夏季相对湿度和风速对人体热感觉的影响研究
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摘要
随着我国社会经济水平的飞速发展，人们对建筑室内环境的热舒适性要求也越来越高。什么样的热环境是舒适的，如何评价热环境下人体的热舒适水平，一直是建筑室内人体热舒适研究的重要领域。已有研究发现，夏季偏热环境下，高空气湿度会提高人体热感觉，而提高室内风速则可以降低人体热感觉，而且风速对人体热感觉的影响与空气湿度也有一定的关系。因此，充分了解夏季室内空气湿度和风速对人体热感觉的影响，合理评价夏季室内空气湿度和风速对人体热感觉的影响程度，对我国热舒适标准的制定具有非常重要的意义。
由于热环境对人体的作用，主要是通过两者之间的热湿交换来影响人体生理参数，从而使人体产生不同的热感觉。因此，论文首先基于二节点模型分析了夏季空气湿度和风速对人体热平衡的影响，充分了解了夏季不同环境温度下，人体与环境之间的各项散热量及人体生理参数随空气湿度和风速的变化规律。
其次，对夏季不同环境温度下，空气湿度对人体热反应的影响进行了实验研究。研究比较了各环境温度下空气湿度对人体主观热反应和生理反应的影响程度，结果发现，在夏季，空气相对湿度在40%～80%范围内时，若环境温度处于舒适温度附近，则空气湿度对人体热感觉几乎没有影响，但是在偏热环境下，空气湿度的升高会显著提高人体热感觉，且随空气湿度和环境温度的升高，空气湿度的影响更大，且明确指出夏季，尤其是偏热环境下，空气湿度对可接受温度范围的确定有非常重要的影响，并初步确定了夏季不同空气湿度下可接受温度上限水平；通过分析夏季人体热感觉与平均皮肤温度以及皮肤出汗程度等生理反应的关系，明确了夏季空气湿度影响人体热感觉的机理。
接着，又对夏季不同温湿度水平下风速对人体热反应影响进行了实验研究。研究不仅分析了不同环境下风速对人体主观热反应和生理反应的影响程度，还对不同风速作用下空气湿度对人体热反应的影响进行了分析，结果发现，偏热环境下，提高风速不仅可以在一定程度上降低人体热感觉，还可以降低空气湿度对人体热感觉的影响，并初步确定了夏季风速作用下可接受温度上限；同样通过分析夏季人体热感觉与平均皮肤温度以及皮肤出汗程度等生理反应的关系，明确了夏季风速影响人体热感觉的机理。
然后，以实验研究为基础，对目前的热舒适评价指标PMV和SET是否可以准确评价夏季人体热感觉进行了分析。分析结果明确了PMV无法准确评价偏热环境下空气湿度和风速对人体热感觉的影响程度，提出可以采用SET来评价，但是由于SET没有考虑热适应的影响，需要对其进行热适应修正；在δSET的基础上，分别提出采用空气湿度热适应因子eRH和风速热适应因子ev对δSETRH和δSETv进行修正，获得了修正模型eRHδSETRH和evδSETv，基于eRHδSETRH和evδSETv获得到了夏季空气湿度和风速对可接受温度影响的修正方法。
最后，对目前夏季非空调环境室内热舒适区的确定方法进行了探讨。通过对目前热舒适标准中非空调环境室内热舒适区的确定方法的总结，指出目前热舒适区的确定方法均存在的问题；从空气湿度、风速两方面分析了目前夏季非空调环境室内热舒适区的适用范围，并指出基于目前的确定方法建立的热舒适区适用范围均较小，而且指出由于将在较大范围内变动的空气湿度和风速以及不同气候区的数据汇总，使得所建立的热舒适区适用范围非常小或甚至无实际应用价值；最后针对对目前夏季非空调环境室内热舒适区的构建方法提出了一些建议。
论文研究中提出的夏季可接受温度确定和修正方法，为我国热舒适标准的制定及使用提供了重要的依据和参考；对目前夏季非空调环境室内热舒适区的确定方法提出的建议为进一步完善我国热舒适标准提供了参考。
With the development of the rapid development of national social economy in, therequirements of indoor thermal comfort has become more and more strict. What kind ofindoor thermal environment is comfort, and how to evaluate the human thermal comfortlevel, have been the important areas of the building indoor human thermal comfortstudies. Few studies have been shown that in warm envionments, high air humidity willincrease human thermal sensation, while high air velocity will decrease human thermalsensation. And also, the impacts of air velocity on human thermal sensation haverelationship with air humidity. Therefore, it has very important and profoundsignificance to make fully understand the impacts of air humidity and air velocity onhuman thermal sensation in summer, as well as how to reasonably evaluate the impactsof air humidity and air velocity on human thermal sensation.
