桥梁全寿命设计理论研究
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摘要
在世界经济高速发展的时期,桥梁作为社会生产生活中必不可少的一部份,在整个政治、经济、生活领域发挥着十分重要的作用。但是,近些年来,我国在役公路桥梁的使用性能差、耐久性低、服务水平低、服务寿命远低于设计寿命等问题,已经严重影响了桥梁正常服务功能的发挥,并且给养护、维修等后期运营管理工作带来难以承受的经济和社会负担,也使桥梁的建设管理面临着极大的风险。这种只关注眼前和短期投资和利益,而忽视后期和长期风险的行为,必须得到彻底纠正。
另外,在传统设计理论中,设计工作的重点主要集中于施工阶段的施工成本和结构短期性能的设计和优化,对结构耐久性设计和使用寿命的重视不够。并且,设计中没有涉及设计使用寿命内的管理、养护、维修、构件更新、拆除等建成以后的诸多问题。同时,在投资决策上,也只注重建设期的投资成本,而不重视桥梁整个寿命周期内的总成本。因此,在可持续发展的背景下,我们必须在传统的设计理念的基础上,提出一套新的、适用的桥梁设计理论,即桥梁全寿命设计理论。
本文提出以时变可靠度理论为基础,以性能需求为目标,考虑桥梁寿命周期内的成本的基于桥梁全寿命周期设计的理念——桥梁全寿命设计理论。本文首先介绍了研究的背景、全寿命研究的国内外概况:其次,针对桥梁传统设计方法及其特点,建立了桥梁全寿命设计理论的体系和框架,对相关概念、内涵、主要设计内容和设计基本原则进行了研究;另外,根据桥梁全寿命设计的任务,对设计流程和阶段进行了划分;最后,分析了桥梁寿命周期成本的构成和计算模型以及全寿命成本分析法(LCC分析法)的特点,并对桥面铺装方案进行全寿命周期经济评价。评价结果表明,该法比传统的只考虑初始建设费用的评价方法更全面、更科学。
In the period of the rapid international economics development, the bridge as an indispensable part of the social production and living is very important for the entire politics、economy and living domain. But recently the problems that the service highway bridge have low performance and bad durability, low level of service and shorter service life than the design life, have a bad influence on the normal service of the bridge, and bring about the burdensome economic and social load to the bridge maintenance and rehabilitation, make the bridge construction and management suffering from great risk. The behavior that people only pay close attention to the short investment and benefit and ignore the future risk must be corrected.
In the traditional design theory, the design work mainly concentrates with the construction cost and the optimum design of the structure short-term performance in the construction stage, is insufficient to the structure durability design and the service life. And, the design does not include the management, the maintenance, the component renews, the demolition and so on within the design service life. At the same time, in investment decision-making, the designer also only pays great attention to the investment cost of the construction period, but not the life cycle cost of the bridge. Therefore, we must propose a new, suitable bridge design theory, namely bridge life cycle design theory on the basis of traditional design theory.
In this paper Bridge life cycle design theory is proposed which takes the time-variably reliability states as the foundation, takes the performance demand as the goal and calculates bridge life cycle cost. First, this paper introduced the research background, the life cycle research domestic and foreign surveys; Second , in view of the traditional design method and its features, the paper has established the system and the frame of bridge life cycle design theory, and the correlation concepts, the connotation, the main design content and the design basic principle has been studied; Third, according to the bridge life cycle design duty, the design flow and stage are detailed analyzed; Finally, this paper has analyzed constitution and the computation model of the bridge life cycle cost, as well as the characteristic of the life cycle cost analytic method (the LCC method), with the LCC estimates, the economy of the deck pavement' design alternatives is appraised. The result indicates LCC estimates is more comprehensive and scientific than other methods which only consider the beginning investing.
