河口港湾沉积环境质量的底栖生物评价新方法研究
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摘要
针对河口港湾环境质量生物评价研究领域的热点和难点，以厦门港潮下带、深圳湾福田潮间带和集美凤林红树林湿地等海区为主要研究区域，将环境质量生物评价的新思路引入河口港湾污染的生物监测。根据2001年至2003年在厦门港潮下带、深圳湾福田潮间带和集美凤林红树林湿地等海区获得的大量的大型底栖动物调查数据，描述了不同海区和生境的大型底栖动物群落结构。采用了国际著名的Primer 5.0和SPSS11.0统计软件，对所获得的数据进行统计分析。应用和验证了国外新提出的生物系数(BC)和底栖生物完整性指数(B-IBI)，对其局限性和可行性进行了分析。创建了大型底栖动物污染指数(MPI)，该指数的应用不受专业、海区、生境的限制，简单易行。测定了大型底栖动物体内典型多环芳烃(PAHs)残留量。分析了沉积物重金属和典型PAHs含量与大型底栖动物密度之间的相关关系。观察了蒽、菲、芘、屈混合液对菲律宾蛤仔抗氧化酶活性影响。取得了目前国内运用大型底栖动物生物系统多个层次进行环境质量生物评价方面丰富、系统的研究成果。主要研究结果归纳如下：
1、2001年7月至2003年5月在厦门港潮下带的6个航次共获得大型底栖动物116种，其中环节动物66种，软体动物18种，节肢动物17种，棘皮动物5种，其它动物10种。分布最广的是双鳃内卷齿蚕(Aglaophamus dibranchis)、丝鳃虫(Cirratulus sp．)和背蚓虫(Notomastus latericeus)，它们几乎在18个取样站均可发现；在某些取样站密度很高的是光滑河蓝蛤(Potamocorbula laevis)、似蛰虫(Amaeana trilobata)、等栉虫(Isolda pulchella)和双形拟单指虫(Cossurella dimorpha)。2002年西海域禁止水产养殖后，宝珠屿附近海域大型底栖动物种数、密度和生物量有所增加。
2、2002年4个季度在深圳湾福田潮滩12个取样站定量采集获得底栖动物34种，其中环节动物18种，软体动物7种，节肢动物7种，其它动物2种。主要优势种是寡毛类的沼蚓(Limnodriloides sp．)、多毛类的羽须鳃沙蚕(Dendronereis pinnaticirris)、尖刺缨虫(Potamilla acuminata)和小头虫(Capitella capitata)、甲壳动物的莫顿长尾虾(Apseudes mortoni)等。与厦门港潮下带相比，深圳湾福田潮滩各取样站次之间大型底栖动物群落有较高的相似性，在50％左右的相似性水平上即可全部聚合。深圳湾福田潮滩大型底栖动物数量的水平断面和纵向断面分布很有规律性，反映了明显的污染梯度。
3、2002年4个季度取样在集美凤林红树林区获得大型底栖动物42种，其中环节动物17种，软体动物11种，节肢动物9种，其它动物5种。主要优势种是软体动物的梯拟沼螺(Assiminea scalaris)、粗束拟蟹守螺(Cerithidea djadjariensis)和节肢动物的弧边招潮(Uca arcuata)。环节动物寡毛纲的沼蚓在2002年1月有较高的密度。
4、厦门港潮下带的种类多样性指数(H’)平均值高于集美凤林红树林区和深圳湾福田潮滩。厦门港潮下带后3航次的H’平均值高于前3航次，这说明厦门西海域禁止水产养殖后大型底栖动物物种多样性有所增加。H’虽然在国内外应用较普遍，但它在评价污染方面的局限性在于：(1)在有些污染情况下，H’反而增高。(2)在有些情况下，H’指示污染不敏感。(3)在有些情况下，很难区别H’是生境差异还是污染差异。
5、建立了简便易行的大型底栖动物污染指数(MPI)。MPI=10~(2+k)[∑(Ai-Bi)]/S~(1+k)+50。Ai和Bi分别是第ⅰ个种密度和生物量优势度，K=|∑(Ai-Bi)|/∑(Ai-Bi)，当∑(Ai-Bi)为正值时，K=1；当∑(Ai-Bi)为负值时，K=-1。MPI越小，沉积环境越清洁，反之，污染越严重。MPI的优点是实现丰度生物量比较法(ABC)的数字化，而且反应灵敏，计算简便。MPI与H’有显著负相关关系，但MPI比H’反应灵敏。厦门港潮下带MPI平均值低于集美凤林红树林区，更低于深圳湾福田潮间带，反映了厦门港
中 义 搞 劳
潮卜带沉积环境质量优于集美风林红树林区，更优于深圳湾福田潮间带。
6、通过对深圳湾福田潮间带、厦门港潮下带和集美凤林红树林区生物系数（BC）的计算，
探讨SC应用的可行性和适用性。发现SC明显的有卜列不足之处：（1）计算繁杂。（2）
所有大型底栖动物归属哪些生态组别不容易确定。（3）需要底栖生物专业的知识。若
以各个种类密度占总密度百分比来确定百分级数，虽然容易确定生态组别，但结果与
现实有很人差距。
7、底栖生物完整性指数（B－IBI）是一种多“秩（metfics）”方法。多秩方法的重点在于定
义一组指标或“秩”，每一个指标能提供不同的生物属性信息，并且综合起来能给出生
物群落情况的总体指标。在厦．］港潮下带、集美凤林红树林区和深圳湾福田潮间带，
B－IBI与 H，＄［IMPI的结果并不很一致，这可能与三种生境计算 B－IBI的秩有所不同有
关。B．IB！计算过程中何选择“秩”仍然是一个值得探讨的问题，许多“秩”的选择范
围太大，人为决定的成分太多。
8、应用统计软件对大型底栖动物优势种和常见种与沉积环境物中重金属、PAHS、有机质含
量和粪大肠菌群数进行相关分析。?
In this dissertation, new challenged ideas are introduced to overcome the difficulties and hotspot in biological assessment for environmental quality in bays and estuaries. For this purpose, three study areas (Xiamen harbor subtidal zone, Shenzhen Futian intertidal zone and Jimei Fenglin mangrove area) were investigated to conduct some research work on benthos, especially macrofauna during several surveys from 2001 to 2003. The description of macrofaunal community