基于DSP的电动汽车电池管理系统
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摘要
环境和能源问题要求未来的汽车提高效率、降低污染。电动汽车的开发虽然已有了很大的进展，但仍需要取得进一步的突破。电池管理系统作为电动汽车的关键技术之一，不仅有助于提高动力电池工作的有效性，增加电动汽车的续驶里程，而且有助于提高动力电池使用的安全性，并延长其使用寿命。因此，本文致力于开发更高效、更实用的电池管理系统，深入讨论了电池管理系统的设计思想与实现方法，对镍氢电池充放电容量的预测和估算方法进行了研究。
本文在大量充放电模拟试验和随车试验数据采集的基础上，详细分析了镍氢蓄电池的工作原理和充放电特性，并对影响电池容量的主要因素进行了探讨。针对动力电池的状态特点，提出一种采用了安时法和径向基神经网络相结合的SOC估算方法，并通过Matlab和Advisor软件进行了仿真验证。结果表明，新的SOC估算方法能较为准确而快捷地反映动力电池实际工作状况。
构建了基于最新32位DSP芯片TMS320C2812的电池管理系统。本系统为分布式结构，各电池组模块与DSP主控制器之间采用CAN总线进行通信。完成了系统的软硬件设计，并在CCS2000开发环境中进行了软硬件调试。
在电池管理系统中增加了基于USB接口的数据通信和存储接口。在USB1.1通信协议、海量存储设备类协议、磁盘读写命令集和FAT文件系统等众多协议和规范的基础上，完成了该接口的硬件制作和软件调试，使得电池管理系统中的各项信息数据可以直接写入U盘中存储，极大地提高了电池管理系统的开发效率。
本论文在理论和工程应用中都取得了较大的进展，为进一步研究电池管理系统提供了有价值的理论依据和工程应用参考。
The development of vehicles will pay much attention in energy consumption and friendly environmental issues. Technologies related to electrical vehicles (EVs) have been remarkably developing to meet the needs for society and high performances, but it still needs a further work in this area. Battery Management System (BMS) is one of the key components in EV or HEV. BMS plays important roles in the efficiency and safety of rechargeable batteries, as well as the driving distance and performances of EVs and HEVs. Therefore, this study aims at the development of BMS with higher efficiency and more practical.
In this paper, based on the data obtained from charge/discharge experiments and on-site data from a running EV, the Ni-MH battery's work principle and charge/discharge characteristic were analyzed in-depth. The paper proposed a novel SOC prediction method according to the uncertainties in battery systems. In the newly developed SOC prediction method, amper/hours method was integrated with RBF neural network, and its accuracy and practibility were validated via Matlab and Advisor simulation.
Based on the state-of-art 32-bits DSP controller TMS320C2812, a battery management system was designed and studied. That was a distributed structure system, in which CAN bus was used to achieve the communication between DSP controller and battery modules. The designed software and hardware were presented and debugged in the CCS environment.
A USB-based communication and data storage interface was designed for the BMS. This interface was developed based on many protocols and specifications, such as USB1.1 specification, Universal Serial Bus Mass Storage Class Specification, SCSI Commands, FAT file system and so on. With the developed software and hardware, the data of the imformation in a battery management system could writen into U-disk directly. This interface greatly improved the develop efficiency of BMS.
The study will be useful for further developing an efficient battery management system both theoriticaly and in practice.
