基于网络服务质量的计费策略的研究
摘要
随着以因特网为代表的网络应用的日益广泛，网络用户越来越多，网上传输的数据量越来越大，网络资源短缺的矛盾日益突出。扩大网络带宽当然是直接的解决办法，但费用很高。另一想法是，在现有资源条件下，保证一些关键任务应用的传输，即为这些应用保留一部分资源，这就是网络服务质量保证技术(QoS)的设计思想。QoS实现离不开价格杠杆的作用，利用价格杠杆对QoS计费并使资源能得到有效配置是非常重要的。
近年来，高速通信网络的流量控制和基于业务服务质量的计费问题引起了研究者的广泛关注。对网络流量控制的研究集中于在保证业务服务质量的前提下如何提高网络的利用率，而传统的计费策略则着重于分析给定网络的传输和流量控制结构，网络管理者如何获得最大限度的收益。本论文试图对资源拍卖与计费管理的集成作一初步研究，讨论网络资源分配的经济效率评价与拍卖机制设计，以及资源分配过程中竞争性价格的形成。
在广义的网络资源分配方面，提出了基于密封式拍卖达成经济效率与资源分配效率折衷的思想，讨论了一种使用户尽可能声明真实业务参数的计费策略，给出在用户和网络管理者均为风险中性假设下的最优拍卖策略，并将其应用于ATM的ABR业务的公平共享准则。本论文以博弈论模型作为主要分析框架，以网络资源分配的非中心化为核心，关于计费策略的讨论不仅限于ATM网络，也适用于其他具有服务质量要求的高速网络。
As the network is increasingly extensive, network user is becoming more and more . and the data that transmits on net is more and more bigger , the contradiction of network resource shortage is stressed increasingly. Enlarge network bandwidth, natural is direct solution method, but cost is very high. Another opinion is, under existing resource condition guarantee some transmission of crucial task application, retain a part of resource for these applications, this is network service quality guarantee technology( QoS) design thought. QoS realize is away from do not make a quotation the role of shelf lever, it is very important to cost using price lever for QoS idea and make resource get effective disposition.
In recent years, flow control and charging based on the quality of service(QoS) have drawn wide attention in communication society. The research on flow control mainly concerns the improvement of network utilization given certain QoS constraints while traditional pricing schemes emphasize the achievement of network manager's maximal profit under certain transmission and flow control structure. We focus our attention on the criteria of economic efficiency in allocating network resources as well as in designing an auction mechanism, and the competitive price in a generalized resource allocation model.
In a generalized approach for allocating network resources, a sealed auction model is proposed to make trade-off between economic efficiency and engineering efficiency. Optimal auction mechanism is derived and applied to the fair share criterion of ABR traffic of ATM given the users and the network manger are all risk neutral. The thesis uses game theoretic model as its main analytical framework and emphasizes the decentralization as a key role in allocating network resources. Thus the charging schemes we propose can be applied not only to ATM network but to other high speed network with QoS guarantees.
近年来，高速通信网络的流量控制和基于业务服务质量的计费问题引起了研究者的广泛关注。对网络流量控制的研究集中于在保证业务服务质量的前提下如何提高网络的利用率，而传统的计费策略则着重于分析给定网络的传输和流量控制结构，网络管理者如何获得最大限度的收益。本论文试图对资源拍卖与计费管理的集成作一初步研究，讨论网络资源分配的经济效率评价与拍卖机制设计，以及资源分配过程中竞争性价格的形成。
在广义的网络资源分配方面，提出了基于密封式拍卖达成经济效率与资源分配效率折衷的思想，讨论了一种使用户尽可能声明真实业务参数的计费策略，给出在用户和网络管理者均为风险中性假设下的最优拍卖策略，并将其应用于ATM的ABR业务的公平共享准则。本论文以博弈论模型作为主要分析框架，以网络资源分配的非中心化为核心，关于计费策略的讨论不仅限于ATM网络，也适用于其他具有服务质量要求的高速网络。
As the network is increasingly extensive, network user is becoming more and more . and the data that transmits on net is more and more bigger , the contradiction of network resource shortage is stressed increasingly. Enlarge network bandwidth, natural is direct solution method, but cost is very high. Another opinion is, under existing resource condition guarantee some transmission of crucial task application, retain a part of resource for these applications, this is network service quality guarantee technology( QoS) design thought. QoS realize is away from do not make a quotation the role of shelf lever, it is very important to cost using price lever for QoS idea and make resource get effective disposition.