Heat exchange between human and thermal environment influence humanphysiological parameters, thus produce different human thermal sensation. Therefore,this paper has firstly analysed the effects of air humidity and air velocity on human heatbalance in summer, which make fully understand that how the heat dissipation betweenthe human body and the thermal environment as well as human physiologicalparameters change with air humidity and air velocity in summer.
Secondly, Climate chamber experiments were conducted on the effects of airhumidity on human thermal response in warm envionments. Both subjective andphysiological responses of subjects were examed in different air temperatures andhumidity. The results showed that the effects of air humidity on thermal sensation werevery little in neutral envionments, but significant in warm environments. In warmevionments, people felt warmer as air humidity inceases. It is pointed that air humiditywould play a significant important role on determining the accetptable indoor operativetempeature ranges in warm environments. And it has been preliminarily determined theindoor acceptable operative temperature under different air humidity in summer.Through analyzed the relationship between human thermal sensation and humanphysiological parameters, such as mean skin temperature and sweating degree of skin, ithas been clear about mechanism of the effect of air humidity on human thermalsensation in summer.
Then, Climae chamber experiments on the influence of air velocity on human thermal response in summer were aslo conducted. Both subjective and physiologicalresponses of subjects were examed in different air velocity under different airtemperatures and humidity. The results showed that elevated air velocity not only canreduce human thermal sensation, but aslo reduce the effects of air humidity on humanthermal sensation. And it has been preliminarily determined the indoor acceptableoperative temperature under different air velocity in summer. Through analyzed therelationship between human thermal sensation and human physiological parameters,such as mean skin temperature and sweating degree of skin, it has been clear aboutmechanism of the effect of air velocity on human thermal sensation in summer.
Based on the experiment study, the evaluation of air humidity and air velocity onthermal sensation in warm envionments were analyzed. The results showed that notPMV but SET can be used to evaluate the influence of air humidity and air velocity onthermal sensation in warm envonments. And it pointed that as SET did not consider theeffects of thermal adaptation, it needs to be revised. Revised SET which can be used toevaluate the influence of air humidity and air velocity on thermal sensation in warmenvonments was presented in this paper. In addition, according to the revised SETmodel, the upper acceptable temperatures at different air humidity were given, and alsothe upper air humidity and air velocities at different air temperatures.
Finally, the determination methods of thermal comfort zone presented for naturallyventilated spaces were discussed. It pointed out there was a problem about the currentthermal comfort zones, namly that in the process of building adaptive model, researcherdid not cconsider the influence of air humidity and air velocity. Applicable scope of thecurrent thermal comfort zones were analyzed aspected from the air humidity and airvelocity, which indicated that a wide range of changes in the air humidity and airvelocity, as well as different climate zone data aggregation would limit the applicablescope the current thermal comfort zones. Finally, some suggestions were presented onconstructing methods of comfort zone of naurally ventilated spaces.
In this paper, the determination and revised method of acceptable temperature insummer was reported that provided an important basis and reference for thermalcomfort standard in our country. Besides, recommendations proposed for thedetermination the method of indoor thermal comfort zone for naturally ventilated spacesin the study will provide guidance to improve the thermal comfort standard.
