中国农村养老保障制度改革研究
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摘要
本文主要遵循时间线索和逻辑线索,研究中国农村养老保障制度的产生、历史变迁和未来发展,探索它的特点和发展规律;研究中国农村养老保障制度改革的可能性、必要性、目标定位、政策取向和改革的具体措施。
研究的内容包括九个部分:
引言部分包括问题的提出和研究的意义、国内外研究现状、研究方法和基本思路、研究的难点、创新和需要进一步研究的问题。
第一部分是养老保障制度的基本理论。考察马克思主义经典作家、西方学者、中国学者对社会保障、养老和社会制度变迁问题的理论阐释;对老年人、养老及养老保障制度等相关概念进行界定;从理论上宏观把握人类养老保障制度的产生和发展,为进一步研究奠定理论基础。
第二部分是对中国农村养老保障制度的历史变迁进行梳理和评价,把中国养老保障制度的历史分两个阶段:建国到改革开放、改革开放到现在,通过回顾历史,总结中国农村养老保障制度改革的经验和教训,发现其中的规律,为进一步探索农村养老保障制度的改革奠定基础。
第三部分是对中国农村养老保障制度存在的问题、问题的原因、影响、改革的背景进行分析,在此基础上,指出中国农村养老保障制度改革的必要性和迫切性。由于我国建立社会保障的理念存在的失误,养老保障体制的建设重点和投入重心仅局限于城市,传统的户籍制度和土地制度的影响,政府在建立和完善农村养老保障制度中责任缺失,农村经济发展落后与不平衡等诸多原因,使我国农村养老保障制度存在着保障水平低、覆盖面小、城乡存在巨大差异、缺乏可持续性等问题,这些问题在农村社会养老保险制度上表现尤为突出。到目前为止,国家对于农村养老保障制度建设工作具有局限性,还没有建立起统一的、受益面广的农村养老保障制度。因此,不能有效地解决农村养老的问题。
农村养老问题解决不好,农村养老保障制度不完善,会影响城乡一体化的发展、影响农村社会的稳定、影响农村计划生育政策的实施、影响农村经济的发展,从而影响我国和谐社会的建设和科学发展观的贯彻落实。
因此,尽快建立和完善农村养老保障制度,是实现社会公平、保持社会稳定、促进城乡协调发展的需要,是解决三农问题、落实科学发展观、建设社会主义和谐社会的迫切需要。
第四部分是对农村社会养老保险进行国际比较、对家庭养老进行国际比较,总结国际农村养老保障制度改革趋势。通过对西方发达国家以及发展中国家农村养老保障制度进行考察和分析发现,在建立和完善农村养老保障制度方面,许多国家重视家庭养老等非正式保障制度的作用,拓展为老人服务的领域,扩大社会养老保障的覆盖面,使其覆盖农村的老年人,采用多元化多层次的保障方式,把养老保障制度的城乡统筹作为目标,这些为我国农村养老保障制度的改革提供了有益的启示。
第五部分是论述中国农村养老保障制度改革的目标定位和政策取向。农村养老保障制度改革的目标应该是一个系统,不同时期、地区、项目应该有不同的目标,所有的目标有机结合,形成农村养老保障制度改革的目标定位。近期制度建设的目标是逐步扩大社会养老保险的覆盖面,解决农村养老的实际问题;中期目标是在城乡社会养老保险两大板块之间找到切合点,为城乡社会养老保险制度的最终整合奠定基础;长远目标是在全国范围内形成以社会保险为核心的,辅之以家庭保障、社区互助等传统保障方式的,与城市从业者养老保障制度整合的社会养老保障制度。农村养老保障制度改革的政策取向应该因地域、人群不同而灵活多样,明确政府的责任,国家、集体、个人共同分担,既广覆盖又多元化。
第六部分是从改革和完善农村家庭养老保障制度、建立和完善农村社会养老保障制度的角度,探索中国农村养老保障制度改革的措施。改革传统的家庭养老保障制度,使其焕发新的活力,需要对传统的农村家庭养老进行道德约束、经济条件保障、法律强制、政策倾斜、探索多种实现形式等措施;改革农村社会养老保障制度,需要完善农村社会养老保险制度、完善农村五保供养制度、探索农村社会化养老的多种形式等措施。中国农村养老保障制度改革需要农村各项制度的配套改革,例如,深入农村改革、农村土地制度的改革和城镇化改革等。
第七部分是对中国农村养老保障制度社会化和城乡一体化发展的趋势进行探索。中国农村养老保障制度朝着社会化和城乡一体化的方向发展是历史发展的必然。
第八部分是专题研究,探讨了农民工、被征地农民和乡镇企业职工的养老保障制度建设和改革的问题。
The dissertation is mainly designed to study not only on the origin, historical changes and the future development of the Rural Old-Age Security System (short form in the System) in the order of its time and Logics, but also on its characteristics and its developmental principles. At the same time, it also explore its possibilities, necessities, target location, policy orientation and concrete measures in carrying out the system
The present dissertation consists of nine parts, including introduction and eight chapters:
The Introduction part introduces the research questions, research significance, research status at home and abroad, research method, basic logics, the key difficulties, innovation, the space for further research and the basic framework of the dissertation.
