贵州山区煤矿废弃地重金属污染评价及优势植物修复效应研究
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摘要
随着我国社会经济的发展,环境污染和生态破坏问题日益突出,能源结构调整势在必行。近年来,贵州省加大煤矿关闭整合力度,然而由于对煤矿废弃地缺乏必要的环境修复措施,区域内大量农田受酸性废水和重金属污染而弃耕抛荒,严重影响粮食安全和农业基础的稳定。因此,开展煤矿废弃地重金属污染评价及生态修复措施研究,具有重要的应用价值和实践意义。
本文以矿区生态环境健康发展为前提,以生态修复理论为指导,结合贵州省煤矿废弃地生态恢复的实际情况,选取贵阳市花溪区枫香树煤矿、金田煤矿、银洞煤矿、贵安煤矿废弃地作为研究对象,探讨了采用蜈蚣草和苎麻两种矿区废弃地优势植物进行重金属污染修复的效果,同时探索了在天然表面活性剂茶皂素的作用下,苎麻在重金属Cd污染土壤中的生长发育、生理特性以及苎麻对重金属Cd的富集效应和转运能力,旨在为煤矿废弃地植物修复提供材料选择和技术参考。主要研究结果如下：
(1)对贵州省贵阳市花溪区枫香树煤矿、金田煤矿废弃地农田复垦区、矸石山复垦区的土壤化学性质进行了分析测试。结果表明,煤矿排污口排放的酸性废水和矸石中伴生的硫铁矿与空气中的氧气发生氧化反应产生的酸性物质,在雨水冲刷和地表径流的作用下,导致煤矿废弃地土壤pH值普遍较低,甚至有部分区域土壤呈强酸性状态。煤矿废弃地保肥能力差异较大,农田复垦区保肥能力为中等水平,阳离子交换量介于10～20cmol/kg之间；矸石山复垦区土壤保肥能力较弱,除个别区域外,大部分区域阳离子交换量低于10cmol/kg。农田复垦区较矸石山复垦区土壤熟化程度好,土壤有机质含量高于矸石山复垦区。煤矿废弃地土壤N、P、K全量处于中等偏下水平。由于研究区土壤呈酸性,有效态N、P、K含量普遍较低,尤其是有效态P严重匮乏,其形态以难溶性铝磷和铁磷为主。
(2)对枫香树煤矿废弃地农田复垦区、矸石山复垦区和金田煤矿废弃地占压地、荒地、农田的重金属含量及形态进行了分析。结果表明,研究区土壤中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量均超过贵州省土壤背景值。其中,重金属Cu的含量超过了我国《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995)中的二级标准(50mg/kg);农田复垦区土壤中的Cd含量达到了《土壤环境质量标准》中的一级标准(0.20mg/kg)的2倍,超过了二级标准(0.30mg/kg);煤矿废弃地重金属Pb的含量虽有一定程度的积累,超过了贵州省土壤背景值,部分区域超过《土壤环境质量标准》中的一级标准(35mg/kg),但远低于二级标准(250mg/kg); Zn和Cr的含量均低于二级标准,处于清洁水平。
(3)对枫香树煤矿废弃地重金属污染水平进行了评价。结果表明,农田复垦区土壤重金属单因子污染指数(Pi)表现为：Cd>Cu>Pb>Zn>Cr,可见农田复垦区土壤中重金属Cd的积累是最严重的,单因子污染指数最高为3.38；内梅罗综合污染指数(P综)评价结表明,农田复垦区五块样地的综合污染指数为2.11-2.81,污染程度为Ⅳ等级,呈中度污染水平。矸石山复垦区土壤重金属单因子污染指数(Pi)表现为：Cd>Cu>Pb>Zn>Cr;矸石山复垦区土壤中重金属Cd的积累明显,其单因子污染指数最大值为3.75；从内梅罗综合污染指数(P综)评价结果来看,五块样地的综合污染指数为2.41-3.07,整体处于中度污染水平。金田煤矿废弃地占压地、荒地、农田土壤重金属单因子污染指数(Pi)从大到小的排列顺序为：Cd>Pb>Cu>Zn>Cr,均处于中污染和轻污染水平；内梅罗综合污染指数(P综)评价结果显示：占压地>农田>荒地,分别2.13、1.83、1.58,处于中污染和轻污染状态。研究区重金属Cd积累较为明显,单因子污染指数较高,存在潜在生态风险,从环境风险和食品安全方面考虑,应将Cd作为煤矿废弃地重点防治对象。
(4)研究了蜈蚣草对强酸性土壤的耐性和对重金属污染环境的修复能力。结果表明,煤矿废弃地土壤均为酸性土壤,生物多样性较差,植被单一。其中,优势植物蜈蚣草具有较强的耐酸性,在研究区这种酸性程度较高的土壤中,蜈蚣草仍能正常生长。蜈蚣草的盖度随土壤pH值变化而变化,土壤pH值越小,区域内生物多样性减少,蜈蚣草盖度越低。金田、银洞、贵安煤矿废弃地Cd、Pb、Cr、 Cu、Zn存在不同程度的超标,其中重金属Cd含量比贵州省土壤背景值高出3倍之多。有效去除煤矿废弃地重金属污染是矿区生态修复和复垦工作的先决条件,盲目地在矿区废弃地种植农作物存在较大的食品安全风险。