另外,在传统设计理论中,设计工作的重点主要集中于施工阶段的施工成本和结构短期性能的设计和优化,对结构耐久性设计和使用寿命的重视不够。并且,设计中没有涉及设计使用寿命内的管理、养护、维修、构件更新、拆除等建成以后的诸多问题。同时,在投资决策上,也只注重建设期的投资成本,而不重视桥梁整个寿命周期内的总成本。因此,在可持续发展的背景下,我们必须在传统的设计理念的基础上,提出一套新的、适用的桥梁设计理论,即桥梁全寿命设计理论。
本文提出以时变可靠度理论为基础,以性能需求为目标,考虑桥梁寿命周期内的成本的基于桥梁全寿命周期设计的理念——桥梁全寿命设计理论。本文首先介绍了研究的背景、全寿命研究的国内外概况:其次,针对桥梁传统设计方法及其特点,建立了桥梁全寿命设计理论的体系和框架,对相关概念、内涵、主要设计内容和设计基本原则进行了研究;另外,根据桥梁全寿命设计的任务,对设计流程和阶段进行了划分;最后,分析了桥梁寿命周期成本的构成和计算模型以及全寿命成本分析法(LCC分析法)的特点,并对桥面铺装方案进行全寿命周期经济评价。评价结果表明,该法比传统的只考虑初始建设费用的评价方法更全面、更科学。
In the period of the rapid international economics development, the bridge as an indispensable part of the social production and living is very important for the entire politics、economy and living domain. But recently the problems that the service highway bridge have low performance and bad durability, low level of service and shorter service life than the design life, have a bad influence on the normal service of the bridge, and bring about the burdensome economic and social load to the bridge maintenance and rehabilitation, make the bridge construction and management suffering from great risk. The behavior that people only pay close attention to the short investment and benefit and ignore the future risk must be corrected.
In the traditional design theory, the design work mainly concentrates with the construction cost and the optimum design of the structure short-term performance in the construction stage, is insufficient to the structure durability design and the service life. And, the design does not include the management, the maintenance, the component renews, the demolition and so on within the design service life. At the same time, in investment decision-making, the designer also only pays great attention to the investment cost of the construction period, but not the life cycle cost of the bridge. Therefore, we must propose a new, suitable bridge design theory, namely bridge life cycle design theory on the basis of traditional design theory.
In this paper Bridge life cycle design theory is proposed which takes the time-variably reliability states as the foundation, takes the performance demand as the goal and calculates bridge life cycle cost. First, this paper introduced the research background, the life cycle research domestic and foreign surveys; Second , in view of the traditional design method and its features, the paper has established the system and the frame of bridge life cycle design theory, and the correlation concepts, the connotation, the main design content and the design basic principle has been studied; Third, according to the bridge life cycle design duty, the design flow and stage are detailed analyzed; Finally, this paper has analyzed constitution and the computation model of the bridge life cycle cost, as well as the characteristic of the life cycle cost analytic method (the LCC method), with the LCC estimates, the economy of the deck pavement' design alternatives is appraised. The result indicates LCC estimates is more comprehensive and scientific than other methods which only consider the beginning investing.