Chapter One presents some theories of the Rural Old-Age Security System. Based on the investigation on the introduction of the System from Marxism's classic authors, scholars at home and abroad, who conducted the explanations on the social security, pension and the change in social systems, it theoretically takes macro-control of its emergence and development of the System on human beings and lays a solid theoretical foundation for the further discussion by means of the definitions of the aged, pension, the System and other concepts concerned.
Chapter Two is mainly focused on the historical changes and their evaluations. It points out that the System can be divided into two historical stages: the first stage is from the founding of PRC to the performing of the Reform and Opening Up policy, the second stage is from the performance of the Policy to the present. By reviewing the history, it makes a summary about the experiences and lessons during the course of the reform on the System in order to find out the principles or laws, which set a good stage for further exploration on the System.
Chapter Three, based on the analysis of the current situations, their problems and causes, influences and the reform on the System, points out the necessities and the urgency in the reform of the System. Because of the errors of the concepts of social security, the limitation of key points of its construction and investment to the major cities, the influence of the traditional Household Registration System and Land System, the responsibilities defect in the course of establishing and the perfecting the System, the backward situations and unbalance in the rural economic development and other conditions, such problems existed in the System as low level guarantees,narrow coverage,great differences between urban and rural and deficiency of sustainability, among which the Rural Insurance Pension System is remarkable. Up to now, our government has not established a united and widely beneficial Rural Old-Age Security System because of its singleness and limitation of construction of the System, so it couldn’t effectively solve the problem.
The improper solution of the current problems and imperfect situations of the System will have a great effect on urban-rural integration development, social stability of rural area, the implementation. of the Policy of family planning, economic development, and further on the construction of the harmonious society and the implementation of the scientific development concept.
Therefore, the establishing and perfecting of the System will be requested by the realization of social equity, the guarantee of social stability and promotion of the harmonious development. And then it is urgently needed by resolving″san nong″problems, implementing the scientific concept of development and constructing the socialist harmonious society.
Chapter Four makes a research on international comparison of rural social endowment insurance and family supporting so as to summarize the reform trend of the international rural old-age security system. On the analysis of the investigation of rural old-age security system carried out in the western developed countries and developing Countries, it shows that a couple of countries laid emphasis on the role of informal security system like family supporting; expanded the field of serving the old people; enlarged the coverage of social security over the old-aged in the countryside and adopted diverse and multi-level security modes and targeting urban and rural harmony during the course of the establishment and perfection of the System, which have provided beneficial enlightenment for our reform of the System.
Chapter Five introduces the target location and policy orientation of the reform of the System in China. The target of the reform is to build a perfect system which is equipped with unified and various goals for different periods and areas. Recently the target of the system construction is to escalate the scope of coverage of the social endowment insurance to solve some practical problems in family supporting; its mid-term target is to identify the corresponding point of the two blocks of the urban and rural social pension insurance to lay a foundation for their final integration; its long-term goal tends to set up a perfect system at national level which centers on social insurance and is attached by family supporting, mutual aid among community and other traditional guarantee modes and combined with urban employers pension security system. The Policy Orientation of the Rural Old- aged Pension System is that the policies should be carried out flexibly and variously according to different areas and groups. The responsibilities of the government should be clearly shouldered by country, communities and individuals with common share and diversification..
Chapter Six explores the reform measures carried on the System in China from the perspective of reforming and perfecting the Rural Family Supporting Security System and establishing and perfecting the Rural Old-Age Security System. The change in the Family Supporting Security and its vitality requires the measures taken such as the implication of moral restriction on the traditional rural family supporting, guarantees of economic conditions, the passing of compulsory laws and policies with some inclination and others. The reform of the System needs take some measures of perfecting the Rural Social Pension Insurance System, the Five Guarantees Supporting System and socialized pension modes in rural areas. The reform of the System also request the coordinated reform on a variety of systems carried out in rural areas, such as the further rural reform, the form of the Rural Land System and urbanization.
Chapter Seven makes a further research on the socialization of the System and the trend of urban-rural integration. It points out that the historical trend of the System development is towards its socialization and urban-rural integration, which is inevitable.