蜈蚣草对不同重金属元素的富集能力存在较大的差异。富集系数大小顺序为：Cd>Pb>Cr>Cu>Zn,对Cd、Pb的富集系数均大于1,其中对Cd的富集系数达4.3,因此可以考虑把蜈蚣草作为煤矿废弃地植物修复的首选植物。蜈蚣草对重金属的转移系数大小顺序为：Cu>Zn>Pb>Cd>Cr。三个试验区域除了金田煤矿由于土壤酸化严重,对Cu的转移系数小于1,其余两个区域蜈蚣草对Cu的转移系数均大于1,其中贵安煤矿废弃地达到了3.3。因此,蜈蚣草对重金属Cu污染土壤修复有一定的应用价值。
(5)通过盆栽试验研究了不同浓度茶皂素溶液对苎麻生长的影响以及苎麻对重金属Cd的富集效应和转运能力。结果表明,在Cd污染土壤中,茶皂素对苎麻株高和茎粗的影响存在剂量效应。0.1mmol/L浓度的茶皂素会加剧重金属Cd对苎麻的毒害作用。0.5-5.0mmol/L浓度的茶皂素能减轻重金属Cd对苎麻的毒害作用。当茶皂素浓度达到2.5mmol/L时,茎粗达到最大值。低茶皂素浓度(0.1mmol/L)和高茶皂素浓度(5.0mmol/L)处理苎麻的叶片、籽粒和原麻干重均显著下降；在0.5～2.5mmol/L茶皂素浓度范围内,随着浓度的增加,苎麻的叶片、籽粒和原麻干重呈上升趋势。在2.5mmol/L浓度时苎麻的叶片、籽粒和原麻干重显著增加,说明该浓度茶皂素能有效淋洗土壤中重金属Cd,对苎麻干物质积累有一定促进作用。在0.5～2.5mmol/L茶皂素浓度范围内,苎麻根、茎、叶中重金属Cd的含量依次呈上升趋势；茶皂素的浓度介于2.5～5.0mmol/L之间时,苎麻根、茎、叶的重金属Cd含量依次呈下降趋势。因此,在实际矿区废弃地Cd污染土壤的治理中,2.5mmol/L的茶皂素溶液是最理想的浓度选择。
低茶皂素浓度(0.1mmol/L)抑制苎麻的叶绿素a的合成；在0.5～2.5mmol/L茶皂素浓度范围,随着处理浓度的增加,苎麻的叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量增加,并在茶皂素浓度为2.5mmol/L时达到最大值。不同浓度茶皂素处理的叶绿素总量变化趋势与叶绿素a含量的变化趋势基本一致。在重金属Cd污染土壤中加入2.5mmol/L茶皂素溶液,可显著增加苎麻的叶绿素总量,提升苎麻光合性能。
苎麻根、茎、叶对重金属Cd的富集系数随茶皂素浓度的增加而呈现先升高后降低的趋势。当茶皂素浓度为2.5mmol/L时,根、茎、叶对重金属Cd的富集系数都达到最高,表明在此浓度下,茶皂素能有效提高苎麻对重金属Cd的富集能力。茶皂素浓度在0.1～2.5mmol/L范围内,转移系数呈上升趋势,但上升的幅度未达到显著水平。当茶皂素浓度为2.5mmol/L时,苎麻对重金属Cd的转移系数为0.75,略高于其它浓度茶皂素处理。
With the development of social economy, environmental pollution and ecological damage was becoming increasingly prominent, adjust the energy structure was imperative. In recent:years, coal mine closed consolidation efforts were increased in Guizhou province. However, due to the lack of necessary environmental restoration measures to abandoned coal mine, about the results that lead to a large number of farmland area was contaminated by acid wastewater and heavy metal and then becoming abandoning farmland area.This caused serious impact on food security and agricultural foundation stability. Therefore, carry out evaluation of heavy metal contaminated soil and the measures of ecological remediation in mining wasteland had important application value and practical significance.