structures in these different areas and biotopes were realized. Primer 5.0 and SPSS software were used to deal with macrofaunal data. Two biotic indices, Biotic Coefficient (BC) and Benthic Index of Biological Integrity (B-IBI), recently suggested by European and American scientists were applied and commented on this study. A new biotic index, which is called Macrofaunal Pollution Index (MPI), was also established. This index, which is easily used by technicians in different fields of science, was found fitted to the seawaters and biotopes to our a
reas. Furthermore, the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in macrofauna in Jiulong River Estuary were investigated. The effect of PAHs on enzyme activity in Ruditapes philippinarum was determined. Many important research results were obtained in this study. They are as follow:
1. One hundred and sixteen species of Macrofauna were gotten in Xiamen Harbor subtidal zone in six surveys from July 2001 to May 2003. Among 116 species of macrofauna, 66 species belong to Annelida, 18 Mollusca, 17 Anthropoda, 5 Echinodermata and 10 others. Aglaophamus dibranchis, Notomastus latericeus and Cirratulus sp. had the highest appearing frequency. They were almost found at all sampling stations. Potamocorbula laevis, Cossurella dimorpha, Amaeana trilobata and Isolda pulchella had a high density in some sites. The macrofaunal species number, density and biomass have increased after banning the aquaculture activities in Xiamen Western bay in 2002.
2. Thirty-four species of macrofauna were obtained on Futian inter-tidal zone in Shenzhen Bay in 2002. Among 34 species of macrofauna, 18 Annelida, 7 Mollusca, 7 Anthropoda and 2 others. The dominant species were Limnodriloides sp., Dendronereis pinnaticirris, Potamilla acuminata, Capitella capitata and Apseudes mortoni. Compared with Xiamen Harbor subtidal zone, Macrofaunal community at sampling stations on Futian intertidal zone in Shenzhen Bay had high similarities. All stations have been combined at 50% similarity. There were marked distribution patterns in horizontal and vertical transects in correlation with the pollution grads.
3. Fourty two species of macrofauna were gotten in Jimei Fenglin mangrove area in 2002. Among 34 species of Macrofauna, 17 Annelida, 11 Mollusca, 9 Anthropoda and 5 others. The dominant species were Assiminea scalaris, Cerithidea djadjariensis, and Uca arcuata. Limnodriloides sp. had a high density in January 2002.
4. The mean value of species diversity index (H') in Xiamen Harbor subtidal zone was the highest among three biotopes. The mean H' in Jimei Fenglin mangrove area was the second and the lowest one was on Futian intertidal zone in Shenzhen Bay. The mean H' value in former three cruises was lower than that in last three ones in Xiamen Harbor subtidal zone.
