农村新型金融组织信贷运行机制研究
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摘要
向农户和农村中小企业提供金融服务,是中国农村经济发展需要解决的一个重要课题,也是我国政府面临的重要挑战。以国有大型银行为主的正规金融机构的制度安排,很难适应农户经济为主的小额、分散的融资需求,缺乏服务三农的积极性；农村信用社又势单力薄,无法满足由于农村经济快速增长而日益扩大的资金需求；而内生于农村的民间金融机构虽然在一定程度上填补了正规金融机构服务的空白,却无法实现自身的规范发展。在此背景下,与农户和农村中小型企业信贷需求特点相适应的农村新型金融组织的出现为解决这一问题提供了一个全新的思路,成为我国农村金融发展的一个全新的选择。不仅如此,农村新型金融组织的出现也从根本上改变了原来对农村金融体系存量改革的思路,成为中国政府在农村金融领域进行增量改革的重要载体。目前,新型农村金融组织的“汤水效应”也已初见成效,已经成为农村金融系统中不可缺少的一环。但是,我们也应该清楚地认识到,我国农村新型金融组织的发展仍然处于探索阶段,其信贷运行机制仍然存在着不少问题。因此,优化农村新型金融组织信贷运行机制,充分提高新型农村金融组织信贷运行效率是解决目前农村金融市场供求矛盾的最佳选择。
鉴于此,本研究运用规范分析的方法,以农村新型金融组织的概念和运行机制内涵为切入点,系统地构建了农村新型金融组织信贷运行机制研究的总体思路。本文正是围绕着作为信贷供给方的新型农村金融组织,作为信贷需求方的农村经济主体,作为新型农村金融组织监管方的政府,对农村新型金融组织信贷运行机制进行了重新设计,并提出了确保农村新型金融组织信贷运行机制有效运行的对策建议。
首先,巨大的潜在农村金融需求是农村新型金融组织信贷运行机制设计的前提。本文采用定量分析和定性分析相结合的方法对农村金融需求的整体状况、层次性特征和融资行为特征进行了分析。通过测算证明,中国农村金融需求巨大,但供给十分不足,信贷资金缺口呈现出逐年增加的趋势。当内生于农村的金融需求从现有的金融机构无法满足的时候,在农村金融体系内必然会导致诱致性制度变迁,农村新型金融组织的出现则是一种必然的结果。而就农村金融系统中的不同需求主体而言,由于农户和农村企业经济活动内容和生产规模差异很大,其信贷需求也存在着很大的区别,致使其对金融服务的要求以及自身信贷需求的满足程度表现出不同的特点。而农户和农村中小企业的融资行为特点决定了其很难从传统的商业化正规金融机构得到贷款。因此,农村金融需求的结构性特点,为农村新型金融组织实现与传统商业化正规金融机构差异化发展提供了广阔市场空间,也使农村新型金融组织信贷运行机制的设计更符合农户和农村中小企业的融资特征。
其次,对现有运行机制中存在问题的分析和信贷运行效率的评价是农村新型金融组织信贷运行机制设计的基础。本文采用动态分析与静态分析相结合的方法论述了中国农村新型金融组织产生的背景、发展阶段以及信贷运行特征,从农村新型金融组织信贷运行机制现状分析中归纳出农村新型金融组织信贷运行机制中存在的主要问题。在生产函数不能确定的情况下,选用DEA模型对农村新型金融组织信贷运行效率进行评价；在综合考虑农村新型金融组织经营特点和数据收集情况的前提下,选择出样本的投入和产出指标,并以村镇银行为例进行了实证分析,提出了改进策略,这也是本文的创新成果之一
再次,本文对农村新型金融组织信贷运行机制的总体框架进行了设计,并在充分借鉴国际成功的信贷运行模式和运行机制经验的基础上,对影响农村需求主体信贷可获得性、效益性和偿还性的抵押品替代机制、贷款定价机制、偿还激励机制进行了深入剖析和方案设计,这也是本文的又一创新成果。通过农村新型金融组织信贷运行机制的设计,对有效地建立起连接农村金融供需的桥梁,提高信贷资金的使用效率,实现信贷资金在供需主体之间的良性互动具有积极的作用。
最后,本文提出了确保农村新型金融组织信贷运行机制有效运行的对策建议。我国新型农村金融组织仍处于初步发展阶段,在信贷运行过程中仍面临着较严重的外部环境与内在条件的制约。从国际小额信贷的成功经验来看,政府的支持和完善的内部控制机制对于信贷运行机制功能的发挥都是至关重要。本文提出了包括充分发挥政府的调控作用,不断完善相关配套政策,培养良好的农村金融生态环境和完善组织内部控制机制在内的几点建议,为农村新型金融组织信贷运行机制的有效实施提供良好的制度保障和环境条件。
综上所述,本研究具有重要的理论及现实意义。从理论角度看,一是提出了农村新型金融组织信贷运行机制的基本框架,丰富了运行机制的理论内涵,为中国农村新型金融组织研究提供了新的思路与解决问题的良好途径；二是运用系统性分析原理,从功能视角审视农村新型金融组织信贷运行特点,为促进农村新型金融组织的发展和提高农村新型金融组织信贷运行效率奠定了理论基础；三是提出了农村新型金融组织信贷运行效率评价的理论模型,丰富和拓展了运行效率评价的理论体系。从实践角度看,农村新型金融组织信贷运行机制的研究,一是为解决农村弱势群体融资难困境提供有效途径；二是有利于增强农村新型金融组织的经营活力,促进农村新型金融组织的信贷业务健康运行和良性发展：三是为政府和相关管理部门进行制度建设和科学决策提供借鉴。
Providing financial services for farmers and SMEs is an important topic to be resolved in China's rural economic development, and also the important challenge faced by our government. Institutional arrangements of formal financial institutions are difficult to adapt to the small, decentralized financing needs from household economy mainly in the large state-owned banks and lack the positive rural services; rural credit cooperatives are weak and unable to meet the growing demand for funds due to the rapid rural economic growth. To some extent, financial institutions born in rural private sector fill the blank of the formal financial institutions, but they can not achieve their own normative development. In this context, the emergence of new-type rural financial organizations, which adapt to the credit-demand characteristics of farmers and rural small and medium enterprises, provides a new way of thinking and a new choice to become China's rural financial development for solving this problem. Moreover, it fundamentally changes the original idea