我国家电零售业战略联盟主要模式的绩效及风险研究
摘要
目前国内企业面临着更为开放的市场发展空间和更加激烈的国际竞争环境.随着国外大型商业企业进入国内市场,建立战略联盟成为国内商业企业重要的成长模式之一。商业企业的战略联盟不仅可以使联盟企业实现联盟资金、技术、市场营销等资源的联盟内不同程度的共享,而且可以加速我国企业国际化进程,增强我国企业国际竞争力。
本研究首先从战略联盟国内外研究背景入手,系统回顾了联盟研究发展过程。针对目前联盟发展最重要的两方面问题——联盟绩效考核和风险规避,论文详细探讨了影响商业战略联盟绩效和风险的相关因素,在评估各种要素重要性的基础上,采用层次分析法深入研究了影响商业企业战略联盟绩效和风险的评价指标,并通过联盟企业的财务等指标进行了绩效问题的量化研究。之后分别从联盟的绩效风险和关系风险两方面探讨联盟风险问题,并且分别从联盟经营能力、战略目标实现能力等方面分别对上述两种风险进行了深入研究并进一步制定出具体的二级评价指标和联盟风险量化分析模型。
在上述研究的基础上,以我国家电零售业各主要联盟模式为例,对国内商业联盟的绩效及风险进行了实证研究,评估了国内不同商业战略联盟模式的实际绩效和风险水平。联盟绩效调查结果表明中外合资战略联盟绩效水平是上述四种联盟中评定结果最好的。本土股权战略联盟绩效良好,较合资联盟稍差。契约式联盟是一种相对松散的组织形式,联盟企业合作意识相对较多,联盟绩效保障度较低,所以传统契约式联盟绩效评定为中等。非传统跨行业契约式联盟在其合作企业性质﹑企业发展目标等很多方面的特殊性,其联盟合作的紧密程度类似于传统股权式联盟,评定结果为良好。风险方面,中外合资战略联盟和本土股权参与联盟的绩效风险都较高,但由于合资联盟合作紧密程度在所有联盟形式中最为紧密,故有超过半数的被调查者将其关系风险定位于较低;本土股权参与联盟相对偏高。契约式联盟方面,同行业传统契约联盟和跨行业非传统契约式联盟的联盟绩效风险皆为较低。另外,传统契约式联盟在规避联盟绩效风险方面优势已不存在。关系风险方面,由于联盟实际运营中跨行业非传统契约式联盟较传统契约式联盟合作更为紧密等原因,其规避关系风险能力得到很好的体现。综合上述绩效风险和关系风险两方面评定结果,跨行业非传统契约式联盟在这两方面表现都较传统契约联盟优秀,相信在不久以后,跨行业非传统契约式联盟这种新型的联盟形式将会有更广阔的发展空间。
针对上述研究结果,提出了相应的有效提高国内联盟绩效的措施,并从联盟合作伙伴;联盟企业持续性的共同发展;联盟企业的创新能力;战略联盟的整体竞争优势等方面详细阐述。风险方面从联盟合作伙伴选择、联盟方式、联盟信任机制、联盟内部利益分配、联盟责任约束机制等方面提出针对性解决措施,以期为我国国内商业企业提高国际竞争力,实现联盟可持续的健康发展提供有价值的指导。
Domestic enterprises are facing a more open market and more fierce international competition development environment. It is difficult now for domestic commercial enterprises to compete with its own resources in the increasingly intense competition. Strategic Alliance as a new type of enterprise development model can not only realize the enterprise funds, technology, marketing and other shared resources but also effectively accelerate the internationalization process, enhance the international competitiveness of Chinese enterprises capacity.
Firstly, start with the background of strategic alliances research at home and abroad. On the bases of the research above, we reviewed the development process of the present Union and its two most important aspects - performance evaluation and risk aversion.
Secondly, discuss in detail the relevant impact factors on business performance and strategic alliance risks by assessing the importance of various factors on the basis of AHP-depth study of the impact factors of commercial enterprises strategic alliance performance and risk evaluation index, and study the performance of the unions quantitatively through Union financial capability, marketing capability, the internal operation capability and sustainable development capability. Finally, from the Union performance risk and relation risk aspects study the risk of all kinds unions and make in-depth research of the Union viability, the strategic objectives capacity, the growing ability, and carry out further development specific targets and the evaluation of two quantitative risk analysis models.