The mean H' values show that environmental quality in Xiamen Harbor has improved after aquaculture in Xiamen Western bay was prohibited. It is important to note that H' was higher in some polluted status, was not sensitive in some cases, and its value had great differences at different seasons and biotopes.
5. Macrofaunal pollution index (MPI) was established according to the macrofaunal data collected on intertidal zone and subtidal zone in Shenzhen Bay, in Xiamen Western Bay, in Luoyuan Bay and in Xinghua Bay. The MPI formula is: MPI = 10(2+k)[ (Ai - Bi)]/S1+k +50. Where Ai and Bi are respectively the cumulative % dominance for density and biomass in the ith species rank, S = the number of species in the sam
1、2001年7月至2003年5月在厦门港潮下带的6个航次共获得大型底栖动物116种，其中环节动物66种，软体动物18种，节肢动物17种，棘皮动物5种，其它动物10种。分布最广的是双鳃内卷齿蚕(Aglaophamus dibranchis)、丝鳃虫(Cirratulus sp．)和背蚓虫(Notomastus latericeus)，它们几乎在18个取样站均可发现；在某些取样站密度很高的是光滑河蓝蛤(Potamocorbula laevis)、似蛰虫(Amaeana trilobata)、等栉虫(Isolda pulchella)和双形拟单指虫(Cossurella dimorpha)。2002年西海域禁止水产养殖后，宝珠屿附近海域大型底栖动物种数、密度和生物量有所增加。
2、2002年4个季度在深圳湾福田潮滩12个取样站定量采集获得底栖动物34种，其中环节动物18种，软体动物7种，节肢动物7种，其它动物2种。主要优势种是寡毛类的沼蚓(Limnodriloides sp．)、多毛类的羽须鳃沙蚕(Dendronereis pinnaticirris)、尖刺缨虫(Potamilla acuminata)和小头虫(Capitella capitata)、甲壳动物的莫顿长尾虾(Apseudes mortoni)等。与厦门港潮下带相比，深圳湾福田潮滩各取样站次之间大型底栖动物群落有较高的相似性，在50％左右的相似性水平上即可全部聚合。深圳湾福田潮滩大型底栖动物数量的水平断面和纵向断面分布很有规律性，反映了明显的污染梯度。
3、2002年4个季度取样在集美凤林红树林区获得大型底栖动物42种，其中环节动物17种，软体动物11种，节肢动物9种，其它动物5种。主要优势种是软体动物的梯拟沼螺(Assiminea scalaris)、粗束拟蟹守螺(Cerithidea djadjariensis)和节肢动物的弧边招潮(Uca arcuata)。环节动物寡毛纲的沼蚓在2002年1月有较高的密度。
4、厦门港潮下带的种类多样性指数(H’)平均值高于集美凤林红树林区和深圳湾福田潮滩。厦门港潮下带后3航次的H’平均值高于前3航次，这说明厦门西海域禁止水产养殖后大型底栖动物物种多样性有所增加。H’虽然在国内外应用较普遍，但它在评价污染方面的局限性在于：(1)在有些污染情况下，H’反而增高。(2)在有些情况下，H’指示污染不敏感。(3)在有些情况下，很难区别H’是生境差异还是污染差异。
5、建立了简便易行的大型底栖动物污染指数(MPI)。MPI=10~(2+k)[∑(Ai-Bi)]/S~(1+k)+50。Ai和Bi分别是第ⅰ个种密度和生物量优势度，K=|∑(Ai-Bi)|/∑(Ai-Bi)，当∑(Ai-Bi)为正值时，K=1；当∑(Ai-Bi)为负值时，K=-1。MPI越小，沉积环境越清洁，反之，污染越严重。MPI的优点是实现丰度生物量比较法(ABC)的数字化，而且反应灵敏，计算简便。MPI与H’有显著负相关关系，但MPI比H’反应灵敏。厦门港潮下带MPI平均值低于集美凤林红树林区，更低于深圳湾福田潮间带，反映了厦门港
中 义 搞 劳
潮卜带沉积环境质量优于集美风林红树林区，更优于深圳湾福田潮间带。
6、通过对深圳湾福田潮间带、厦门港潮下带和集美凤林红树林区生物系数（BC）的计算，
探讨SC应用的可行性和适用性。发现SC明显的有卜列不足之处：（1）计算繁杂。（2）
所有大型底栖动物归属哪些生态组别不容易确定。（3）需要底栖生物专业的知识。若
以各个种类密度占总密度百分比来确定百分级数，虽然容易确定生态组别，但结果与
现实有很人差距。
7、底栖生物完整性指数（B－IBI）是一种多“秩（metfics）”方法。多秩方法的重点在于定
义一组指标或“秩”，每一个指标能提供不同的生物属性信息，并且综合起来能给出生
物群落情况的总体指标。在厦．］港潮下带、集美凤林红树林区和深圳湾福田潮间带，
B－IBI与 H，＄［IMPI的结果并不很一致，这可能与三种生境计算 B－IBI的秩有所不同有
关。B．IB！计算过程中何选择“秩”仍然是一个值得探讨的问题，许多“秩”的选择范
围太大，人为决定的成分太多。
8、应用统计软件对大型底栖动物优势种和常见种与沉积环境物中重金属、PAHS、有机质含
量和粪大肠菌群数进行相关分析。?