of the reform of rural financial system stock and has become an important carrier of the Chinese government in the field of rural finance incremental reform. At present, the "soup effect" of new rural financial organizations has been noticed, and has become an indispensable part of the rural financial system. However, we should clearly recognize that the development of China's new rural financial organizations is still at the exploratory stage. There are still many problems during the credit operation mechanism of Chinese new rural financial organizations. Therefore, optimizing the operating mechanism of new rural financial organizations, and fully enhancing the credit operating efficiency of new rural financial organizations are the best choices to solve the contradiction between supply and demand of the rural financial market.
In view of this, the normative analysis is used in this paper. Starting from the definition and the operation mechanism of the new-type rural financial organizations, this paper builds the overall frame of the new-type rural financial organizations credit operating mechanism. This article is discussed from several aspects:the new rural financial organizations as the credit supply party, the rural economy body as the credit demand party, the government as a regulator of new rural financial organizations. This article rebuilds the credit operating mechanism of new rural financial organizations, and put forwards several suggestions which can improve the credit operating mechanism of new rural financial organizations.
Firstly, the vast potential rural financial needs are the foundation of the credit operating mechanism in new rural financial organizations. This article combined quantitative and qualitative methods to analyze the overall condition of the rural financial needs, hierarchical characteristics and the financial behavior characteristics. The measurement estimated that China's rural financial need is huge, but its supply is inadequate, which leads the tendency of credit funding gap increasing year by year. When existing formal financial institutions cannot meet the financial needs from the countryside, it will inevitably lead to the induced institutional changes in the rural financial system, and then the emergence of new-type rural financial organizations is an inevitable result. For the different main parts in the rural financial system, the demands for credit are different, due to the big differences of farmer and rural enterprise's financial activity and production scale, which leads that the requirements to the financial services and the extent of the satisfaction of the demand to the loans have different characteristics. However, because of the financial behavior features, the farmers and the SME are difficult to get loans from the traditional regular financial institutions. Therefore, the constitutive property of the rural financial needs provides vast market space for achievements of the new-type rural financial organizations and differentiation developments of the traditional regular financial institutions, and makes the design of the new-type rural financial organizations more correspond with the financial characteristics of the farmers and the SMEs in the countryside.
