IP和ATM网络中的视频存储、传输控制及终端表示
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摘要
宽带网技术的发展，导致视频存储、传输控制及终端表示新的挑战。如何在宽带IP和ATM网络上有效地传输MPEG视频，才能有效地保证视频传输的服务质量参数QoS（如延迟、延迟变化等），以及用户终端表示的表现质量参数QoP，一直是近年来学术界研究的热点。因此，在本论文中，作者对宽带IP和ATM网络中的MPEG视频存储、传输控制及终端表示进行了较为深入的研究和探索，并取得了如下成果。
◆ 就大规模视频服务器的存储体系结构、性能指标要求、数据布局和准入控制等问题进行了分析，提出了基于并行磁盘阵列、可满足用户多QoS要求的、大规模视频服务器存储体系结构及调度算法。该算法能够根据不同视频的时延和磁盘利用率要求，采用不同的分段等级来对视频数据进行存储。因此比已有的方案如：平衡放置、周期放置等提供更好的灵活性、更高的可扩展性。
◆ 详细分析了MPEG VBR单视频流统计特性，并建立了其流量模型。该模型能够同时拟合视频序列的边际分布函数和自相关函数（一阶和二阶统计特性），这是传统的网络流量模型不具备的。因此，该模型可以用于网络性能分析和视频流流量模拟。
◆ 对多聚合视频流，建立了基于平稳自相似随机过程的流量模型。与传统的自相似网络流量模型相比，该模型不仅可以同时有效地表征视频流的自相似特性、长时依赖和流间突发性，并且将现有的各种自相似流量模型统一到一致的框架下。
◆ 推广了令牌桶+漏桶流量控制算法，提出了在InteServ模型的可保证服务GS下，基于UDP的MPEG视频流令牌桶整形算法，该算法可以有效地保证实时视频流的传输延迟和延迟变化在可控的QoS参数范围内。
◆ 基于闭环流量控制原理，提出了基于线性预测加短时自适应调整的MPEG视频流量控制算法，该算法可以根据各视频流连接对网络资源的不同要求，动态自适应进行实时调整。与已有方案相比，该算法可以更好地利用网络资源，并且视频流连接可取得更短的队列长度和更小的排队延迟。
◆ 将MPEG2的分层视频编码和MPEG4的面向对象视频编码相结合，建立了ATM网络中面向对象的分层视频编码及多优先级实时传输方案，如：ATM适配层映射、ATM流量管理和ATM缓冲管理算法等。
◆ 讨论为支持网络多媒体应用，图像、视频内容在用户终端如何表示的抽象概念模型，在较高层次上对图像和视频信息的表示进行综述。讨论基于内容的索引和检索的原理、方法，提出了一种基于GAUSS滤波的图像可视化检索方法。与传统的模板匹配和区域分割方法相比，该方法不仅能容忍一定程度的图像扭曲，也能在较大尺度和视角变化范围内，更有效地进行图像的特征提取和检索；而且可以取得更高的检索率。
The development of multimedia in broadband network brings us new chanlledges of different media objects, such as audio, image & video. Multimedia applications contain different media objects stored in remote server or generated in real-time. These objects should be presented to end user with temporal or spatial restrictions. Furthermore, the storage, transmission and presentation of multimedia data are the three key problems should be resolved while constructing distributed multimedia system.
However, it is still a hard work to transmit MPEG VBR (Variable Bit Rate) video in IP & ATM network. Because MPEG video need more storage space (though achievements in compression algorithms have decrease it to a reasonable degree), high transmission bandwidth, low transmission delay and delay jitter (especially to real-time video). How to guarantee video transmission QoS (Quality of Service)? More importantly, video data are not simple plain text; they contain multi-semantic media objects and can be described and presented in different ways. How to present them to end-users in order to guarantee QoP (Quality of Presentation)?
We pay more attention to MPEG video storage, transmission control and presentation in IP and ATM network in this thesis. We review and summarize relative achievements in this field, we then generalize these topics to MPEG video, especially its storage, transmission control and presentation in broadband IP and ATM network.
We summarized common video server architecture, analyzed the performance requirements, data placement and admission control problem, etc., of large-scale video storage server. We propose a new data placement scheme and its admission control algorithm based on parallel disk arrays, which can satisfy user's multi-QoS requirements.
We analyzed and summarized network traffic models commonly used in network analysis. At the same time, we generalize the idea to video stream modeling in IP and ATM network. We analyzed statistic characteristics of single MPEG VBR video stream and construct its traffic model, which can fit distribution function and auto-correlation function of video sequence very perfectly; We also established aggregated MPEG VBR video stream model based on alpha-stable similarity process. Compared with those proposed self-similarity video traffic models, this model not only fitted video sequence properties such as self-similarity, long range dependence, variability,
simultaneously, but also integrates all existing self-similarity models into a uniform framework, so it's a more universal self-similarity traffic model.
Traffic shaping and policing is very important in network transmission control. But there is still little work had been done to MPEG video stream. We proposed a new video-shaping scheme based on token bucket, which can meet delay and delay jitter of video connection QoS parameters. We also proposed a predicator-based adaptive video stream transmission algorithm, Which can adjust network resource requirements of video connection adaptively.
MPEG video coding algorithms such as MPEG2 use a layered video-coding algorithm, in order to provide different resolvtions in different situations. MPEG4 use a new approach based on object-oriented coding. We discussed priorities mapping of layered and object-oriented coding video data and it transmission in ATM network.