In this paper, with the healthy development of the mining area ecological environment as the premise, with the ecological restoration theory as the guide, combined with the actual situation of ecological restoration of coal mine in Guizhou province, Feng xiang shu, Jin tian, Yin dong, Gui'an coal mine wastelands in Huaxi district of Guiyang, Guizhou were selected as objects of the research. in search of suitable materials for soil remediation in coal mine wastelands, the study of the affection of Pteris vittata on soil remediation by heavy mental pollution, the physiological property of Boehmeria nivea treated by different concentration of Tea saponin and enrichment effect on heavy mental Cd contaminated soil were conducted based on outdoor survey, lab analysis and pot experiment methods. The approaches of ecological remediation were studied to provide basic data and technical references. The main research findings were as follows:
(1) The soil essential physiochemical properties in coal reclamation area, coal gangue hill reclamation area of Feng xiang shu and Jin tian coal mine wastelands were measured. The results showed that the value of pH in coal mine wastelands was generally low, and even it was extreme acidic in some areas. It was because the acidic substances produced by the acidic waste water form mine outfall and the pyrite associated coal gangue with the oxygen in the air occurring oxidation reactions. The soil pH value was generally low in mining wasteland in function of rainfall and surface runoff, even some regional soil was strongly acidic condition. The capacity of maintenance fertilizer showed larger differences in different coal mine wastelands. It was in middle level in the reclamation area of farmland which cation exchange was10～20cmol/kg. However, it was weak in coal gangue hill reclamation area with cation exchange was below10cmol/kg in the most areas. Soil organic content in the reclamation area of farmland was higher than in coal gangue hill reclamation area. It was indicated that the utilization status and degree of maturation in the former was better than that in the latter. The total amount of N, P, K in coal mine wastelands soils was in lower-middle level. The effective amount of them was generally low due to the acidic soil, especially the effective amount of P which was mainly insoluble aluminum P and iron P-based.
(2) The analysis of heavy metal content and morphology was conducted under Feng xiang shu coal mine wastelands, the reclamation area of farmland, coal gangue hill reclamation area, Jin tian coal mine wastelands, wastelands and farmland. It was shown that the heavy metal content Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd was exceeded soil background values in Gui zhou province. Among them, the Cu content of heavy metal was in excess of the 《National soil environmental quality standards》(GB15618-1995) secondary standard, that was50mg/kg. In the reclamation area of farmland, the Cd content was twice much than the primary standard that was0.20mg/kg, even more than in the secondary standard prescribed0.30mg/kg. In the coal mine wastelands, the accumulation of Pb was exceeded the background values of Guizhou provice. The Pb content in some areas was more than the primary standard prescribed35mg/kg, but far below the secondary standard prescribed250mg/kg. Meanwhile, the Zn and Cr content was in a clean level which was lower than the secondary standard.
(3) The results of the heavy metal pollution index of Feng xiang shu coal mine wastelands showed that, in farmland reclamation area, the single factor pollution index (Pi) was arranged as:Cd>Cu>Pb>Zn>Cr. It suggested that Cd accumulation was the most serious in farmland reclamation area that the Pi was3.38. The evaluation of N·L·Nemerow pollution index showed that, integrated pollution index was2.15-2.81in five plots of farmland reclamation area. The pollution degree was IV grade that was at moderate level. In coal gangue hill reclamation area, Pi was ranked as:Cd>Cu>Pb> Zn>Cr. It suggested that Cd accumulation was the most serious in coal gangue hill reclamation area that the Pi was3.75. Integrated pollution index was2.41-3.07in five plots. It was shown that overall was in moderate pollution level. In Jin tian coal mine wastelands, wastelands and farmland, the Pi was ranked as Cd>Pb>Cu>Zn>Cr, that was at the moderate and light levels of pollution. The results of evaluation of nemerow pollution showed that:tying area> farmland> wasteland. That was2.13,1.83and1.58, respectively. Cd accumulation of heavy metals in the study area was more obvious. The single factor pollution index was higher. It was proved that there was a potential ecological risk. As a result, Cd should be as a control object in cola mine wastelands in the view of environmental risk and food safety.
