论托马斯·哈代文学作品中的人道主义思想
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摘要
托马斯·哈代是世界上最著名的小说家之一,他在一生中写出了非常多的小说和诗歌。他生活于世纪之交,被人们认为是一位承前启后的作家。他受到了维多利亚时期和现代社会的共同影响。
从他的文学作品中,我们可以看到作者对下层劳动人民的同情,对乡村生活的热爱,以及他对资本主义,宗教和战争的批判,所有这些都体现了哈代的人道主义思想。他的小说也被称为“环境与性格小说”,小说中的悲剧主题一直以来都被专家学者所研究,但事实上,哈代作品中的悲剧主题也是其人道主义思想的延伸,他批判受到资本主义入侵的社会现实,但同时他也认识到社会的进步是无法避免的,因此他并不是消极的悲叹,更不是自我哀怜的无病呻吟,他用悲愤的声音激起芸芸众生的觉悟,他在作品中无情的揭露了资本主义入侵下黑暗的社会现实和道德沦丧,同时又深深的思考人性。他的作品,特别是他的悲剧小说,受到了莎士比亚悲剧文学的影响,但是他创造的悲剧人物又不是王公贵族,而是生活在乡村的普通百姓,他的悲剧人物是在同命运,环境和社会的斗争中失败倒下的,展现了作者与人世间相通的博爱之心,作品中的人道主义思想也一并展露。该论文旨在讨论和研究哈代的人道主义思想是如何在他的作品中体现的,这些作品包括他的悲剧小说,例如《无名的裘德》,《德伯家的苔丝》,《还乡》和《卡斯特桥市长》,以及一些具有代表性的诗歌。
但是哈代并不是一位人性的分析者,而是一位客观的故事讲述者。他跟我们讲述了很多有趣的故事,以及故事中的有趣的人,他也会对故事中人物的命运感到迷惑,他描述他们,但并不理解他们,同时他也是一位勾勒大自然的画家。在他的笔下,大自然也是生命的一部分,具有神奇的力量。他在作品中鲜活地描述了一些英雄人物,他们无一例外的都在和命运抗争着。
最后,哈代的作品中都充斥着乡村的方言,同时也带有诗歌的元素,完全符合其作品的结构。这些作品都展现了作者的人道主义思想,同时也是哈代作为自然主义和现实主义作家创作的最具代表性的文学作品。
Thomas Hardy, one of the most famous novelists in the world, wrote so many poems and tragic novels in all his life. Living at the turn of the century, Hardy is often regarded as a transitional writer. In him we see the influence of both the Victorian era and the modern age.
Through his works, we can see his sympathy to the labours, his affectionateness to the countryside (also his hometown), his criticism of capitalism, the religion as well as the war, which are the best reflection of Hardy’s humanistic spirit. His novels are also known as the novels of character and environment. The theme of tragedy in his novels has always been studied by most professionals, and factually, this tragic idea is based on his humanistic spirit. He criticized the society which has been invaded by capitalism, but he realized that the evolution is inevitable. So he unfolded the dark reality and immorality under capitalism, and thought deeply of human fate. His Works, especially his tragic novels, are influenced by Shakespeare’s tragedy, but the characters under his pen are not nobilities, but low-classes, and they are defeated finally after fighting with fate, environment as well as the whole society, which successfully show the author’s love to his hometown. This paper aims to discuss and study Thomas Hardy’s humanism in his works, including some tragic novels such as The Return of the Native (1878), The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886), Tess of the D’Urbervilles (1891) and Jude the Obscure (1896), and some representative poems.
And yet, Hardy is not an analyst of human life or nature, but a meditative story-teller or romancer. He tells very good stories about very interesting people but he seldom stops to ask why. He seems puzzled, just like his readers, about the fate of his characters. He depicts them as he sees them, but he doesn’t understand them. He is a great painter of nature. In his hand, nature assumes the form of life and becomes a most powerful, forbidding force with its own life and will. His heroes and heroines, those unfortunate young men and women in their desperate struggle for personal fulfillment and happiness, are all vividly and realistically depicted. They all seem to possess a kind of exquisitely sensuous beauty. They are not only individual cases but also of universal truth.