In the last part of this article I choose Chinese household electrical retail Unions as an example to assess the domestic different business models of strategic alliances’actual performance and risk levels, on the basis of the study above, explore the impact of Chinese Commercial Enterprise Alliance performance and the actual risk factors relative importance.
To improve the performance of the domestic unions, I make detail study in the coalition partners, continued development ability of the enterprise, innovation capabilities and the overall competitive advantages described in detail. In specific measures to resolve risks, I research from the coalition partner selection, Union trust mechanism and the internal distribution of benefits such as the responsibility of restraint mechanism to improve Chinese unions’international competitiveness, and achieve sustainable and healthy development of Strategic Alliance.
本研究首先从战略联盟国内外研究背景入手,系统回顾了联盟研究发展过程。针对目前联盟发展最重要的两方面问题——联盟绩效考核和风险规避,论文详细探讨了影响商业战略联盟绩效和风险的相关因素,在评估各种要素重要性的基础上,采用层次分析法深入研究了影响商业企业战略联盟绩效和风险的评价指标,并通过联盟企业的财务等指标进行了绩效问题的量化研究。之后分别从联盟的绩效风险和关系风险两方面探讨联盟风险问题,并且分别从联盟经营能力、战略目标实现能力等方面分别对上述两种风险进行了深入研究并进一步制定出具体的二级评价指标和联盟风险量化分析模型。
在上述研究的基础上,以我国家电零售业各主要联盟模式为例,对国内商业联盟的绩效及风险进行了实证研究,评估了国内不同商业战略联盟模式的实际绩效和风险水平。联盟绩效调查结果表明中外合资战略联盟绩效水平是上述四种联盟中评定结果最好的。本土股权战略联盟绩效良好,较合资联盟稍差。契约式联盟是一种相对松散的组织形式,联盟企业合作意识相对较多,联盟绩效保障度较低,所以传统契约式联盟绩效评定为中等。非传统跨行业契约式联盟在其合作企业性质﹑企业发展目标等很多方面的特殊性,其联盟合作的紧密程度类似于传统股权式联盟,评定结果为良好。风险方面,中外合资战略联盟和本土股权参与联盟的绩效风险都较高,但由于合资联盟合作紧密程度在所有联盟形式中最为紧密,故有超过半数的被调查者将其关系风险定位于较低;本土股权参与联盟相对偏高。契约式联盟方面,同行业传统契约联盟和跨行业非传统契约式联盟的联盟绩效风险皆为较低。另外,传统契约式联盟在规避联盟绩效风险方面优势已不存在。关系风险方面,由于联盟实际运营中跨行业非传统契约式联盟较传统契约式联盟合作更为紧密等原因,其规避关系风险能力得到很好的体现。综合上述绩效风险和关系风险两方面评定结果,跨行业非传统契约式联盟在这两方面表现都较传统契约联盟优秀,相信在不久以后,跨行业非传统契约式联盟这种新型的联盟形式将会有更广阔的发展空间。
针对上述研究结果,提出了相应的有效提高国内联盟绩效的措施,并从联盟合作伙伴;联盟企业持续性的共同发展;联盟企业的创新能力;战略联盟的整体竞争优势等方面详细阐述。风险方面从联盟合作伙伴选择、联盟方式、联盟信任机制、联盟内部利益分配、联盟责任约束机制等方面提出针对性解决措施,以期为我国国内商业企业提高国际竞争力,实现联盟可持续的健康发展提供有价值的指导。
Domestic enterprises are facing a more open market and more fierce international competition development environment. It is difficult now for domestic commercial enterprises to compete with its own resources in the increasingly intense competition. Strategic Alliance as a new type of enterprise development model can not only realize the enterprise funds, technology, marketing and other shared resources but also effectively accelerate the internationalization process, enhance the international competitiveness of Chinese enterprises capacity.
