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山地园林植物景观文化探析
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摘要
中国是个多山的国家,2/3的国士面积都是此起彼伏的山陵,如此丰富的山地景观,不仅是造园苦心追求的自然景象,更是造园最好的基址。山地园林以天然山地景观为主体,结合人工布局,创造出朴野灵动、野趣天成的园林景观。真山真水不同于写意山水,会带给人迥然不同的心理体验。
     植物景观文化是园林文化的重要组成部分,山地园林不仅包含了一般形态的植物景观文化,还包含了基于山地这一形态所形成的特殊文化,展现出别俱一格的山地园林植物景观特色。中国园林植物景观文化经过几千年时间的发展已经逐渐显示出由盛及衰之势,引导并推动文化的发展是当今园林设计者的重要责任。发展山地园林植物景观文化,首先必须建立在对传统文化的传承之上,这也是本文研究的意义之所在。
     本文以分析、归纳、调查、对比、总结为线索,在初步建立山地园林植物景观文化体系的基础上,通过实地调查总结出重庆山地园林植物景观文化内容,分析现代山地园林在植物景观文化传承上存在的优点与不足,希望能对今后山地园林植物景观的文化建设有所借鉴作用。本文的研究主要包括以下儿个部分:
     1、中国传统文化是中国园林植物景观文化生发的土壤,它对山地文化、植物文化以及植物造景都有着非常重要的影响。对山地园林植物景观文化的理论研究主要集中在山地文化(在传统文化中主要表现为山水文化)和植物景观文化两个方面。
     2、对历朝历代山地文化及植物景观文化进行梳理,总结出它们的发展规律。将山地文化与植物景观文化的发展结合起来,努力把握两者之间的联系,初步建立山地园林植物景观的文化体系,为山地园林植物景观文化的表达做好理论基础。
     3、山地园林植物景观呈现出的某些独特面貌,是人工山水园没有或难以模拟的,所以说山地园林植物景观的独特性正是使其文化表现出独特性的主要原因。品题是山地园林植物景观文化的主要表达方式,文章按其功能的不同分别进行了阐述。
     4、对重庆山地文化与植物景观文化进行梳理并总结,并对重庆典型的三类山地园林(寺观园林、纪念性园林、现代城市公园)进行实地调查,着重记录它们的植物景观风格、山地特性在植物景观中的表现、主要的文化内容及其表达方式等方面。
     5、重庆山地园林在进行文化表达之时,较少利用山地这一特殊地形,导致其在文化上与人工山水园相差不大,山地优势荡然无存,这也是重庆山地园林在植物景观文化传承上最大的缺点。文章通过分析、总结,提出建议,希望对以后山地园林植物景观的文化设计有所帮助。
China is a mountain-abundant country, and two-thirds of the land areas are mountains, the rich mountain landscape is not only for the natural scene that garden designer pursuit painstakingly, but also the best address to build gardens. Mountainous garden put the natural mountain landscape as the main body, combining with artificial arrangement, which could create wild, rustic landscape. Realistic environment is different from human livable environment, which will bring people very different psychological experience.
     The culture of plant landscape is an important part of the garden culture. Mountainous garden not only contains a general form of plant landscape but also the special culture based on the mountain, displaying distinctive plant landscape feature of mountainous garden. Plant landscape culture of Chinese garden developed from prosperity to decline gradually through thousands of years, that's garden-designer's important responsibility to guide and promote the development of culture. To develop plant landscape cultural of mountainous garden must established on the inheritance of traditional cultural, which is the significance of this study.
     Analysis, induction, investigation, comparison and summarized all as cues in this paper, on the foundation of establishing plant landscapes cultural system of mountainous garden initially, to conclude plant landscape cultural content of mountainous garden in Chongqing based on survey, and analyze the advantages and disadvantages in the inheritance of plant landscape cultural in modern mountainous garden, in the hope of having some references for the construction of plant landscape culture in subsequent mountainous garden.
     This article includes the following aspects:
     1. Chinese traditional culture is the basis for plant landscape culture, which have important impact on mountain culture, planting culture and plant arrangement. The theory of plant landscape culture in mountainous garden concentrated in mountain culture (which showed as the Shan-shui culture mainly in the traditional culture) and the culture of plant landscape.
     2. Through carding of the mountain culture and plant landscape cultural, summarize the law of its development. Combined the development of mountain culture to the plant landscape culture, grasping the relationship between them, and try to integrate them together, establishing plant landscape cultural system of mountainous garden gradually, getting theoretical foundation for the following analysis.
     3. The special terrain of mountain will present its unique plants landscape which is nonexistence or hard to simulate in artificial landscape, so the unique plant landscape of mountainous garden is the main cause for its unique cultural. Titles are the main expression of plant landscape culture, and this paper illustrates them respectively in the light of their functions.
     4. Carding and summarizing mountain culture and plant landscape culture in Chongqing, looking through three typical mountainous garden in Chongqing (temple garden, memorial garden and modern city park),and focus on the general style of plant landscape, the mountainous feature included in plant landscape, the main expression and content of cultural and so on.
     5. The mountainous garden in Chongqing seldom use the special mountain terrain when expressing the garden culture, which lead there's no difference from artificial landscape in culture, so the advantage of mountain doesn't existence, and this is the greatest disadvantage in the inheritance of plant landscape culture in Chongqing mountainous garden. Through analysis and summary would give some recommendations to the plant landscape cultural designing for following mountainous garden.
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