(4) The patience to extreme acidic soil and the ability of repair soil heavy metal pollution of pteris vittata was studied. The results showed that the soils in these wastelands were acidic, biodiversity was poor, and vegetation was single. Pteris vittata as dominant plant had s strong acid resistance at higher levels of the study area such acidic soils. It still was growing normally. The coverage of pteris vittata was changed along with the value of pH. The smaller the soil pH, the biodiversity in the region was reducing, and the coverage of pteris vittata was smaller. In Jin tian, Yin dong, Gui'an coal mine wastelands, Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn was varying degrees of overweight. Compared with the soil background value of Gui zhou province, Cd was the most serious excessive heavy metals, up to three times. Effective removal of heavy metal pollution in coal mine was prerequisite in ecological restoration and rehabilitation work. There was a big risk to food safety when planted crops blindly in wastelands.
There was a big difference in the capacities of enrichment different heavy metals about pteris vittata. Enrichment factor was Cd>Pb>Cr>Cu>Zn. It was greater than one for Cd and Pb, in which the highest coefficient of Cd concentration reached4.3. So pteris vittata could be considered as a preferred species in restoration and rehabilitation work. The trend of heavy metal transfer coefficient about pteris vittata was roughly Cu>Zn>Pb>Cd>Cr. Heavy metal transfer coefficient of Cu was less than one in Jin tian coal mine because of its extreme Ph. The other two areas was greater than one, which was3.3in Gui'an coal mine wastelands. It was instructive in soil remediation.
(5) The effect of ramie growth in different tea saponin solution and the capacity of enrichment and transport of Cd on ramie was measured by pot experimental studies. There was dose effect in the impact of tea saponin of ramie paint height and stem diameter. When the concentration of tea saponin was in0.1and0.5mmol/L, it would exacerbate the toxic effects of heavy metals on ramie. When the concentration was in 1.0～5.0mmol/L, the heavy metal Cd toxic effect on ramie was reduced. The stem diameter reached its maximum if the concentration was2.5mmol/L. Above this threshold, higher concentration did not further reduce the toxic effects of Cd on plant. The dry weight of ramie leaves, seeds and raw jute was significantly decreased when the concentration of tea saponin was in low level (0.1mmol/L) and high level (5.0mmol/L). The dry weight of ramie leaves, seeds and raw jute was upward trend with the increase of the concentration when it was in0.5～2.5mmol/L. The dry weight was significantly increased at2.5mmol/L, indicating that this concentration had effective in leaching Cd heavy metals in soil. The soil toxicity of Cd was exacerbated, ramie root growth was inhibited when the concentration was0.1mmol/L. In some extent, it undermined the ability of upward transport of heavy metals into ramie plant body, causing the Cd content was low in stems and leaves. The Cd content was gradually increased in ramie roots, stems and leaves when then concentration was0.5-2.5mmol/L. However, it was opposite when then concentration was2.5-5.0mmol/L. So, the best choice of tea saponin concentration was2.5mmol/L in the actual mining wasteland Cd contamination governance.
The synthesis of chlorophyll a was inhibited when the concentration was in low level(0.1mmol/L). The content of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b was rise with the increase of the concentration when it was in0.5～2.5mmol/L, reached their maximum at2.5mmol/L. As a result, adding an appropriate amount of concentration of tea saponin in Cd contaminated soil, the content of chlorophyll in ramie was significantly increased.
The enrichment factor of Cd in ramie roots, stems and leaves was first increased and then decreased with then concentration of tea saponin. It reached the highest when then concentration was2.5mmlo/L. It was indicated that tea saponin could effectively improve the ability of the enrichment of Cd at the2.5mmol/L.The transfer coefficient was generally upward trend but the increase rate was not obvious when the concentration in0.1～2.5mmol/L. It was0.75that was slightly higher than the other concentration tea saponin treatments when then concentration was in2.5mmol/L. The result showed that there was little impact to Cd transfer coefficient on ramie through different concentrations of tea saponin in Cd contaminated soil.