Secondly, the analysis to the problems existing in the present mechanism and the evaluation to the credit performance efficiency is the basis for the credit operational mechanism design of the new rural financial organizations. This paper discusses the background of the Chinese new-type rural financial organizations, the stage of development, and the characteristics of credit operation with static and dynamic analysis method; it summarizes the main problems in the credit operation mechanism of the new rural financial organizations. In the case of the uncertain production function, DEA model can be used to evaluate the operating efficiency of new financial organizations in rural areas. From the comprehensive consideration premise, the new-type rural financial organizations features and the data collection, the paper chooses some indicators of input and output samples, and make some empirical analysis of the country banks, putting forward several countermeasures, which is the innovative point of this paper.
Thirdly, this paper designs the overall framework of the credit operating mechanism of the new rural financial organizations. On the basis of the international successful credit operation mode and the operation mechanism experience, it analysis deeply and designs the credit availability affected by rural-need bodies, effectiveness and repayment of the collateral alternative mechanism for the loan pricing mechanism, repayment incentive, which is another innovation in this paper. Through the design of credit operating mechanism of new-type rural financial organizations, it effectively established a bridge which connects the supply and demand of rural finance, improved efficiency of credit funds, and achieved the positive interaction of credit funds between supply and demand bodies.
Lastly, this paper puts forward relevant recommendations to the credit operational mechanisms effective operation of the new rural financial organizations. China's new rural financial organizations are still in the preliminary stage, and still faced many serious external environment and internal conditions constraints in the creation and development. Taking successful example by the foreign small credit, we can get the conclusion that the government support and the perfect inside control is important to the credit operating mechanism. This paper put forward some suggestions, including the government use the regulation function properly, improve related policies constantly, develop rural financial environment, and improve the organizational internal control mechanisms, which provide a good environment for the credit operational mechanisms effective operation and healthy development of the new-type rural financial organizations.
To summarize, this paper has important theoretical and practical significance. Form theoretical perspective, first, it proposes the basic framework of the new-type rural financial organizations operating mechanism, enriches the theoretical connotation of the operating mechanism, provides new ideas and a best way to solve the problem for the Chinese new-type rural financial organizations. Second, it uses systematic analysis principle to examine the credit operational characteristic of new financial organizations from a functional perspective; it lays the theoretical foundation for the development and improvement credit operational effective of the new rural financial system. Third, it proposes theoretical model of the new-type rural financial organizations operating efficiency evaluation, enriching the expanding the theoretical system of efficiency evaluation. From the practical perspective, the research of the operating mechanism in the new-type rural financial organizations have great significance:first, it provides an effective way to difficult financing; second, it enhances the business activity of the new-type rural financial organizations, promoting the healthy operation and sustainable development of the new-type rural financial organizations; third, it provides a reference for the government and relevant administrative departments system construction and scientific decision-making.