And finally, all the works of Hardy are noted for the rustic dialect and a poetic flavor which fits well into a perfectly designed structure of the works. These works are full of Hardy’s humanistic spirit, and also are the most representative of Hardy as both a naturalistic and realistic writer.
从他的文学作品中,我们可以看到作者对下层劳动人民的同情,对乡村生活的热爱,以及他对资本主义,宗教和战争的批判,所有这些都体现了哈代的人道主义思想。他的小说也被称为“环境与性格小说”,小说中的悲剧主题一直以来都被专家学者所研究,但事实上,哈代作品中的悲剧主题也是其人道主义思想的延伸,他批判受到资本主义入侵的社会现实,但同时他也认识到社会的进步是无法避免的,因此他并不是消极的悲叹,更不是自我哀怜的无病呻吟,他用悲愤的声音激起芸芸众生的觉悟,他在作品中无情的揭露了资本主义入侵下黑暗的社会现实和道德沦丧,同时又深深的思考人性。他的作品,特别是他的悲剧小说,受到了莎士比亚悲剧文学的影响,但是他创造的悲剧人物又不是王公贵族,而是生活在乡村的普通百姓,他的悲剧人物是在同命运,环境和社会的斗争中失败倒下的,展现了作者与人世间相通的博爱之心,作品中的人道主义思想也一并展露。该论文旨在讨论和研究哈代的人道主义思想是如何在他的作品中体现的,这些作品包括他的悲剧小说,例如《无名的裘德》,《德伯家的苔丝》,《还乡》和《卡斯特桥市长》,以及一些具有代表性的诗歌。
但是哈代并不是一位人性的分析者,而是一位客观的故事讲述者。他跟我们讲述了很多有趣的故事,以及故事中的有趣的人,他也会对故事中人物的命运感到迷惑,他描述他们,但并不理解他们,同时他也是一位勾勒大自然的画家。在他的笔下,大自然也是生命的一部分,具有神奇的力量。他在作品中鲜活地描述了一些英雄人物,他们无一例外的都在和命运抗争着。
最后,哈代的作品中都充斥着乡村的方言,同时也带有诗歌的元素,完全符合其作品的结构。这些作品都展现了作者的人道主义思想,同时也是哈代作为自然主义和现实主义作家创作的最具代表性的文学作品。
Thomas Hardy, one of the most famous novelists in the world, wrote so many poems and tragic novels in all his life. Living at the turn of the century, Hardy is often regarded as a transitional writer. In him we see the influence of both the Victorian era and the modern age.
Through his works, we can see his sympathy to the labours, his affectionateness to the countryside (also his hometown), his criticism of capitalism, the religion as well as the war, which are the best reflection of Hardy’s humanistic spirit. His novels are also known as the novels of character and environment. The theme of tragedy in his novels has always been studied by most professionals, and factually, this tragic idea is based on his humanistic spirit. He criticized the society which has been invaded by capitalism, but he realized that the evolution is inevitable. So he unfolded the dark reality and immorality under capitalism, and thought deeply of human fate. His Works, especially his tragic novels, are influenced by Shakespeare’s tragedy, but the characters under his pen are not nobilities, but low-classes, and they are defeated finally after fighting with fate, environment as well as the whole society, which successfully show the author’s love to his hometown. This paper aims to discuss and study Thomas Hardy’s humanism in his works, including some tragic novels such as The Return of the Native (1878), The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886), Tess of the D’Urbervilles (1891) and Jude the Obscure (1896), and some representative poems.
And yet, Hardy is not an analyst of human life or nature, but a meditative story-teller or romancer. He tells very good stories about very interesting people but he seldom stops to ask why. He seems puzzled, just like his readers, about the fate of his characters. He depicts them as he sees them, but he doesn’t understand them. He is a great painter of nature. In his hand, nature assumes the form of life and becomes a most powerful, forbidding force with its own life and will. His heroes and heroines, those unfortunate young men and women in their desperate struggle for personal fulfillment and happiness, are all vividly and realistically depicted. They all seem to possess a kind of exquisitely sensuous beauty. They are not only individual cases but also of universal truth.