本文以矿区生态环境健康发展为前提,以生态修复理论为指导,结合贵州省煤矿废弃地生态恢复的实际情况,选取贵阳市花溪区枫香树煤矿、金田煤矿、银洞煤矿、贵安煤矿废弃地作为研究对象,探讨了采用蜈蚣草和苎麻两种矿区废弃地优势植物进行重金属污染修复的效果,同时探索了在天然表面活性剂茶皂素的作用下,苎麻在重金属Cd污染土壤中的生长发育、生理特性以及苎麻对重金属Cd的富集效应和转运能力,旨在为煤矿废弃地植物修复提供材料选择和技术参考。主要研究结果如下：
(1)对贵州省贵阳市花溪区枫香树煤矿、金田煤矿废弃地农田复垦区、矸石山复垦区的土壤化学性质进行了分析测试。结果表明,煤矿排污口排放的酸性废水和矸石中伴生的硫铁矿与空气中的氧气发生氧化反应产生的酸性物质,在雨水冲刷和地表径流的作用下,导致煤矿废弃地土壤pH值普遍较低,甚至有部分区域土壤呈强酸性状态。煤矿废弃地保肥能力差异较大,农田复垦区保肥能力为中等水平,阳离子交换量介于10～20cmol/kg之间；矸石山复垦区土壤保肥能力较弱,除个别区域外,大部分区域阳离子交换量低于10cmol/kg。农田复垦区较矸石山复垦区土壤熟化程度好,土壤有机质含量高于矸石山复垦区。煤矿废弃地土壤N、P、K全量处于中等偏下水平。由于研究区土壤呈酸性,有效态N、P、K含量普遍较低,尤其是有效态P严重匮乏,其形态以难溶性铝磷和铁磷为主。
(2)对枫香树煤矿废弃地农田复垦区、矸石山复垦区和金田煤矿废弃地占压地、荒地、农田的重金属含量及形态进行了分析。结果表明,研究区土壤中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量均超过贵州省土壤背景值。其中,重金属Cu的含量超过了我国《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995)中的二级标准(50mg/kg);农田复垦区土壤中的Cd含量达到了《土壤环境质量标准》中的一级标准(0.20mg/kg)的2倍,超过了二级标准(0.30mg/kg);煤矿废弃地重金属Pb的含量虽有一定程度的积累,超过了贵州省土壤背景值,部分区域超过《土壤环境质量标准》中的一级标准(35mg/kg),但远低于二级标准(250mg/kg); Zn和Cr的含量均低于二级标准,处于清洁水平。
(3)对枫香树煤矿废弃地重金属污染水平进行了评价。结果表明,农田复垦区土壤重金属单因子污染指数(Pi)表现为：Cd>Cu>Pb>Zn>Cr,可见农田复垦区土壤中重金属Cd的积累是最严重的,单因子污染指数最高为3.38；内梅罗综合污染指数(P综)评价结表明,农田复垦区五块样地的综合污染指数为2.11-2.81,污染程度为Ⅳ等级,呈中度污染水平。矸石山复垦区土壤重金属单因子污染指数(Pi)表现为：Cd>Cu>Pb>Zn>Cr;矸石山复垦区土壤中重金属Cd的积累明显,其单因子污染指数最大值为3.75；从内梅罗综合污染指数(P综)评价结果来看,五块样地的综合污染指数为2.41-3.07,整体处于中度污染水平。金田煤矿废弃地占压地、荒地、农田土壤重金属单因子污染指数(Pi)从大到小的排列顺序为：Cd>Pb>Cu>Zn>Cr,均处于中污染和轻污染水平；内梅罗综合污染指数(P综)评价结果显示：占压地>农田>荒地,分别2.13、1.83、1.58,处于中污染和轻污染状态。研究区重金属Cd积累较为明显,单因子污染指数较高,存在潜在生态风险,从环境风险和食品安全方面考虑,应将Cd作为煤矿废弃地重点防治对象。
(4)研究了蜈蚣草对强酸性土壤的耐性和对重金属污染环境的修复能力。结果表明,煤矿废弃地土壤均为酸性土壤,生物多样性较差,植被单一。其中,优势植物蜈蚣草具有较强的耐酸性,在研究区这种酸性程度较高的土壤中,蜈蚣草仍能正常生长。蜈蚣草的盖度随土壤pH值变化而变化,土壤pH值越小,区域内生物多样性减少,蜈蚣草盖度越低。金田、银洞、贵安煤矿废弃地Cd、Pb、Cr、 Cu、Zn存在不同程度的超标,其中重金属Cd含量比贵州省土壤背景值高出3倍之多。有效去除煤矿废弃地重金属污染是矿区生态修复和复垦工作的先决条件,盲目地在矿区废弃地种植农作物存在较大的食品安全风险。