Chapter Eight is focused on the monographic Study on the System of peasant workers, landless farmers and the staff and workers working in township enterprises. It also discusses the problems t for Reform.
研究的内容包括九个部分:
引言部分包括问题的提出和研究的意义、国内外研究现状、研究方法和基本思路、研究的难点、创新和需要进一步研究的问题。
第一部分是养老保障制度的基本理论。考察马克思主义经典作家、西方学者、中国学者对社会保障、养老和社会制度变迁问题的理论阐释;对老年人、养老及养老保障制度等相关概念进行界定;从理论上宏观把握人类养老保障制度的产生和发展,为进一步研究奠定理论基础。
第二部分是对中国农村养老保障制度的历史变迁进行梳理和评价,把中国养老保障制度的历史分两个阶段:建国到改革开放、改革开放到现在,通过回顾历史,总结中国农村养老保障制度改革的经验和教训,发现其中的规律,为进一步探索农村养老保障制度的改革奠定基础。
第三部分是对中国农村养老保障制度存在的问题、问题的原因、影响、改革的背景进行分析,在此基础上,指出中国农村养老保障制度改革的必要性和迫切性。由于我国建立社会保障的理念存在的失误,养老保障体制的建设重点和投入重心仅局限于城市,传统的户籍制度和土地制度的影响,政府在建立和完善农村养老保障制度中责任缺失,农村经济发展落后与不平衡等诸多原因,使我国农村养老保障制度存在着保障水平低、覆盖面小、城乡存在巨大差异、缺乏可持续性等问题,这些问题在农村社会养老保险制度上表现尤为突出。到目前为止,国家对于农村养老保障制度建设工作具有局限性,还没有建立起统一的、受益面广的农村养老保障制度。因此,不能有效地解决农村养老的问题。
农村养老问题解决不好,农村养老保障制度不完善,会影响城乡一体化的发展、影响农村社会的稳定、影响农村计划生育政策的实施、影响农村经济的发展,从而影响我国和谐社会的建设和科学发展观的贯彻落实。
因此,尽快建立和完善农村养老保障制度,是实现社会公平、保持社会稳定、促进城乡协调发展的需要,是解决三农问题、落实科学发展观、建设社会主义和谐社会的迫切需要。
第四部分是对农村社会养老保险进行国际比较、对家庭养老进行国际比较,总结国际农村养老保障制度改革趋势。通过对西方发达国家以及发展中国家农村养老保障制度进行考察和分析发现,在建立和完善农村养老保障制度方面,许多国家重视家庭养老等非正式保障制度的作用,拓展为老人服务的领域,扩大社会养老保障的覆盖面,使其覆盖农村的老年人,采用多元化多层次的保障方式,把养老保障制度的城乡统筹作为目标,这些为我国农村养老保障制度的改革提供了有益的启示。
第五部分是论述中国农村养老保障制度改革的目标定位和政策取向。农村养老保障制度改革的目标应该是一个系统,不同时期、地区、项目应该有不同的目标,所有的目标有机结合,形成农村养老保障制度改革的目标定位。近期制度建设的目标是逐步扩大社会养老保险的覆盖面,解决农村养老的实际问题;中期目标是在城乡社会养老保险两大板块之间找到切合点,为城乡社会养老保险制度的最终整合奠定基础;长远目标是在全国范围内形成以社会保险为核心的,辅之以家庭保障、社区互助等传统保障方式的,与城市从业者养老保障制度整合的社会养老保障制度。农村养老保障制度改革的政策取向应该因地域、人群不同而灵活多样,明确政府的责任,国家、集体、个人共同分担,既广覆盖又多元化。
第六部分是从改革和完善农村家庭养老保障制度、建立和完善农村社会养老保障制度的角度,探索中国农村养老保障制度改革的措施。改革传统的家庭养老保障制度,使其焕发新的活力,需要对传统的农村家庭养老进行道德约束、经济条件保障、法律强制、政策倾斜、探索多种实现形式等措施;改革农村社会养老保障制度,需要完善农村社会养老保险制度、完善农村五保供养制度、探索农村社会化养老的多种形式等措施。中国农村养老保障制度改革需要农村各项制度的配套改革,例如,深入农村改革、农村土地制度的改革和城镇化改革等。
第七部分是对中国农村养老保障制度社会化和城乡一体化发展的趋势进行探索。中国农村养老保障制度朝着社会化和城乡一体化的方向发展是历史发展的必然。
第八部分是专题研究,探讨了农民工、被征地农民和乡镇企业职工的养老保障制度建设和改革的问题。
The dissertation is mainly designed to study not only on the origin, historical changes and the future development of the Rural Old-Age Security System (short form in the System) in the order of its time and Logics, but also on its characteristics and its developmental principles. At the same time, it also explore its possibilities, necessities, target location, policy orientation and concrete measures in carrying out the system
The present dissertation consists of nine parts, including introduction and eight chapters:
The Introduction part introduces the research questions, research significance, research status at home and abroad, research method, basic logics, the key difficulties, innovation, the space for further research and the basic framework of the dissertation.