In recent years, flow control and charging based on the quality of service(QoS) have drawn wide attention in communication society. The research on flow control mainly concerns the improvement of network utilization given certain QoS constraints while traditional pricing schemes emphasize the achievement of network manager's maximal profit under certain transmission and flow control structure. We focus our attention on the criteria of economic efficiency in allocating network resources as well as in designing an auction mechanism, and the competitive price in a generalized resource allocation model.
In a generalized approach for allocating network resources, a sealed auction model is proposed to make trade-off between economic efficiency and engineering efficiency. Optimal auction mechanism is derived and applied to the fair share criterion of ABR traffic of ATM given the users and the network manger are all risk neutral. The thesis uses game theoretic model as its main analytical framework and emphasizes the decentralization as a key role in allocating network resources. Thus the charging schemes we propose can be applied not only to ATM network but to other high speed network with QoS guarantees.
引文
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2. David Iseminger, Windows 2000 Quality of Service, 2000, 3
3. Nathalie Weiler, Gabriela Joller, Trust Model, Computer Engineering and Networks Laboratory, CH-8092 Switzerland
4．郭乐深、刘锦德，服务重量(QoS)的分类学，计算机科学2000，11
5. Nelson LIU, Adaptive Congestion Control and Pricing in Future Active IP Networks, FAIN CCSR-2000-0525 25th May 2000
6. SairameshJ,Economic paradigms for information networks and systems. PhD Thesis(CSTechReport),Columbia University, New York, NY. 199632
7. SairameshJ,fergusonD,YeminiY. An approach to pricing, optimal allocations, and quality of service, Provisioning in high-speed networks. In: Proceedings of the INFOCOM'9531
8. Kelly FP. Ontariffs, policing and admission control for multiservice networks. Operation Research Lettrs, 15, 1994, 1924
9．万佑红，李新华，ATM技术概述及其发展状况的研究，江苏通信技术，2000．4
10. M. R. KARIM, ATM技术实用教程，2000, 8
11. ATM Forum, Traffic management specification, vet. 4.0, April 1996.
12. Young-Tak kim, Transit Networking in ATM/B-ISDN based on Service Category, 1998, 5
13. ATM Forum, User-Network Interface Signaling Specification, Version 4.0,af-sig-0061.000,July 1996
14. ITU-T, Broadband Integrated services Digital Network(B-ISDN)-Digital Subscriber Signaling System No.2(DSS 2)-User-Network Interface(UNI)Layer 3 Specification for Basic Call/Connection Control, Recommendation Q. 2931, February 1995
15. David mcDysan, Qos & Traffic Management in IP & ATM Networks, 2000, 11
16．MischaSchwartz．宽带网络性能分析(影印版)．北京：清华大学出版社．1998．147～1602
17． KrishnanR.Rate-based control schemes for ABR traffic-design principles and performance comparison. Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, 1997,29(5) :583-594
18． IEEE Communications Surveys ,An Overview of Pricing Concepts for Broadband IP Networks, http://www.comsoc.org/pubs/surveys , Second Quarter 2000 2
19． D.Clark. Internet Cost Allocation and Pricing 1996
20． FergsonDF,etal. Economic Models for Allocating Resources in Computer Systems, Market Based Control of Distributed systems,Ed,ScottClearwater: world Scientific Press, 199630
21． Sidhul, Jordan S. Multiplexing gains in bits stream multiplexors. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, Dec 1995,3(6)