蜈蚣草对不同重金属元素的富集能力存在较大的差异。富集系数大小顺序为：Cd>Pb>Cr>Cu>Zn,对Cd、Pb的富集系数均大于1,其中对Cd的富集系数达4.3,因此可以考虑把蜈蚣草作为煤矿废弃地植物修复的首选植物。蜈蚣草对重金属的转移系数大小顺序为：Cu>Zn>Pb>Cd>Cr。三个试验区域除了金田煤矿由于土壤酸化严重,对Cu的转移系数小于1,其余两个区域蜈蚣草对Cu的转移系数均大于1,其中贵安煤矿废弃地达到了3.3。因此,蜈蚣草对重金属Cu污染土壤修复有一定的应用价值。
(5)通过盆栽试验研究了不同浓度茶皂素溶液对苎麻生长的影响以及苎麻对重金属Cd的富集效应和转运能力。结果表明,在Cd污染土壤中,茶皂素对苎麻株高和茎粗的影响存在剂量效应。0.1mmol/L浓度的茶皂素会加剧重金属Cd对苎麻的毒害作用。0.5-5.0mmol/L浓度的茶皂素能减轻重金属Cd对苎麻的毒害作用。当茶皂素浓度达到2.5mmol/L时,茎粗达到最大值。低茶皂素浓度(0.1mmol/L)和高茶皂素浓度(5.0mmol/L)处理苎麻的叶片、籽粒和原麻干重均显著下降；在0.5～2.5mmol/L茶皂素浓度范围内,随着浓度的增加,苎麻的叶片、籽粒和原麻干重呈上升趋势。在2.5mmol/L浓度时苎麻的叶片、籽粒和原麻干重显著增加,说明该浓度茶皂素能有效淋洗土壤中重金属Cd,对苎麻干物质积累有一定促进作用。在0.5～2.5mmol/L茶皂素浓度范围内,苎麻根、茎、叶中重金属Cd的含量依次呈上升趋势；茶皂素的浓度介于2.5～5.0mmol/L之间时,苎麻根、茎、叶的重金属Cd含量依次呈下降趋势。因此,在实际矿区废弃地Cd污染土壤的治理中,2.5mmol/L的茶皂素溶液是最理想的浓度选择。
低茶皂素浓度(0.1mmol/L)抑制苎麻的叶绿素a的合成；在0.5～2.5mmol/L茶皂素浓度范围,随着处理浓度的增加,苎麻的叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量增加,并在茶皂素浓度为2.5mmol/L时达到最大值。不同浓度茶皂素处理的叶绿素总量变化趋势与叶绿素a含量的变化趋势基本一致。在重金属Cd污染土壤中加入2.5mmol/L茶皂素溶液,可显著增加苎麻的叶绿素总量,提升苎麻光合性能。
苎麻根、茎、叶对重金属Cd的富集系数随茶皂素浓度的增加而呈现先升高后降低的趋势。当茶皂素浓度为2.5mmol/L时,根、茎、叶对重金属Cd的富集系数都达到最高,表明在此浓度下,茶皂素能有效提高苎麻对重金属Cd的富集能力。茶皂素浓度在0.1～2.5mmol/L范围内,转移系数呈上升趋势,但上升的幅度未达到显著水平。当茶皂素浓度为2.5mmol/L时,苎麻对重金属Cd的转移系数为0.75,略高于其它浓度茶皂素处理。
With the development of social economy, environmental pollution and ecological damage was becoming increasingly prominent, adjust the energy structure was imperative. In recent:years, coal mine closed consolidation efforts were increased in Guizhou province. However, due to the lack of necessary environmental restoration measures to abandoned coal mine, about the results that lead to a large number of farmland area was contaminated by acid wastewater and heavy metal and then becoming abandoning farmland area.This caused serious impact on food security and agricultural foundation stability. Therefore, carry out evaluation of heavy metal contaminated soil and the measures of ecological remediation in mining wasteland had important application value and practical significance.