鉴于此,本研究运用规范分析的方法,以农村新型金融组织的概念和运行机制内涵为切入点,系统地构建了农村新型金融组织信贷运行机制研究的总体思路。本文正是围绕着作为信贷供给方的新型农村金融组织,作为信贷需求方的农村经济主体,作为新型农村金融组织监管方的政府,对农村新型金融组织信贷运行机制进行了重新设计,并提出了确保农村新型金融组织信贷运行机制有效运行的对策建议。
首先,巨大的潜在农村金融需求是农村新型金融组织信贷运行机制设计的前提。本文采用定量分析和定性分析相结合的方法对农村金融需求的整体状况、层次性特征和融资行为特征进行了分析。通过测算证明,中国农村金融需求巨大,但供给十分不足,信贷资金缺口呈现出逐年增加的趋势。当内生于农村的金融需求从现有的金融机构无法满足的时候,在农村金融体系内必然会导致诱致性制度变迁,农村新型金融组织的出现则是一种必然的结果。而就农村金融系统中的不同需求主体而言,由于农户和农村企业经济活动内容和生产规模差异很大,其信贷需求也存在着很大的区别,致使其对金融服务的要求以及自身信贷需求的满足程度表现出不同的特点。而农户和农村中小企业的融资行为特点决定了其很难从传统的商业化正规金融机构得到贷款。因此,农村金融需求的结构性特点,为农村新型金融组织实现与传统商业化正规金融机构差异化发展提供了广阔市场空间,也使农村新型金融组织信贷运行机制的设计更符合农户和农村中小企业的融资特征。
其次,对现有运行机制中存在问题的分析和信贷运行效率的评价是农村新型金融组织信贷运行机制设计的基础。本文采用动态分析与静态分析相结合的方法论述了中国农村新型金融组织产生的背景、发展阶段以及信贷运行特征,从农村新型金融组织信贷运行机制现状分析中归纳出农村新型金融组织信贷运行机制中存在的主要问题。在生产函数不能确定的情况下,选用DEA模型对农村新型金融组织信贷运行效率进行评价；在综合考虑农村新型金融组织经营特点和数据收集情况的前提下,选择出样本的投入和产出指标,并以村镇银行为例进行了实证分析,提出了改进策略,这也是本文的创新成果之一
再次,本文对农村新型金融组织信贷运行机制的总体框架进行了设计,并在充分借鉴国际成功的信贷运行模式和运行机制经验的基础上,对影响农村需求主体信贷可获得性、效益性和偿还性的抵押品替代机制、贷款定价机制、偿还激励机制进行了深入剖析和方案设计,这也是本文的又一创新成果。通过农村新型金融组织信贷运行机制的设计,对有效地建立起连接农村金融供需的桥梁,提高信贷资金的使用效率,实现信贷资金在供需主体之间的良性互动具有积极的作用。
最后,本文提出了确保农村新型金融组织信贷运行机制有效运行的对策建议。我国新型农村金融组织仍处于初步发展阶段,在信贷运行过程中仍面临着较严重的外部环境与内在条件的制约。从国际小额信贷的成功经验来看,政府的支持和完善的内部控制机制对于信贷运行机制功能的发挥都是至关重要。本文提出了包括充分发挥政府的调控作用,不断完善相关配套政策,培养良好的农村金融生态环境和完善组织内部控制机制在内的几点建议,为农村新型金融组织信贷运行机制的有效实施提供良好的制度保障和环境条件。
综上所述,本研究具有重要的理论及现实意义。从理论角度看,一是提出了农村新型金融组织信贷运行机制的基本框架,丰富了运行机制的理论内涵,为中国农村新型金融组织研究提供了新的思路与解决问题的良好途径；二是运用系统性分析原理,从功能视角审视农村新型金融组织信贷运行特点,为促进农村新型金融组织的发展和提高农村新型金融组织信贷运行效率奠定了理论基础；三是提出了农村新型金融组织信贷运行效率评价的理论模型,丰富和拓展了运行效率评价的理论体系。从实践角度看,农村新型金融组织信贷运行机制的研究,一是为解决农村弱势群体融资难困境提供有效途径；二是有利于增强农村新型金融组织的经营活力,促进农村新型金融组织的信贷业务健康运行和良性发展：三是为政府和相关管理部门进行制度建设和科学决策提供借鉴。
Providing financial services for farmers and SMEs is an important topic to be resolved in China's rural economic development, and also the important challenge faced by our government. Institutional arrangements of formal financial institutions are difficult to adapt to the small, decentralized financing needs from household economy mainly in the large state-owned banks and lack the positive rural services; rural credit cooperatives are weak and unable to meet the growing demand for funds due to the rapid rural economic growth. To some extent, financial institutions born in rural private sector fill the blank of the formal financial institutions, but they can not achieve their own normative development. In this context, the emergence of new-type rural financial organizations, which adapt to the credit-demand characteristics of farmers and rural small and medium enterprises, provides a new way of thinking and a new choice to become China's rural financial development for solving this problem. Moreover, it fundamentally changes the original idea of the reform of rural financial system stock and has become an important carrier of the Chinese government in the field of rural finance incremental reform. At present, the "soup effect" of new rural financial organizations has been noticed, and has become an indispensable part of the rural financial system. However, we should clearly recognize that the development of China's new rural financial organizations is still at the exploratory stage. There are still many problems during the credit operation mechanism of Chinese new rural financial organizations. Therefore, optimizing the operating mechanism of new rural financial organizations, and fully enhancing the credit operating efficiency of new rural financial organizations are the best choices to solve the contradiction between supply and demand of the rural financial market.