引文
[1]邵旭东.桥梁工程[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2004,21-23
[2]刘高,等.国内典型桥梁调查报告.北京:中交公路规划设计院,2006
[3]Moscs F.Bridge capacity assessment and control of Posting[M].London:Elsevier Science Publishes Ltd Press,1990:404-415
[4]王增忠,罗能钧,施建刚.混凝土结构建设项目全寿命经济分析初探[J].建筑经济,2005,10(276):33-37
[5]贾艳敏,高力.结构设计原理[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2004:16-30
[6]叶见曙.结构设计原理[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2002:19-28
[7]顾钧,刘凯,吕刚.公路桥梁设计方法的演变及评述[J].林业科技情报,1998(2):79
[8]NCHRP REPORT 483.Bridge Life-Cycle Cost Analysis.TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES,2003
[9]Sarja,A.Intergrated life cycle design of structures[R].2002
[10]陈肇元,廉慧珍,李克非.混凝土结构耐久性设计与施工指南[M].北京:建筑工业出版社,2005:2-23
[11]GB 50010-2002,混凝土结构设计规范[S].北京:建筑工业出版社,2005
[12]张洪波,鲍卫刚.公路桥涵结构的设计基准期与设计使用年限[J].公路,2005,8(8):35-37
[13]Somerville G.The design life of structures[M].Edi.Blackie and son Ltd.,1992
[14]张爱林.基于功能可靠度的结构全寿命设计理论研究综述[J].北京工业大学学报,2000,(3):55-58
[15]毋剑平.考虑不同设计使用年限的建筑抗震功能设计[D].北京:中国建筑科学研究院工程抗震研究所,2003
[16]Melchers R.E.Structural reliability analysis and prediction[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,1999,18(3):218-228
[17]赵国藩,金伟良,贡金鑫.结构可靠度理论[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000:67-88
[18]Peng J.X.,Shao X.D.Research framework of lifetime performance based bridge design method[R].Proceeding of the 2~(nd) International Conference of Structural Health Monitoring of Intelligent Infrastruc-ture.2005
[19]王丽蓉,盛可鉴,丁剑霆.桥梁工程[M].北京:中国建材工业出版社,2005:12-21
[20]刘夏平,于天来,王岚.桥梁工程[M].北京:科学出版社,2005:3-18
[21]吴海军,陈艾荣.寿命周期成本分析方法在桥梁工程中的应用[J].公路,2004,23(12):33-38
[22]FHWA.Life-Cycle Cost Analysis Primer[J].Officer Asset Management,2002,8(8):608-618
[23]Frangopol D.M.,Lin K.Y..Life-cycle cost design of deteriorating structures[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,1997,36(10):1390-1401
[24]Frangopol D.M.Life-cycle cost analysis for bridge[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,1999,66(6):210-236
[25]Lin K.Y..Bridge Life-cycle Cost Analysis.In:Transportation research Board.Washington,2003,23-32
[26]Kong J.S.,Frangopol D.M.Life-cycle reliability-based maintenance cost optimization of deteriorating structures with emphasis on bridges[J].Journal ofStructural Engineering,2003,129(6):818-828
[27]Kong J.S.,Frangopol D.M..Cost-reliability interaction in Life-cycle costoptimization of deteriorating structures[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,2004,130(11):1704-1712
[28]Mori Y.,Ellingwood R..Maintaining Reliability of Concrete Structures.Ⅱ:Optimization Inspection/Repair[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,1994,120(3):846-862
[29]Cady P.D.Inflation and Highway Economics Analysis[J].Journal ofTransportation Engineering,1983;109(5):631-639
[30]王福敏,吕庆丰,宋琼瑶.结合桥梁寿命期成本论武隆乌江二桥旧桥改造方案的决策[J].公路交通技术,2005,22(1):84-86
[31]吴海军,陈艾荣.桥梁耐久性设计方法研究[J].中国公路学报,2004,17(3):57-61
[32]沈达峰.桥梁寿命周期成本分析初探[J].苏州城建环保学院学报,1997,10(4):12-16
[33]陈艳艳,王光远.桥梁抗震加固经济可行性评估[J].世界地震工程,2002,18(1):18-22