In this paper, with the healthy development of the mining area ecological environment as the premise, with the ecological restoration theory as the guide, combined with the actual situation of ecological restoration of coal mine in Guizhou province, Feng xiang shu, Jin tian, Yin dong, Gui'an coal mine wastelands in Huaxi district of Guiyang, Guizhou were selected as objects of the research. in search of suitable materials for soil remediation in coal mine wastelands, the study of the affection of Pteris vittata on soil remediation by heavy mental pollution, the physiological property of Boehmeria nivea treated by different concentration of Tea saponin and enrichment effect on heavy mental Cd contaminated soil were conducted based on outdoor survey, lab analysis and pot experiment methods. The approaches of ecological remediation were studied to provide basic data and technical references. The main research findings were as follows:
(1) The soil essential physiochemical properties in coal reclamation area, coal gangue hill reclamation area of Feng xiang shu and Jin tian coal mine wastelands were measured. The results showed that the value of pH in coal mine wastelands was generally low, and even it was extreme acidic in some areas. It was because the acidic substances produced by the acidic waste water form mine outfall and the pyrite associated coal gangue with the oxygen in the air occurring oxidation reactions. The soil pH value was generally low in mining wasteland in function of rainfall and surface runoff, even some regional soil was strongly acidic condition. The capacity of maintenance fertilizer showed larger differences in different coal mine wastelands. It was in middle level in the reclamation area of farmland which cation exchange was10～20cmol/kg. However, it was weak in coal gangue hill reclamation area with cation exchange was below10cmol/kg in the most areas. Soil organic content in the reclamation area of farmland was higher than in coal gangue hill reclamation area. It was indicated that the utilization status and degree of maturation in the former was better than that in the latter. The total amount of N, P, K in coal mine wastelands soils was in lower-middle level. The effective amount of them was generally low due to the acidic soil, especially the effective amount of P which was mainly insoluble aluminum P and iron P-based.
(2) The analysis of heavy metal content and morphology was conducted under Feng xiang shu coal mine wastelands, the reclamation area of farmland, coal gangue hill reclamation area, Jin tian coal mine wastelands, wastelands and farmland. It was shown that the heavy metal content Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd was exceeded soil background values in Gui zhou province. Among them, the Cu content of heavy metal was in excess of the 《National soil environmental quality standards》(GB15618-1995) secondary standard, that was50mg/kg. In the reclamation area of farmland, the Cd content was twice much than the primary standard that was0.20mg/kg, even more than in the secondary standard prescribed0.30mg/kg. In the coal mine wastelands, the accumulation of Pb was exceeded the background values of Guizhou provice. The Pb content in some areas was more than the primary standard prescribed35mg/kg, but far below the secondary standard prescribed250mg/kg. Meanwhile, the Zn and Cr content was in a clean level which was lower than the secondary standard.
(3) The results of the heavy metal pollution index of Feng xiang shu coal mine wastelands showed that, in farmland reclamation area, the single factor pollution index (Pi) was arranged as:Cd>Cu>Pb>Zn>Cr. It suggested that Cd accumulation was the most serious in farmland reclamation area that the Pi was3.38. The evaluation of N·L·Nemerow pollution index showed that, integrated pollution index was2.15-2.81in five plots of farmland reclamation area. The pollution degree was IV grade that was at moderate level. In coal gangue hill reclamation area, Pi was ranked as:Cd>Cu>Pb> Zn>Cr. It suggested that Cd accumulation was the most serious in coal gangue hill reclamation area that the Pi was3.75. Integrated pollution index was2.41-3.07in five plots. It was shown that overall was in moderate pollution level. In Jin tian coal mine wastelands, wastelands and farmland, the Pi was ranked as Cd>Pb>Cu>Zn>Cr, that was at the moderate and light levels of pollution. The results of evaluation of nemerow pollution showed that:tying area> farmland> wasteland. That was2.13,1.83and1.58, respectively. Cd accumulation of heavy metals in the study area was more obvious. The single factor pollution index was higher. It was proved that there was a potential ecological risk. As a result, Cd should be as a control object in cola mine wastelands in the view of environmental risk and food safety.