We also discussed the presentation of multimedia to end-user in order to support networking multimedia applications. We discussed the abstract conceptual model of representation image and video in a high level, we also summarized theory and method of content-based index and retrieval, proposed a GUASS filtering-based method for image retrieval.
◆ 就大规模视频服务器的存储体系结构、性能指标要求、数据布局和准入控制等问题进行了分析，提出了基于并行磁盘阵列、可满足用户多QoS要求的、大规模视频服务器存储体系结构及调度算法。该算法能够根据不同视频的时延和磁盘利用率要求，采用不同的分段等级来对视频数据进行存储。因此比已有的方案如：平衡放置、周期放置等提供更好的灵活性、更高的可扩展性。
◆ 详细分析了MPEG VBR单视频流统计特性，并建立了其流量模型。该模型能够同时拟合视频序列的边际分布函数和自相关函数（一阶和二阶统计特性），这是传统的网络流量模型不具备的。因此，该模型可以用于网络性能分析和视频流流量模拟。
◆ 对多聚合视频流，建立了基于平稳自相似随机过程的流量模型。与传统的自相似网络流量模型相比，该模型不仅可以同时有效地表征视频流的自相似特性、长时依赖和流间突发性，并且将现有的各种自相似流量模型统一到一致的框架下。
◆ 推广了令牌桶+漏桶流量控制算法，提出了在InteServ模型的可保证服务GS下，基于UDP的MPEG视频流令牌桶整形算法，该算法可以有效地保证实时视频流的传输延迟和延迟变化在可控的QoS参数范围内。
◆ 基于闭环流量控制原理，提出了基于线性预测加短时自适应调整的MPEG视频流量控制算法，该算法可以根据各视频流连接对网络资源的不同要求，动态自适应进行实时调整。与已有方案相比，该算法可以更好地利用网络资源，并且视频流连接可取得更短的队列长度和更小的排队延迟。
◆ 将MPEG2的分层视频编码和MPEG4的面向对象视频编码相结合，建立了ATM网络中面向对象的分层视频编码及多优先级实时传输方案，如：ATM适配层映射、ATM流量管理和ATM缓冲管理算法等。
◆ 讨论为支持网络多媒体应用，图像、视频内容在用户终端如何表示的抽象概念模型，在较高层次上对图像和视频信息的表示进行综述。讨论基于内容的索引和检索的原理、方法，提出了一种基于GAUSS滤波的图像可视化检索方法。与传统的模板匹配和区域分割方法相比，该方法不仅能容忍一定程度的图像扭曲，也能在较大尺度和视角变化范围内，更有效地进行图像的特征提取和检索；而且可以取得更高的检索率。
The development of multimedia in broadband network brings us new chanlledges of different media objects, such as audio, image & video. Multimedia applications contain different media objects stored in remote server or generated in real-time. These objects should be presented to end user with temporal or spatial restrictions. Furthermore, the storage, transmission and presentation of multimedia data are the three key problems should be resolved while constructing distributed multimedia system.
However, it is still a hard work to transmit MPEG VBR (Variable Bit Rate) video in IP & ATM network. Because MPEG video need more storage space (though achievements in compression algorithms have decrease it to a reasonable degree), high transmission bandwidth, low transmission delay and delay jitter (especially to real-time video). How to guarantee video transmission QoS (Quality of Service)? More importantly, video data are not simple plain text; they contain multi-semantic media objects and can be described and presented in different ways. How to present them to end-users in order to guarantee QoP (Quality of Presentation)?
We pay more attention to MPEG video storage, transmission control and presentation in IP and ATM network in this thesis. We review and summarize relative achievements in this field, we then generalize these topics to MPEG video, especially its storage, transmission control and presentation in broadband IP and ATM network.
We summarized common video server architecture, analyzed the performance requirements, data placement and admission control problem, etc., of large-scale video storage server. We propose a new data placement scheme and its admission control algorithm based on parallel disk arrays, which can satisfy user's multi-QoS requirements.
We analyzed and summarized network traffic models commonly used in network analysis. At the same time, we generalize the idea to video stream modeling in IP and ATM network. We analyzed statistic characteristics of single MPEG VBR video stream and construct its traffic model, which can fit distribution function and auto-correlation function of video sequence very perfectly; We also established aggregated MPEG VBR video stream model based on alpha-stable similarity process. Compared with those proposed self-similarity video traffic models, this model not only fitted video sequence properties such as self-similarity, long range dependence, variability,
simultaneously, but also integrates all existing self-similarity models into a uniform framework, so it's a more universal self-similarity traffic model.
Traffic shaping and policing is very important in network transmission control. But there is still little work had been done to MPEG video stream. We proposed a new video-shaping scheme based on token bucket, which can meet delay and delay jitter of video connection QoS parameters. We also proposed a predicator-based adaptive video stream transmission algorithm, Which can adjust network resource requirements of video connection adaptively.
MPEG video coding algorithms such as MPEG2 use a layered video-coding algorithm, in order to provide different resolvtions in different situations. MPEG4 use a new approach based on object-oriented coding. We discussed priorities mapping of layered and object-oriented coding video data and it transmission in ATM network.
We also discussed the presentation of multimedia to end-user in order to support networking multimedia applications. We discussed the abstract conceptual model of representation image and video in a high level, we also summarized theory and method of content-based index and retrieval, proposed a GUASS filtering-based method for image retrieval.
引文
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