[34]徐岳,武同乐.桥梁加固工程生命周期成本横向对比分析[J].长安大学学报(自然科学版),2001,24(3):30-38
[2]刘高,等.国内典型桥梁调查报告.北京:中交公路规划设计院,2006
[3]Moscs F.Bridge capacity assessment and control of Posting[M].London:Elsevier Science Publishes Ltd Press,1990:404-415
[4]王增忠,罗能钧,施建刚.混凝土结构建设项目全寿命经济分析初探[J].建筑经济,2005,10(276):33-37
[5]贾艳敏,高力.结构设计原理[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2004:16-30
[6]叶见曙.结构设计原理[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2002:19-28
[7]顾钧,刘凯,吕刚.公路桥梁设计方法的演变及评述[J].林业科技情报,1998(2):79
[8]NCHRP REPORT 483.Bridge Life-Cycle Cost Analysis.TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES,2003
[9]Sarja,A.Intergrated life cycle design of structures[R].2002
[10]陈肇元,廉慧珍,李克非.混凝土结构耐久性设计与施工指南[M].北京:建筑工业出版社,2005:2-23
[11]GB 50010-2002,混凝土结构设计规范[S].北京:建筑工业出版社,2005
[12]张洪波,鲍卫刚.公路桥涵结构的设计基准期与设计使用年限[J].公路,2005,8(8):35-37
[13]Somerville G.The design life of structures[M].Edi.Blackie and son Ltd.,1992
[14]张爱林.基于功能可靠度的结构全寿命设计理论研究综述[J].北京工业大学学报,2000,(3):55-58
[15]毋剑平.考虑不同设计使用年限的建筑抗震功能设计[D].北京:中国建筑科学研究院工程抗震研究所,2003
[16]Melchers R.E.Structural reliability analysis and prediction[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,1999,18(3):218-228
[17]赵国藩,金伟良,贡金鑫.结构可靠度理论[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000:67-88
[18]Peng J.X.,Shao X.D.Research framework of lifetime performance based bridge design method[R].Proceeding of the 2~(nd) International Conference of Structural Health Monitoring of Intelligent Infrastruc-ture.2005
[19]王丽蓉,盛可鉴,丁剑霆.桥梁工程[M].北京:中国建材工业出版社,2005:12-21
[20]刘夏平,于天来,王岚.桥梁工程[M].北京:科学出版社,2005:3-18
[21]吴海军,陈艾荣.寿命周期成本分析方法在桥梁工程中的应用[J].公路,2004,23(12):33-38
[22]FHWA.Life-Cycle Cost Analysis Primer[J].Officer Asset Management,2002,8(8):608-618
[23]Frangopol D.M.,Lin K.Y..Life-cycle cost design of deteriorating structures[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,1997,36(10):1390-1401
[24]Frangopol D.M.Life-cycle cost analysis for bridge[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,1999,66(6):210-236
[25]Lin K.Y..Bridge Life-cycle Cost Analysis.In:Transportation research Board.Washington,2003,23-32
[26]Kong J.S.,Frangopol D.M.Life-cycle reliability-based maintenance cost optimization of deteriorating structures with emphasis on bridges[J].Journal ofStructural Engineering,2003,129(6):818-828
[27]Kong J.S.,Frangopol D.M..Cost-reliability interaction in Life-cycle costoptimization of deteriorating structures[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,2004,130(11):1704-1712
[28]Mori Y.,Ellingwood R..Maintaining Reliability of Concrete Structures.Ⅱ:Optimization Inspection/Repair[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,1994,120(3):846-862
[29]Cady P.D.Inflation and Highway Economics Analysis[J].Journal ofTransportation Engineering,1983;109(5):631-639
[30]王福敏,吕庆丰,宋琼瑶.结合桥梁寿命期成本论武隆乌江二桥旧桥改造方案的决策[J].公路交通技术,2005,22(1):84-86
[31]吴海军,陈艾荣.桥梁耐久性设计方法研究[J].中国公路学报,2004,17(3):57-61
[32]沈达峰.桥梁寿命周期成本分析初探[J].苏州城建环保学院学报,1997,10(4):12-16
[33]陈艳艳,王光远.桥梁抗震加固经济可行性评估[J].世界地震工程,2002,18(1):18-22
[34]徐岳,武同乐.桥梁加固工程生命周期成本横向对比分析[J].长安大学学报(自然科学版),2001,24(3):30-38