(4) The patience to extreme acidic soil and the ability of repair soil heavy metal pollution of pteris vittata was studied. The results showed that the soils in these wastelands were acidic, biodiversity was poor, and vegetation was single. Pteris vittata as dominant plant had s strong acid resistance at higher levels of the study area such acidic soils. It still was growing normally. The coverage of pteris vittata was changed along with the value of pH. The smaller the soil pH, the biodiversity in the region was reducing, and the coverage of pteris vittata was smaller. In Jin tian, Yin dong, Gui'an coal mine wastelands, Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn was varying degrees of overweight. Compared with the soil background value of Gui zhou province, Cd was the most serious excessive heavy metals, up to three times. Effective removal of heavy metal pollution in coal mine was prerequisite in ecological restoration and rehabilitation work. There was a big risk to food safety when planted crops blindly in wastelands.
There was a big difference in the capacities of enrichment different heavy metals about pteris vittata. Enrichment factor was Cd>Pb>Cr>Cu>Zn. It was greater than one for Cd and Pb, in which the highest coefficient of Cd concentration reached4.3. So pteris vittata could be considered as a preferred species in restoration and rehabilitation work. The trend of heavy metal transfer coefficient about pteris vittata was roughly Cu>Zn>Pb>Cd>Cr. Heavy metal transfer coefficient of Cu was less than one in Jin tian coal mine because of its extreme Ph. The other two areas was greater than one, which was3.3in Gui'an coal mine wastelands. It was instructive in soil remediation.
(5) The effect of ramie growth in different tea saponin solution and the capacity of enrichment and transport of Cd on ramie was measured by pot experimental studies. There was dose effect in the impact of tea saponin of ramie paint height and stem diameter. When the concentration of tea saponin was in0.1and0.5mmol/L, it would exacerbate the toxic effects of heavy metals on ramie. When the concentration was in 1.0～5.0mmol/L, the heavy metal Cd toxic effect on ramie was reduced. The stem diameter reached its maximum if the concentration was2.5mmol/L. Above this threshold, higher concentration did not further reduce the toxic effects of Cd on plant. The dry weight of ramie leaves, seeds and raw jute was significantly decreased when the concentration of tea saponin was in low level (0.1mmol/L) and high level (5.0mmol/L). The dry weight of ramie leaves, seeds and raw jute was upward trend with the increase of the concentration when it was in0.5～2.5mmol/L. The dry weight was significantly increased at2.5mmol/L, indicating that this concentration had effective in leaching Cd heavy metals in soil. The soil toxicity of Cd was exacerbated, ramie root growth was inhibited when the concentration was0.1mmol/L. In some extent, it undermined the ability of upward transport of heavy metals into ramie plant body, causing the Cd content was low in stems and leaves. The Cd content was gradually increased in ramie roots, stems and leaves when then concentration was0.5-2.5mmol/L. However, it was opposite when then concentration was2.5-5.0mmol/L. So, the best choice of tea saponin concentration was2.5mmol/L in the actual mining wasteland Cd contamination governance.
The synthesis of chlorophyll a was inhibited when the concentration was in low level(0.1mmol/L). The content of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b was rise with the increase of the concentration when it was in0.5～2.5mmol/L, reached their maximum at2.5mmol/L. As a result, adding an appropriate amount of concentration of tea saponin in Cd contaminated soil, the content of chlorophyll in ramie was significantly increased.
The enrichment factor of Cd in ramie roots, stems and leaves was first increased and then decreased with then concentration of tea saponin. It reached the highest when then concentration was2.5mmlo/L. It was indicated that tea saponin could effectively improve the ability of the enrichment of Cd at the2.5mmol/L.The transfer coefficient was generally upward trend but the increase rate was not obvious when the concentration in0.1～2.5mmol/L. It was0.75that was slightly higher than the other concentration tea saponin treatments when then concentration was in2.5mmol/L. The result showed that there was little impact to Cd transfer coefficient on ramie through different concentrations of tea saponin in Cd contaminated soil.
引文
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