Chapter One presents some theories of the Rural Old-Age Security System. Based on the investigation on the introduction of the System from Marxism's classic authors, scholars at home and abroad, who conducted the explanations on the social security, pension and the change in social systems, it theoretically takes macro-control of its emergence and development of the System on human beings and lays a solid theoretical foundation for the further discussion by means of the definitions of the aged, pension, the System and other concepts concerned.
Chapter Two is mainly focused on the historical changes and their evaluations. It points out that the System can be divided into two historical stages: the first stage is from the founding of PRC to the performing of the Reform and Opening Up policy, the second stage is from the performance of the Policy to the present. By reviewing the history, it makes a summary about the experiences and lessons during the course of the reform on the System in order to find out the principles or laws, which set a good stage for further exploration on the System.
Chapter Three, based on the analysis of the current situations, their problems and causes, influences and the reform on the System, points out the necessities and the urgency in the reform of the System. Because of the errors of the concepts of social security, the limitation of key points of its construction and investment to the major cities, the influence of the traditional Household Registration System and Land System, the responsibilities defect in the course of establishing and the perfecting the System, the backward situations and unbalance in the rural economic development and other conditions, such problems existed in the System as low level guarantees,narrow coverage,great differences between urban and rural and deficiency of sustainability, among which the Rural Insurance Pension System is remarkable. Up to now, our government has not established a united and widely beneficial Rural Old-Age Security System because of its singleness and limitation of construction of the System, so it couldn’t effectively solve the problem.
The improper solution of the current problems and imperfect situations of the System will have a great effect on urban-rural integration development, social stability of rural area, the implementation. of the Policy of family planning, economic development, and further on the construction of the harmonious society and the implementation of the scientific development concept.
Therefore, the establishing and perfecting of the System will be requested by the realization of social equity, the guarantee of social stability and promotion of the harmonious development. And then it is urgently needed by resolving″san nong″problems, implementing the scientific concept of development and constructing the socialist harmonious society.
Chapter Four makes a research on international comparison of rural social endowment insurance and family supporting so as to summarize the reform trend of the international rural old-age security system. On the analysis of the investigation of rural old-age security system carried out in the western developed countries and developing Countries, it shows that a couple of countries laid emphasis on the role of informal security system like family supporting; expanded the field of serving the old people; enlarged the coverage of social security over the old-aged in the countryside and adopted diverse and multi-level security modes and targeting urban and rural harmony during the course of the establishment and perfection of the System, which have provided beneficial enlightenment for our reform of the System.
Chapter Five introduces the target location and policy orientation of the reform of the System in China. The target of the reform is to build a perfect system which is equipped with unified and various goals for different periods and areas. Recently the target of the system construction is to escalate the scope of coverage of the social endowment insurance to solve some practical problems in family supporting; its mid-term target is to identify the corresponding point of the two blocks of the urban and rural social pension insurance to lay a foundation for their final integration; its long-term goal tends to set up a perfect system at national level which centers on social insurance and is attached by family supporting, mutual aid among community and other traditional guarantee modes and combined with urban employers pension security system. The Policy Orientation of the Rural Old- aged Pension System is that the policies should be carried out flexibly and variously according to different areas and groups. The responsibilities of the government should be clearly shouldered by country, communities and individuals with common share and diversification..
Chapter Six explores the reform measures carried on the System in China from the perspective of reforming and perfecting the Rural Family Supporting Security System and establishing and perfecting the Rural Old-Age Security System. The change in the Family Supporting Security and its vitality requires the measures taken such as the implication of moral restriction on the traditional rural family supporting, guarantees of economic conditions, the passing of compulsory laws and policies with some inclination and others. The reform of the System needs take some measures of perfecting the Rural Social Pension Insurance System, the Five Guarantees Supporting System and socialized pension modes in rural areas. The reform of the System also request the coordinated reform on a variety of systems carried out in rural areas, such as the further rural reform, the form of the Rural Land System and urbanization.
Chapter Seven makes a further research on the socialization of the System and the trend of urban-rural integration. It points out that the historical trend of the System development is towards its socialization and urban-rural integration, which is inevitable.
Chapter Eight is focused on the monographic Study on the System of peasant workers, landless farmers and the staff and workers working in township enterprises. It also discusses the problems t for Reform.
引文
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