22． JKMackieMason,HRVarian, Pricing congestible network resources. IEEE journal on Selected Areasin Communica-tions, Sept 1995,13(7) : 1141114942
23． Murphy J,etal. Distributed pricing for rembedded ATM networks. In: International Tele traffic Congress ITC-14,France,Junl994,27
24． A.P. van Dijk Enschede ,ATM Accounting Management, October 1997
25． 张文钺,张尧学，一种基于计费管理的网络服务质量控制法，计算机工程与应用，1999,6
26． DaigleJN. Queuing theory for telecommunications. Readings, MA: Addison Wesley, 1992
27． Shenker S. Fundamental design issues for the future internet IEEE J SAC,1995,13(7) :1176-1180
28． Costas Courcoubetis,Pricing model for network sendees, ITC 99
29． LowSH,etal, A new approach to service provisioning in ATM network. IEEE Trans on Networking, Dec 1995,3(1) , 1993,54755325
30． 卢锡城，ATM网络原理与应用，1999,9
31． Errin W.Fulp and Douglas S.Reeves, Pricing Bandwidth for ABR Rate Control and Multimedia Traffic, 1999
32． LowSH,etal,A new approach to service provisioning in ATM network. IEEE Trans on Networking, Dec 1995,3(1) ,1993,54755325
33． http://www.networknion.org/tech/base/atm/hm/atm4． htm
34． AC320-SUSIE Charging for Premium IP Services in the European Information Infrastructures & Services Pilot 1999,4,29
35． N Economides. The Economics of Networks. International Journal of
Industrial Organization,Oct, 1996
36． J K MacKie-Mason, H R Varian. Pricing the Internet. In B Kahin.J Keller editors. Public Access to the Internet. 1998,5
37． ParkK.Self-organized multi-class QoS provisio for ABR traffic in ATM networks. CSTechReport, Boston University, Nov 199628
38． 王晟,李乐民，ABR业务计费机制及带宽分配算法，电子学报，2000,7
39． George Fankhauser, Burkhard Stiller, Bernhard Plattner , Arrow: A Flexible Architecture for an Accounting and Charging Infrastructure in the Next Generation Internet, 1998,9
40． Joni L. Jones , Gary J. Koehler , Incompletely Specified Combinatorial Auctions, October 25, 2000
41． Je_rey K. MacKie-Mason, A Smart Market for Resource Reservation in a Multiple Quality of Service Information Network, September 8,1997
42． Nemo Semret , Pricing, Provisioning and Peering: Dynamic Markets for Differentiated Internet Services and Implications for Network Interconnections
43． Dr.Peter Reichl. New Aspects of Dynamic Tariff Modeling for Communication Networks
44． 张维迎,博弈论与信息经济学，1996,6
45． Aurel A. Lazar, Nemo Semret, Design and Analysis of the Progressive Second Price Auction for Network Bandwidth Sharing. Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University. September 30, 1999
46． Grzegorz Malewicz, Alex Shvartsman.An Auction-Based Flexible Pricing Scheme for Renegotiated QoS Connections and Its Evaluation. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut. August 10,1999
2. David Iseminger, Windows 2000 Quality of Service, 2000, 3
3. Nathalie Weiler, Gabriela Joller, Trust Model, Computer Engineering and Networks Laboratory, CH-8092 Switzerland
4．郭乐深、刘锦德，服务重量(QoS)的分类学，计算机科学2000，11
5. Nelson LIU, Adaptive Congestion Control and Pricing in Future Active IP Networks, FAIN CCSR-2000-0525 25th May 2000
6. SairameshJ,Economic paradigms for information networks and systems. PhD Thesis(CSTechReport),Columbia University, New York, NY. 199632
7. SairameshJ,fergusonD,YeminiY. An approach to pricing, optimal allocations, and quality of service, Provisioning in high-speed networks. In: Proceedings of the INFOCOM'9531
8. Kelly FP. Ontariffs, policing and admission control for multiservice networks. Operation Research Lettrs, 15, 1994, 1924