And finally, all the works of Hardy are noted for the rustic dialect and a poetic flavor which fits well into a perfectly designed structure of the works. These works are full of Hardy’s humanistic spirit, and also are the most representative of Hardy as both a naturalistic and realistic writer.
引文
[1]李华田,杜峰,余继英.托马斯·哈代作品导读[M].武汉大学出版社, 2007: 69-108.
[2]雷体沛.西方文学的人文印象[M].广东人民出版社, 2003 (4): 171-175.
[3]张中载.托马斯·哈代--思想和创作[M].外语教学与研究出版社, 1987: 26-58.
[4]赵秀琴.哈代小说中的悲剧意识[D].山东:山东师范大学, 2004.
[5]倪娟.论《苔丝》中的悲剧性冲突[D].上海:上海外国语大学, 2007.
[6]梅迎春.浅析哈代的宿命论及苔丝的悲剧命运[J].大众文艺(理论), 2009 ( 12): 65-66.
[7]张玲.晶体美之所在-哈代小说数面观[M]. 1995 (2).
[8]童翔晓,鲁效阳,谢天振,包幼华.英国文学名家[M]. 1984: 277-293.
[9]郑鸿颖.《无名的裘德》:哈代对悲剧小说的探索及贡献[J].四川师范大学学报, 2004.
[10]尹德先,徐晓晴.谈《无名的裘德》对人物性意识的描写[J].安庆师范学院学报(社会科学版). 1997 (03).
[11]董务刚.论哈代的人文关怀思想[J].解放军外国语学院学报. 1997 (05).
[12]王彤.哈代的小说和古代希腊悲剧[J].四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版). 1999 (S1).
[13]颜学军.论哈代悲剧小说的现代主题[J].四川外语学院学报. 2001 (02).
[14]殷企平,黄芳.哈代是悲观主义者吗?[J].外语与外语教学. 2004 (10).
[15]刘琨,白慧洁.在自然与文明的冲撞中追求和谐——浅析哈代小说中的生态人文主义[J].平原大学学报. 2007 (3).
[16] Gibson James. Thomas Hardy: A Literary Life[M]. New York: St. Martin’s Press. 1996.
[17] Orel Harold. Thomas Hardy′s Personal Writings. 1990.
[18] M Jackson Arlene. Illustration and the Novels of Thomas Hardy[M]. Totowa, N.J.: Rowman and Littlefield. 1981
[19] Dale Kramer. The Cambridge Companion to Thomas Hardy[M]. 2000.
[20] Gatrell, Simon. Thomas Hardy and the Proper Study of Mankind[M]. University of Virginia Press. 2009.
[21] D. H. Lawrence. Study of Thomas Hardy and Other Essays[M]. Cambridge University Press. 1985.
[22] Ranjan Kumar. Thomas Hardy, A study of His Concept of Nature[M]. Classical Pub. Co. 1990.
[23] Lascelles Abercrombie. Thomas Hardy, a Critical Study[M]. General Books LLC. 2010.
[24] Gale W. Sherman. Pessimism of Thomas Hardy[M]. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. 1976.
[25] Thomas Hardy. The literary notes of Thomas Hardy[M]. Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis. 1974.
[26] Thomas Hardy and Contemporary Literary Studies[M]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2004.
[27] Hilda D. Spear. York Notes on Thomas Hardy's "Mayor of Casterbridge"[M]. Longman. 1999.
[28] Basuded Chakraborti. Thomas Hardy's View of Happiness[M]. Minerva Associates. 1998.
[29] Thomas Hardy. The Return of the Native[M]. Twayne Publishers. 1995.
[30] Jane Mattisson. Knowledge & Survival in the Novels of Thomas Hardy[M]. Lund Univ Pr. 2002.
[31] Edited by Norman Page. Oxford Reader’s Companion to Hardy[M]. Oxford University Press. 2000.