本文在大量充放电模拟试验和随车试验数据采集的基础上，详细分析了镍氢蓄电池的工作原理和充放电特性，并对影响电池容量的主要因素进行了探讨。针对动力电池的状态特点，提出一种采用了安时法和径向基神经网络相结合的SOC估算方法，并通过Matlab和Advisor软件进行了仿真验证。结果表明，新的SOC估算方法能较为准确而快捷地反映动力电池实际工作状况。
构建了基于最新32位DSP芯片TMS320C2812的电池管理系统。本系统为分布式结构，各电池组模块与DSP主控制器之间采用CAN总线进行通信。完成了系统的软硬件设计，并在CCS2000开发环境中进行了软硬件调试。
在电池管理系统中增加了基于USB接口的数据通信和存储接口。在USB1.1通信协议、海量存储设备类协议、磁盘读写命令集和FAT文件系统等众多协议和规范的基础上，完成了该接口的硬件制作和软件调试，使得电池管理系统中的各项信息数据可以直接写入U盘中存储，极大地提高了电池管理系统的开发效率。
本论文在理论和工程应用中都取得了较大的进展，为进一步研究电池管理系统提供了有价值的理论依据和工程应用参考。
The development of vehicles will pay much attention in energy consumption and friendly environmental issues. Technologies related to electrical vehicles (EVs) have been remarkably developing to meet the needs for society and high performances, but it still needs a further work in this area. Battery Management System (BMS) is one of the key components in EV or HEV. BMS plays important roles in the efficiency and safety of rechargeable batteries, as well as the driving distance and performances of EVs and HEVs. Therefore, this study aims at the development of BMS with higher efficiency and more practical.
In this paper, based on the data obtained from charge/discharge experiments and on-site data from a running EV, the Ni-MH battery's work principle and charge/discharge characteristic were analyzed in-depth. The paper proposed a novel SOC prediction method according to the uncertainties in battery systems. In the newly developed SOC prediction method, amper/hours method was integrated with RBF neural network, and its accuracy and practibility were validated via Matlab and Advisor simulation.
Based on the state-of-art 32-bits DSP controller TMS320C2812, a battery management system was designed and studied. That was a distributed structure system, in which CAN bus was used to achieve the communication between DSP controller and battery modules. The designed software and hardware were presented and debugged in the CCS environment.
A USB-based communication and data storage interface was designed for the BMS. This interface was developed based on many protocols and specifications, such as USB1.1 specification, Universal Serial Bus Mass Storage Class Specification, SCSI Commands, FAT file system and so on. With the developed software and hardware, the data of the imformation in a battery management system could writen into U-disk directly. This interface greatly improved the develop efficiency of BMS.
The study will be useful for further developing an efficient battery management system both theoriticaly and in practice.
引文
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[35] 麻友良，陈全世，齐占宁．电动汽车用电池SOC定义与检测方法．清华大学学报(自然科学版)，2001，41(11)：95-97
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[38] abine Piller, Marion Perrin, Andreas Jossen. Methods for State-of-charge Determination and their Applications. Journal of Power Sources, 2001, Vol. 96: 113-120
[39] 成涛，王军平，陈全世．电动汽车SOC估计方法原理与应用．电池，2004，34(5)：376-378
[40] Do Yang Jung, Back Haeng Lee, Sun Wook Kim. Development of battery management system for nickel-metal hydride batteries in electric vehicle applications. Journal of Power Sources. 2002, Vol. 109: 1-10
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[2] 阿布里提·阿布都拉，清水健一．电动汽车的发展现状和开发动向．电工电能新技术，2001，No．1：49-53
[3] 万钢，许倞．电动汽车重大科技专项的管理创新与实践．中国机电工业，2002，No．21：5-9
[4] 电动汽车重大专项办公室．电动汽车的特点．http://www.chinaev.org，2003-6
[5] 叶玲，杨志伟，李昆．混合动力电动汽车的发展．北京汽车，2002，No．6：11-15