In this dissertation, new challenged ideas are introduced to overcome the difficulties and hotspot in biological assessment for environmental quality in bays and estuaries. For this purpose, three study areas (Xiamen harbor subtidal zone, Shenzhen Futian intertidal zone and Jimei Fenglin mangrove area) were investigated to conduct some research work on benthos, especially macrofauna during several surveys from 2001 to 2003. The description of macrofaunal community structures in these different areas and biotopes were realized. Primer 5.0 and SPSS software were used to deal with macrofaunal data. Two biotic indices, Biotic Coefficient (BC) and Benthic Index of Biological Integrity (B-IBI), recently suggested by European and American scientists were applied and commented on this study. A new biotic index, which is called Macrofaunal Pollution Index (MPI), was also established. This index, which is easily used by technicians in different fields of science, was found fitted to the seawaters and biotopes to our a
reas. Furthermore, the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in macrofauna in Jiulong River Estuary were investigated. The effect of PAHs on enzyme activity in Ruditapes philippinarum was determined. Many important research results were obtained in this study. They are as follow:
1. One hundred and sixteen species of Macrofauna were gotten in Xiamen Harbor subtidal zone in six surveys from July 2001 to May 2003. Among 116 species of macrofauna, 66 species belong to Annelida, 18 Mollusca, 17 Anthropoda, 5 Echinodermata and 10 others. Aglaophamus dibranchis, Notomastus latericeus and Cirratulus sp. had the highest appearing frequency. They were almost found at all sampling stations. Potamocorbula laevis, Cossurella dimorpha, Amaeana trilobata and Isolda pulchella had a high density in some sites. The macrofaunal species number, density and biomass have increased after banning the aquaculture activities in Xiamen Western bay in 2002.
2. Thirty-four species of macrofauna were obtained on Futian inter-tidal zone in Shenzhen Bay in 2002. Among 34 species of macrofauna, 18 Annelida, 7 Mollusca, 7 Anthropoda and 2 others. The dominant species were Limnodriloides sp., Dendronereis pinnaticirris, Potamilla acuminata, Capitella capitata and Apseudes mortoni. Compared with Xiamen Harbor subtidal zone, Macrofaunal community at sampling stations on Futian intertidal zone in Shenzhen Bay had high similarities. All stations have been combined at 50% similarity. There were marked distribution patterns in horizontal and vertical transects in correlation with the pollution grads.
3. Fourty two species of macrofauna were gotten in Jimei Fenglin mangrove area in 2002. Among 34 species of Macrofauna, 17 Annelida, 11 Mollusca, 9 Anthropoda and 5 others. The dominant species were Assiminea scalaris, Cerithidea djadjariensis, and Uca arcuata. Limnodriloides sp. had a high density in January 2002.
4. The mean value of species diversity index (H') in Xiamen Harbor subtidal zone was the highest among three biotopes. The mean H' in Jimei Fenglin mangrove area was the second and the lowest one was on Futian intertidal zone in Shenzhen Bay. The mean H' value in former three cruises was lower than that in last three ones in Xiamen Harbor subtidal zone.
The mean H' values show that environmental quality in Xiamen Harbor has improved after aquaculture in Xiamen Western bay was prohibited. It is important to note that H' was higher in some polluted status, was not sensitive in some cases, and its value had great differences at different seasons and biotopes.
5. Macrofaunal pollution index (MPI) was established according to the macrofaunal data collected on intertidal zone and subtidal zone in Shenzhen Bay, in Xiamen Western Bay, in Luoyuan Bay and in Xinghua Bay. The MPI formula is: MPI = 10(2+k)[ (Ai - Bi)]/S1+k +50. Where Ai and Bi are respectively the cumulative % dominance for density and biomass in the ith species rank, S = the number of species in the sam
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