Firstly, start with the background of strategic alliances research at home and abroad. On the bases of the research above, we reviewed the development process of the present Union and its two most important aspects - performance evaluation and risk aversion.
Secondly, discuss in detail the relevant impact factors on business performance and strategic alliance risks by assessing the importance of various factors on the basis of AHP-depth study of the impact factors of commercial enterprises strategic alliance performance and risk evaluation index, and study the performance of the unions quantitatively through Union financial capability, marketing capability, the internal operation capability and sustainable development capability. Finally, from the Union performance risk and relation risk aspects study the risk of all kinds unions and make in-depth research of the Union viability, the strategic objectives capacity, the growing ability, and carry out further development specific targets and the evaluation of two quantitative risk analysis models.
In the last part of this article I choose Chinese household electrical retail Unions as an example to assess the domestic different business models of strategic alliances’actual performance and risk levels, on the basis of the study above, explore the impact of Chinese Commercial Enterprise Alliance performance and the actual risk factors relative importance.
To improve the performance of the domestic unions, I make detail study in the coalition partners, continued development ability of the enterprise, innovation capabilities and the overall competitive advantages described in detail. In specific measures to resolve risks, I research from the coalition partner selection, Union trust mechanism and the internal distribution of benefits such as the responsibility of restraint mechanism to improve Chinese unions’international competitiveness, and achieve sustainable and healthy development of Strategic Alliance.
引文
[1] 迈克尔·波特.竞争优势.陈小悦 译.华夏出版社:1997 22-32
[2] 陈殿阁.企业战略联盟:一种全新的企业发展模式[J].经济与管理研究,2000, 2: 32-35
[3] Maurizio Zo11o,Jcffrcy J. Rcucr. Inter organizational Routines and Performance in Strategic Alliances [J].Organization Science, vol13, 2002: 700-713
[4] 严建援,颜承捷.企业战略联豁的动机、形态及其绩效的研究综述[J].南开学报,2003, 6期:82-86
[5] Culpan, E. A. KostelacJr. Cross-Notional Corporate Partnership: Trend in Alliance Formation in Multinational Strategic Alliance[J],International Business Press. 1993, 122-162
[6] Gulati R. Alliances and Networks [M].Strategic Management Journa1, 1998, 19(2): 290-317
[7] 迈克尔·波特 .竞争战略,乔晓东等译,北京:中国财政经济出版社,1989,68-78
[8] Ireland R .D. & Vaidyanath, D. Alliance management as a source of competitive advantage [J].Journal of Management, 2002, 28-32
[9] Das, T. K., Teng, B., Resource and risk management in the- strategic alliance making process [J]. Journal of Management, 1998, 24:20-42.
[10]Artz, K. W.,&Brush, T. H., Asset specificity, uncertainty and relational norms: An Examination of coordination costs in a collaborative contractual alliance [J]. Journal of Economic Behavior& Organization, 2003, 41(4):336-366.
[11]Inkpen, A.C.S.C The nature, antecedents, and consequences of joint venture trust [J]. International Management, 1998, 4(1): 1-20.
[12]Inkpen, A. C., Beamish. P. W., Knowledge, bargaining power, and the instability of international joint venture [J]. The Academy of Management Journal, 1997,22(1):177-202.
[13] Das, T. K., Teng, B., The dynamics of alliance conditions in the alliance development process [J]. Journal of Management Studies, 2002, 39(5):722-749.
[14]邓倩,韩伯棠.企业战略联盟资源状况与绩效的关系分析[J].管理科学文摘,35-37
[15]李钢, 赫晓峰. 战略联盟中资源与绩效关系模型[J].河北经贸大学学报,2004, 05期:76-83
[16] T.T.Tyejee., The risk of investment in technological innovation.IEEE on Engineering Management, vol. EM-31.