In view of this, the normative analysis is used in this paper. Starting from the definition and the operation mechanism of the new-type rural financial organizations, this paper builds the overall frame of the new-type rural financial organizations credit operating mechanism. This article is discussed from several aspects:the new rural financial organizations as the credit supply party, the rural economy body as the credit demand party, the government as a regulator of new rural financial organizations. This article rebuilds the credit operating mechanism of new rural financial organizations, and put forwards several suggestions which can improve the credit operating mechanism of new rural financial organizations.
Firstly, the vast potential rural financial needs are the foundation of the credit operating mechanism in new rural financial organizations. This article combined quantitative and qualitative methods to analyze the overall condition of the rural financial needs, hierarchical characteristics and the financial behavior characteristics. The measurement estimated that China's rural financial need is huge, but its supply is inadequate, which leads the tendency of credit funding gap increasing year by year. When existing formal financial institutions cannot meet the financial needs from the countryside, it will inevitably lead to the induced institutional changes in the rural financial system, and then the emergence of new-type rural financial organizations is an inevitable result. For the different main parts in the rural financial system, the demands for credit are different, due to the big differences of farmer and rural enterprise's financial activity and production scale, which leads that the requirements to the financial services and the extent of the satisfaction of the demand to the loans have different characteristics. However, because of the financial behavior features, the farmers and the SME are difficult to get loans from the traditional regular financial institutions. Therefore, the constitutive property of the rural financial needs provides vast market space for achievements of the new-type rural financial organizations and differentiation developments of the traditional regular financial institutions, and makes the design of the new-type rural financial organizations more correspond with the financial characteristics of the farmers and the SMEs in the countryside.
Secondly, the analysis to the problems existing in the present mechanism and the evaluation to the credit performance efficiency is the basis for the credit operational mechanism design of the new rural financial organizations. This paper discusses the background of the Chinese new-type rural financial organizations, the stage of development, and the characteristics of credit operation with static and dynamic analysis method; it summarizes the main problems in the credit operation mechanism of the new rural financial organizations. In the case of the uncertain production function, DEA model can be used to evaluate the operating efficiency of new financial organizations in rural areas. From the comprehensive consideration premise, the new-type rural financial organizations features and the data collection, the paper chooses some indicators of input and output samples, and make some empirical analysis of the country banks, putting forward several countermeasures, which is the innovative point of this paper.
Thirdly, this paper designs the overall framework of the credit operating mechanism of the new rural financial organizations. On the basis of the international successful credit operation mode and the operation mechanism experience, it analysis deeply and designs the credit availability affected by rural-need bodies, effectiveness and repayment of the collateral alternative mechanism for the loan pricing mechanism, repayment incentive, which is another innovation in this paper. Through the design of credit operating mechanism of new-type rural financial organizations, it effectively established a bridge which connects the supply and demand of rural finance, improved efficiency of credit funds, and achieved the positive interaction of credit funds between supply and demand bodies.
Lastly, this paper puts forward relevant recommendations to the credit operational mechanisms effective operation of the new rural financial organizations. China's new rural financial organizations are still in the preliminary stage, and still faced many serious external environment and internal conditions constraints in the creation and development. Taking successful example by the foreign small credit, we can get the conclusion that the government support and the perfect inside control is important to the credit operating mechanism. This paper put forward some suggestions, including the government use the regulation function properly, improve related policies constantly, develop rural financial environment, and improve the organizational internal control mechanisms, which provide a good environment for the credit operational mechanisms effective operation and healthy development of the new-type rural financial organizations.
To summarize, this paper has important theoretical and practical significance. Form theoretical perspective, first, it proposes the basic framework of the new-type rural financial organizations operating mechanism, enriches the theoretical connotation of the operating mechanism, provides new ideas and a best way to solve the problem for the Chinese new-type rural financial organizations. Second, it uses systematic analysis principle to examine the credit operational characteristic of new financial organizations from a functional perspective; it lays the theoretical foundation for the development and improvement credit operational effective of the new rural financial system. Third, it proposes theoretical model of the new-type rural financial organizations operating efficiency evaluation, enriching the expanding the theoretical system of efficiency evaluation. From the practical perspective, the research of the operating mechanism in the new-type rural financial organizations have great significance:first, it provides an effective way to difficult financing; second, it enhances the business activity of the new-type rural financial organizations, promoting the healthy operation and sustainable development of the new-type rural financial organizations; third, it provides a reference for the government and relevant administrative departments system construction and scientific decision-making.
引文
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