[32] Martin Seymour-Smith. Hardy[M]. Bloomsbury Publishing Limited. 1994.
[33] Florence Emily Hardy. The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840-1928. 1962.
[34] Thomas Hardy. The Novels and Stories (1949), 146.
[2]雷体沛.西方文学的人文印象[M].广东人民出版社, 2003 (4): 171-175.
[3]张中载.托马斯·哈代--思想和创作[M].外语教学与研究出版社, 1987: 26-58.
[4]赵秀琴.哈代小说中的悲剧意识[D].山东:山东师范大学, 2004.
[5]倪娟.论《苔丝》中的悲剧性冲突[D].上海:上海外国语大学, 2007.
[6]梅迎春.浅析哈代的宿命论及苔丝的悲剧命运[J].大众文艺(理论), 2009 ( 12): 65-66.
[7]张玲.晶体美之所在-哈代小说数面观[M]. 1995 (2).
[8]童翔晓,鲁效阳,谢天振,包幼华.英国文学名家[M]. 1984: 277-293.
[9]郑鸿颖.《无名的裘德》:哈代对悲剧小说的探索及贡献[J].四川师范大学学报, 2004.
[10]尹德先,徐晓晴.谈《无名的裘德》对人物性意识的描写[J].安庆师范学院学报(社会科学版). 1997 (03).
[11]董务刚.论哈代的人文关怀思想[J].解放军外国语学院学报. 1997 (05).
[12]王彤.哈代的小说和古代希腊悲剧[J].四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版). 1999 (S1).
[13]颜学军.论哈代悲剧小说的现代主题[J].四川外语学院学报. 2001 (02).
[14]殷企平,黄芳.哈代是悲观主义者吗?[J].外语与外语教学. 2004 (10).
[15]刘琨,白慧洁.在自然与文明的冲撞中追求和谐——浅析哈代小说中的生态人文主义[J].平原大学学报. 2007 (3).
[16] Gibson James. Thomas Hardy: A Literary Life[M]. New York: St. Martin’s Press. 1996.
[17] Orel Harold. Thomas Hardy′s Personal Writings. 1990.
[18] M Jackson Arlene. Illustration and the Novels of Thomas Hardy[M]. Totowa, N.J.: Rowman and Littlefield. 1981
[19] Dale Kramer. The Cambridge Companion to Thomas Hardy[M]. 2000.
[20] Gatrell, Simon. Thomas Hardy and the Proper Study of Mankind[M]. University of Virginia Press. 2009.
[21] D. H. Lawrence. Study of Thomas Hardy and Other Essays[M]. Cambridge University Press. 1985.
[22] Ranjan Kumar. Thomas Hardy, A study of His Concept of Nature[M]. Classical Pub. Co. 1990.
[23] Lascelles Abercrombie. Thomas Hardy, a Critical Study[M]. General Books LLC. 2010.
[24] Gale W. Sherman. Pessimism of Thomas Hardy[M]. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. 1976.
[25] Thomas Hardy. The literary notes of Thomas Hardy[M]. Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis. 1974.
[26] Thomas Hardy and Contemporary Literary Studies[M]. Palgrave Macmillan. 2004.
[27] Hilda D. Spear. York Notes on Thomas Hardy's "Mayor of Casterbridge"[M]. Longman. 1999.
[28] Basuded Chakraborti. Thomas Hardy's View of Happiness[M]. Minerva Associates. 1998.
[29] Thomas Hardy. The Return of the Native[M]. Twayne Publishers. 1995.
[30] Jane Mattisson. Knowledge & Survival in the Novels of Thomas Hardy[M]. Lund Univ Pr. 2002.
[31] Edited by Norman Page. Oxford Reader’s Companion to Hardy[M]. Oxford University Press. 2000.
[32] Martin Seymour-Smith. Hardy[M]. Bloomsbury Publishing Limited. 1994.
[33] Florence Emily Hardy. The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840-1928. 1962.
[34] Thomas Hardy. The Novels and Stories (1949), 146.