[17] Das,T.K,&Teng.B.. The dynamics of alliance conditions in the alliance development process. Journal of Management Studies, 2002, 39, 722-750
[18] Das, T. K., Strategic alliance temporalities and partner opportunism [J]. British Journal of Management, 2006, 170-186
[19]杜旖丁.关于战略联盟研究现状的分析与探讨[J].科学研究 626-631
[20]汪涛.基于资源观的战略联盟动因综论[J].科研管理. 2000, 68-74
[21]李东红.企业联盟研发:风险与防范[J].中国软科学,2002. 142: 47-50
[22]Africa Aririo. Measures of strategic alliance performance analysis of construct validity [J].Journal of International Business Studies, volume1, 2003:66-80
[23]Artz, K.W.,&Brush, T. H., Asset specificity, uncertainty and relational norms: An Examination of coordination costs in a collaborative contractual alliance [J]. Journal of Economic Behavior& Organization, 2003, 41(4):336-366.
[24]Kaplan R.S Using the Balanced Scorecard as a Strategic Management System. Harvard Business Review. 1996(1-2)76
[25]郑传锋.基于平衡记分卡的供应链绩效评价指标体系研究[J].中国物流与采购.2005, 10期:67-70
[26]胡保亮.基于平衡记分卡和层次分析法的供应链绩效评价[J].财经论丛,2003, 05 期:86-89
[27]翁潇彬,潘晓弘.一种基于模糊综合评价法的动态联盟绩效评价法[J].评价与预测,2006, 4:109-113
[28]秦寿康等.综合评价原理与应用[M].北京:电子工业出版社.2003, 122-132
[29]Simonin,B. Ambiguity and the process of knowledge transfer in strategic alliances. Strategic Management Journal, 1999, 20: 595-623.
[30] T.K.Das,Bing-Sheng Teng. Trust,Control,and Risk in strategic A1liances:An Integrated Framework [J].Organization Studies, vol 22,2001: 250-255
[31]李垣,刘益,谢恩.战略联盟不稳定性的研究现状与展望[J].科研管理,2004
[32]张延锋.战略联盟中信任、控制对合作风险的影响及其组合绩效研究[M].西安交通大学 2003, 76-98
[33]Jennings. Between trust and control: Developing confidence in partner cooperation in alliances. Academy of Management Review, 2003, 491-512
[34]Arino, A., Torre, J., Ring, P. S., Relational quality: Managing trust in corporate alliances [J]. California Management Review, 2001, 44:108-136.
[35]陈剑涛.战略联盟的稳定与战略合作伙伴的选择[J].商业研究,2004,19.10-12
[36]Robert Frankel. Information support for A1liances: performance implications Journal of Business Logistics, vol23, 2002:67-82
[37]吴宪华.动态联盟伙伴选择的决策方法及其战略评估模型的建立[J].系统工程,1998, 04期:40-44
[38]蒋国平.企业战略联盟高失败率原因分析及其成功之路[J].现代财经,2001,1:58-60
[39]陆奇案.战略联盟中机会主义行为的成因及治理对策[J].现代管理科学,2005.3,32-41
[40]陈菲琼,徐金发.中国企业与跨国公司联盟是提高企业竞争力有效途径[J].数量经济技术经济研究.2000, 12, 26-31
[41]Madhok, A., Tallman, S.B., Resources, transactions and rents: through inter firm collaborative relationships [J]. Organization 9(3):328-346.
[42]林忠礼,张喜民.基于战略联盟稳定性的交互式学习模式的构建[J].山东师范大学学报,2005, 50 (1):58-6
[2] 陈殿阁.企业战略联盟:一种全新的企业发展模式[J].经济与管理研究,2000, 2: 32-35
[3] Maurizio Zo11o,Jcffrcy J. Rcucr. Inter organizational Routines and Performance in Strategic Alliances [J].Organization Science, vol13, 2002: 700-713
[4] 严建援,颜承捷.企业战略联豁的动机、形态及其绩效的研究综述[J].南开学报,2003, 6期:82-86
[5] Culpan, E. A. KostelacJr. Cross-Notional Corporate Partnership: Trend in Alliance Formation in Multinational Strategic Alliance[J],International Business Press. 1993, 122-162
[6] Gulati R. Alliances and Networks [M].Strategic Management Journa1, 1998, 19(2): 290-317
[7] 迈克尔·波特 .竞争战略,乔晓东等译,北京:中国财政经济出版社,1989,68-78
[8] Ireland R .D. & Vaidyanath, D. Alliance management as a source of competitive advantage [J].Journal of Management, 2002, 28-32
[9] Das, T. K., Teng, B., Resource and risk management in the- strategic alliance making process [J]. Journal of Management, 1998, 24:20-42.
