩为海相沉积岩，矿体围岩中Ag、Hg、As、Sb、Ba等热液指示元素明显偏高，显示为热水喷流沉积作用形成。
沿矿体走向的碳质片岩的铈异常值的变化(如无名沟δ Ce=0.84、锡铁山沟δ Ce=0.47)，说明锡铁山沟碳质片岩沉积深度大于无名沟，这可为证实锡铁山沟(勘探线55线)为喷流成矿中心(喷流口)提供证据。矿石的结构构造特征研究表明矿石较好的保存了早期喷流的沉积组构，宏观上在矿床的东部(1线—5线)细粒铅锌矿体与围岩整合接触，黄铁矿矿石具有条带条纹状构造，镜下为胶状黄铁矿环带结构发育，这是喷流沉积组构发育的有力证据；运用玄武岩的化学成分恢复了矿床产出的大地构造背景为板内裂谷环境。
本文对矿体围岩岩石学、岩石化学、地球化学及矿石典型的沉积组构分析认为锡铁山铅锌矿床为产于沉积岩中的Sedex型喷流沉积矿床，并可以与世界其他Sedex型矿床对比。
The Xitieshan Pb-Zn ores is the large-scale sulfide deposit located in northwestern China, some primary researches had been carried out since 1960's ,but systemic study about geochemistry of exhalation mineralization is less. In this paper, the author consults a lot of papers about exhalative deposit and summarizes some new studying progresses.On the basis of former studies and by field investigations to geological appearances and observation of mine gallery, the geological characteristics of Xitieshan Pb-Zn ores and the rule of spatial distribution have been obtained, these new and valuable datum can be used to explain the genesis of ore ,the writer also classfied the types of exhalative rocks through study of lithology and geochemistry about the wall rock of ore-body.
Ore-body of Xitieshan Pb-Zn deposits mostly occurenced in marble and controlled by lithof acies obviously. Wall rock of ore-body is sedimentary rock and including marble, carbonaceous schist , chlorite schist ,summarily, they has less volcanic component, it shows that contribution of volcanism to mineralization is not notable. Negative Ce anomaly (0.47~0.9 ) implies that rock is typical sedimentary rock in submarine, some trace elements (Ag, Hg, As, Sb, Ba etc) in wall rock of ore-body have high values,it suggests that sedimentary rockes formed through hydrothermal exhalation.
Along ore-body tending, variety of cerium anormaly in the carbonaceous schist(for exemple Ce=0.84 in Wuminggou Ce=0.47 in Xitieshangou) implies that sedimentary deepness of carbonaceous schist is bigger than Wuminggou's, it approves that Xitieshangou is the center of exhalative mineralizion(prospection line 55).Research on ore formation indicates that ores remain sediment fabric of early exhalative period ,fine-grain Pb-Zn ores in eastern part of ores macroscopically conformitily contacts with wall rock, ribbon pyrite develops circle-zone of colloidal pyrite,these features strongly show that it develop fabrics of exhalative sedimentary.In this paper , according to chemistry component
of basalt, geological background of deposit was discriminated as rift valley in inner plate.
In conclusion ,by studying on lithology ,petrochemistry and geochemistry of wall rock of ore-body and sedimental fabris of representative ores, the author considers that Xitieshan Pb-Zn ores is of Sedex exhalative sedimentary deposit occurring in sedimentary rock ,it can be compared with other Sedex deposits in the world.
引文
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[2] 颜文．热水喷流沉积成矿与地学思维．地球科学进展，1993，8(2)，40～46
[3] 姜福芝．双峰式火山岩与块状硫化物矿床．矿床地质，2001，20(4)，331～337
[4] 肖新建，倪培．论喷流沉积(Sedex)成矿与沉积—改造成矿之对比．地质找矿论丛2000，3(15)，238～245
[5] 韩发，孙海田．Sedex型矿床成矿系统．地学前缘1999，1，139～157
[6] Large R.,R. Lithgoeochemical halos and geochemical vectors to stratiform sediment hosted Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, 1 Lady loretta Deposits. Queensland. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 1998 ,63,37～56
[7] 李佑国．四川呷村VHMS矿床从矿石化学分析到地球化学模型．矿床地质，2001，2，119～128
[8] Ulrich T, Golding S.D, Kamber B.S. Different mineralization styles in a volcanic-hosted ore deposit: the fluid and isotopic signatures of the Mt Morgan Au-Cu deposit, Australia. Ore Geology Reviews 2002,22,61～90
[9] Zaw k.,Gemmell J.B, Large. R.R. Evolution and source of ore fluids in the stringer system, Hellyer VHMS deposit, Tasmania, Australia:evidence from fluid inclusion microthermometry and geochemistry. ore Geology Review 1996,10, 251～278
[10] Gemmel, J.B.,Herrmann, W.,Preface-A Special Issue Devoted to alteration associated with volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits and its exploration significane. Economic Geology, 2001, 96
[11] 刘家军，曹淑英，李元林．建德铜矿床的海底喷流沉积成因．矿产与地质，1996，53，145～153
[12] 李金高，王全海，陈健坤等．西藏江孜县沙拉岗锑矿床成矿与找矿模式的初步研究．成都理工学院学报，2002，29，5～20
[13] Zengqian H, Liquan. w, Zaw. K. Post-collisional crustal extension
setting and VHMS mineralizationin the Jinshajiang orogenic belt, southwestern China. Ore Geology Reviews 2003,22, 177～199
[14] Carl, W.B. Geochemical mass-transfer patterns as indicators of the architecture of complete volcanic-hosted massive sulfide hydrothermal alteration system patorama district, Pilbara western Austrlia. Economic Geology, 2001, 96
[15] Ruiz, G., Antonio Arribas Jr. b., Mineralogy and geochemistry of the Masa Valverde blindmassive sulphide deposit, Iberian Pyrite Belt (Spain). Ore Geology Reviews, 2002, 19
[16] 杨斌，李保华，张芳．桂东南地区早志留世热水沉积矿床流体包裹体地球化学．矿产与地质，2002，16(1)，47～49
[17] Rajesh K.V. 1.66-Ga-old metamorphosed Pb-Cu deposit in sargipali(eastern India):manifestations of tidal flat environment and Sedex-type genesis. Precambrian Research 1996,77, 117-130
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