[6] 陈清泉，孙立清．电动汽车的现状和发展趋势．科技导报，2005，23(4)：24-28
[7] Lester B. Lave, Heather L. Maclean. Are hybrid worth it? IEEE Spectrum, March 2001, Vol. 38: 47-50
[8] 胡骅，宋慧．电动汽车．北京：人民交通出版社，2003，38-59
[9] 梅小安，张乃平．世界电动汽车技术发展状况及趋势．汽车研究与开发，2004，No．2：19-23
[10] 电动汽车重大专项总体组，电动汽车重大专项办公室．十五国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)电动汽车重大专项进展．汽车工程，2003，25(6)：533-536
[11] 电动汽车专项总体组．面向产业化抢占制高点．中国科技产业，2005，No．3：65-66
[12] 袁方伟，陈思忠．电动汽车电池管理系统的研究．汽车研究与开发，2003，No．3：41-44
[13] A. Jossen, V. Spath, H. Doring, J. Garche. Reliable battery operation—a challenge for the battery management system. Journal of Power Sources, 1999, Vol. 84: 283-286
[14] Xiaopeng Wang. A Modular Battery Management System: [Ph.D]. The University of ToleDo, 2001: 3-4
[15] John Chatzakis, Kostas Kalaitzakis, Nicholas C. Voulgaris, and Stefanos N. Manias. Designing a New Generalized Battery Management System. IEEE transactions on inDustrial electronics, 2003, 50(5): 990-999
[16] Wsewolod Hnatczuk, Dieter K. Nowak, Peter U. Solies. A Smart, Integrated Battery Analysis and Control System with Wireless Communication. SAE, 2003-01-1379: 40-47
[17] 廖晓军，何莉萍，钟志华等．电池管理系统国内外现状及其未来发展趋势．汽车工程，2006，28(1)：961-964
[18] 电动汽车对电池的基本要求．http://www.Qichejishu.com/simple/index.php?f96_3.html，2007-3-24
[19] 毕道治．混合电动车电池的开发与展望．电池工业．2003，8(5)：195-199
[20] Chan C C. The state of the art of electric and hybrid vehicles[J]. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2002, 90(2): 247-275
[21] 李兴虎．电动汽车概论．北京：北京理工大学出版社，2005，67-104
[22] 王玲．混合动力大巴用高比功率镍氢电池的管理系统设计：「北方工业大学硕士学位论文]．北京：北方工业大学，2004，18-22
[23] 荣强．电动车用动力型氢镍电池性能研究：[天津大学硕士学位论文]．天津：天津大学，2003，6-7
[24] 孟良荣，王金良．电动车电池现状与发展趋势．电池工业，2006，11(3)：202-206
[25] MHB-100充电曲线，http://www.dimpt.com/power/docs/gfbz/ceshi/ceshi02.htm，2002-5-17
[26] 刘雪省，侯岩，崔巍等．高功率80AhMH-Ni电池设计与性能．电源技术，2004，28(12)：733-736
[27] 范美强，廖维林，吴伯荣等．电动车用MH-Ni电池温度特性研究．电池工业，2004，9(6)：287-289
[28] 吕军，刘雪省，张健等．高功率型MH-Ni蓄电池技术研究．电源技术，2005，29(12)：826-830
[29] 董雄鹤，齐国光，冯熙康等．电动车用电池充电状态和功率强度估计．电源技术．2002，26(3)：132-145
[30] 杨朔，何莉萍，钟志华．电动汽车蓄电池荷电状态的卡尔曼滤波估计．贵州工业大学学报(自然科学版)，2004，33(1)：99-102
[31] 朱元，韩晓东，田光宇．电动汽车动力电池SOC预测技术研究．电源技术，2000，24(3)：153-156
[32] Shuo Pang, Jay Farrell, Jie Du, et al. Battery State-of-Charge Estimation. IEEE 0-7803-5924-0, 2000: 173-177
[33] K. T. Chau, K. C. Wu, C. C. Chan, et al. A new battery capacity indicator for nickel-metal hydride battery powered electric vehicles using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system. Energy Conversion and Management, 2003, Vol. 44: 2059-2071
[34] Pritpal Singh, Craig Fennie, Jr. David et al. Fuzzy logic modelling of state-of-charge and available capacity of nickel/metal hydride batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 2004, Vol. 136: 322-333
[35] 麻友良，陈全世，齐占宁．电动汽车用电池SOC定义与检测方法．清华大学学报(自然科学版)，2001，41(11)：95-97
[36] SUN Li, TAN XinDe, XIE Fuchun. The Battery Management System for Electric Vehicle Based on Estimating Battery's States[CD]. Brussels Belgium: EVs15,1998
[37] C.H.Cai, D.Du, Z.Y.Liu. Battery State-of-Charge(SOC) Estimation Using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System(ANFIS). The IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems, ST. LOUIS MO, USA, 2003, 1068-1073
[38] abine Piller, Marion Perrin, Andreas Jossen. Methods for State-of-charge Determination and their Applications. Journal of Power Sources, 2001, Vol. 96: 113-120
[39] 成涛，王军平，陈全世．电动汽车SOC估计方法原理与应用．电池，2004，34(5)：376-378
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