[10]Artz, K. W.,&Brush, T. H., Asset specificity, uncertainty and relational norms: An Examination of coordination costs in a collaborative contractual alliance [J]. Journal of Economic Behavior& Organization, 2003, 41(4):336-366.
[11]Inkpen, A.C.S.C The nature, antecedents, and consequences of joint venture trust [J]. International Management, 1998, 4(1): 1-20.
[12]Inkpen, A. C., Beamish. P. W., Knowledge, bargaining power, and the instability of international joint venture [J]. The Academy of Management Journal, 1997,22(1):177-202.
[13] Das, T. K., Teng, B., The dynamics of alliance conditions in the alliance development process [J]. Journal of Management Studies, 2002, 39(5):722-749.
[14]邓倩,韩伯棠.企业战略联盟资源状况与绩效的关系分析[J].管理科学文摘,35-37
[15]李钢, 赫晓峰. 战略联盟中资源与绩效关系模型[J].河北经贸大学学报,2004, 05期:76-83
[16] T.T.Tyejee., The risk of investment in technological innovation.IEEE on Engineering Management, vol. EM-31.
[17] Das,T.K,&Teng.B.. The dynamics of alliance conditions in the alliance development process. Journal of Management Studies, 2002, 39, 722-750
[18] Das, T. K., Strategic alliance temporalities and partner opportunism [J]. British Journal of Management, 2006, 170-186
[19]杜旖丁.关于战略联盟研究现状的分析与探讨[J].科学研究 626-631
[20]汪涛.基于资源观的战略联盟动因综论[J].科研管理. 2000, 68-74
[21]李东红.企业联盟研发:风险与防范[J].中国软科学,2002. 142: 47-50
[22]Africa Aririo. Measures of strategic alliance performance analysis of construct validity [J].Journal of International Business Studies, volume1, 2003:66-80
[23]Artz, K.W.,&Brush, T. H., Asset specificity, uncertainty and relational norms: An Examination of coordination costs in a collaborative contractual alliance [J]. Journal of Economic Behavior& Organization, 2003, 41(4):336-366.
[24]Kaplan R.S Using the Balanced Scorecard as a Strategic Management System. Harvard Business Review. 1996(1-2)76
[25]郑传锋.基于平衡记分卡的供应链绩效评价指标体系研究[J].中国物流与采购.2005, 10期:67-70
[26]胡保亮.基于平衡记分卡和层次分析法的供应链绩效评价[J].财经论丛,2003, 05 期:86-89
[27]翁潇彬,潘晓弘.一种基于模糊综合评价法的动态联盟绩效评价法[J].评价与预测,2006, 4:109-113
[28]秦寿康等.综合评价原理与应用[M].北京:电子工业出版社.2003, 122-132
[29]Simonin,B. Ambiguity and the process of knowledge transfer in strategic alliances. Strategic Management Journal, 1999, 20: 595-623.
[30] T.K.Das,Bing-Sheng Teng. Trust,Control,and Risk in strategic A1liances:An Integrated Framework [J].Organization Studies, vol 22,2001: 250-255
[31]李垣,刘益,谢恩.战略联盟不稳定性的研究现状与展望[J].科研管理,2004
[32]张延锋.战略联盟中信任、控制对合作风险的影响及其组合绩效研究[M].西安交通大学 2003, 76-98
[33]Jennings. Between trust and control: Developing confidence in partner cooperation in alliances. Academy of Management Review, 2003, 491-512
[34]Arino, A., Torre, J., Ring, P. S., Relational quality: Managing trust in corporate alliances [J]. California Management Review, 2001, 44:108-136.
[35]陈剑涛.战略联盟的稳定与战略合作伙伴的选择[J].商业研究,2004,19.10-12
[36]Robert Frankel. Information support for A1liances: performance implications Journal of Business Logistics, vol23, 2002:67-82
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