9．万佑红，李新华，ATM技术概述及其发展状况的研究，江苏通信技术，2000．4
10. M. R. KARIM, ATM技术实用教程，2000, 8
11. ATM Forum, Traffic management specification, vet. 4.0, April 1996.
12. Young-Tak kim, Transit Networking in ATM/B-ISDN based on Service Category, 1998, 5
13. ATM Forum, User-Network Interface Signaling Specification, Version 4.0,af-sig-0061.000,July 1996
14. ITU-T, Broadband Integrated services Digital Network(B-ISDN)-Digital Subscriber Signaling System No.2(DSS 2)-User-Network Interface(UNI)Layer 3 Specification for Basic Call/Connection Control, Recommendation Q. 2931, February 1995
15. David mcDysan, Qos & Traffic Management in IP & ATM Networks, 2000, 11
16．MischaSchwartz．宽带网络性能分析(影印版)．北京：清华大学出版社．1998．147～1602
17． KrishnanR.Rate-based control schemes for ABR traffic-design principles and performance comparison. Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, 1997,29(5) :583-594
18． IEEE Communications Surveys ,An Overview of Pricing Concepts for Broadband IP Networks, http://www.comsoc.org/pubs/surveys , Second Quarter 2000 2
19． D.Clark. Internet Cost Allocation and Pricing 1996
20． FergsonDF,etal. Economic Models for Allocating Resources in Computer Systems, Market Based Control of Distributed systems,Ed,ScottClearwater: world Scientific Press, 199630
21． Sidhul, Jordan S. Multiplexing gains in bits stream multiplexors. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, Dec 1995,3(6)
22． JKMackieMason,HRVarian, Pricing congestible network resources. IEEE journal on Selected Areasin Communica-tions, Sept 1995,13(7) : 1141114942
23． Murphy J,etal. Distributed pricing for rembedded ATM networks. In: International Tele traffic Congress ITC-14,France,Junl994,27
24． A.P. van Dijk Enschede ,ATM Accounting Management, October 1997
25． 张文钺,张尧学，一种基于计费管理的网络服务质量控制法，计算机工程与应用，1999,6
26． DaigleJN. Queuing theory for telecommunications. Readings, MA: Addison Wesley, 1992
27． Shenker S. Fundamental design issues for the future internet IEEE J SAC,1995,13(7) :1176-1180
28． Costas Courcoubetis,Pricing model for network sendees, ITC 99
29． LowSH,etal, A new approach to service provisioning in ATM network. IEEE Trans on Networking, Dec 1995,3(1) , 1993,54755325
30． 卢锡城，ATM网络原理与应用，1999,9
31． Errin W.Fulp and Douglas S.Reeves, Pricing Bandwidth for ABR Rate Control and Multimedia Traffic, 1999
32． LowSH,etal,A new approach to service provisioning in ATM network. IEEE Trans on Networking, Dec 1995,3(1) ,1993,54755325
33． http://www.networknion.org/tech/base/atm/hm/atm4． htm
34． AC320-SUSIE Charging for Premium IP Services in the European Information Infrastructures & Services Pilot 1999,4,29
35． N Economides. The Economics of Networks. International Journal of
Industrial Organization,Oct, 1996
36． J K MacKie-Mason, H R Varian. Pricing the Internet. In B Kahin.J Keller editors. Public Access to the Internet. 1998,5
37． ParkK.Self-organized multi-class QoS provisio for ABR traffic in ATM networks. CSTechReport, Boston University, Nov 199628
38． 王晟,李乐民，ABR业务计费机制及带宽分配算法，电子学报，2000,7
39． George Fankhauser, Burkhard Stiller, Bernhard Plattner , Arrow: A Flexible Architecture for an Accounting and Charging Infrastructure in the Next Generation Internet, 1998,9
40． Joni L. Jones , Gary J. Koehler , Incompletely Specified Combinatorial Auctions, October 25, 2000
41． Je_rey K. MacKie-Mason, A Smart Market for Resource Reservation in a Multiple Quality of Service Information Network, September 8,1997
42． Nemo Semret , Pricing, Provisioning and Peering: Dynamic Markets for Differentiated Internet Services and Implications for Network Interconnections
43． Dr.Peter Reichl. New Aspects of Dynamic Tariff Modeling for Communication Networks
44． 张维迎,博弈论与信息经济学，1996,6
45． Aurel A. Lazar, Nemo Semret, Design and Analysis of the Progressive Second Price Auction for Network Bandwidth Sharing. Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University. September 30, 1999
46． Grzegorz Malewicz, Alex Shvartsman.An Auction-Based Flexible Pricing Scheme for Renegotiated QoS Connections and Its Evaluation. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut. August 10,1999