由于热环境对人体的作用，主要是通过两者之间的热湿交换来影响人体生理参数，从而使人体产生不同的热感觉。因此，论文首先基于二节点模型分析了夏季空气湿度和风速对人体热平衡的影响，充分了解了夏季不同环境温度下，人体与环境之间的各项散热量及人体生理参数随空气湿度和风速的变化规律。
其次，对夏季不同环境温度下，空气湿度对人体热反应的影响进行了实验研究。研究比较了各环境温度下空气湿度对人体主观热反应和生理反应的影响程度，结果发现，在夏季，空气相对湿度在40%～80%范围内时，若环境温度处于舒适温度附近，则空气湿度对人体热感觉几乎没有影响，但是在偏热环境下，空气湿度的升高会显著提高人体热感觉，且随空气湿度和环境温度的升高，空气湿度的影响更大，且明确指出夏季，尤其是偏热环境下，空气湿度对可接受温度范围的确定有非常重要的影响，并初步确定了夏季不同空气湿度下可接受温度上限水平；通过分析夏季人体热感觉与平均皮肤温度以及皮肤出汗程度等生理反应的关系，明确了夏季空气湿度影响人体热感觉的机理。
接着，又对夏季不同温湿度水平下风速对人体热反应影响进行了实验研究。研究不仅分析了不同环境下风速对人体主观热反应和生理反应的影响程度，还对不同风速作用下空气湿度对人体热反应的影响进行了分析，结果发现，偏热环境下，提高风速不仅可以在一定程度上降低人体热感觉，还可以降低空气湿度对人体热感觉的影响，并初步确定了夏季风速作用下可接受温度上限；同样通过分析夏季人体热感觉与平均皮肤温度以及皮肤出汗程度等生理反应的关系，明确了夏季风速影响人体热感觉的机理。
然后，以实验研究为基础，对目前的热舒适评价指标PMV和SET是否可以准确评价夏季人体热感觉进行了分析。分析结果明确了PMV无法准确评价偏热环境下空气湿度和风速对人体热感觉的影响程度，提出可以采用SET来评价，但是由于SET没有考虑热适应的影响，需要对其进行热适应修正；在δSET的基础上，分别提出采用空气湿度热适应因子eRH和风速热适应因子ev对δSETRH和δSETv进行修正，获得了修正模型eRHδSETRH和evδSETv，基于eRHδSETRH和evδSETv获得到了夏季空气湿度和风速对可接受温度影响的修正方法。
最后，对目前夏季非空调环境室内热舒适区的确定方法进行了探讨。通过对目前热舒适标准中非空调环境室内热舒适区的确定方法的总结，指出目前热舒适区的确定方法均存在的问题；从空气湿度、风速两方面分析了目前夏季非空调环境室内热舒适区的适用范围，并指出基于目前的确定方法建立的热舒适区适用范围均较小，而且指出由于将在较大范围内变动的空气湿度和风速以及不同气候区的数据汇总，使得所建立的热舒适区适用范围非常小或甚至无实际应用价值；最后针对对目前夏季非空调环境室内热舒适区的构建方法提出了一些建议。
论文研究中提出的夏季可接受温度确定和修正方法，为我国热舒适标准的制定及使用提供了重要的依据和参考；对目前夏季非空调环境室内热舒适区的确定方法提出的建议为进一步完善我国热舒适标准提供了参考。
With the development of the rapid development of national social economy in, therequirements of indoor thermal comfort has become more and more strict. What kind ofindoor thermal environment is comfort, and how to evaluate the human thermal comfortlevel, have been the important areas of the building indoor human thermal comfortstudies. Few studies have been shown that in warm envionments, high air humidity willincrease human thermal sensation, while high air velocity will decrease human thermalsensation. And also, the impacts of air velocity on human thermal sensation haverelationship with air humidity. Therefore, it has very important and profoundsignificance to make fully understand the impacts of air humidity and air velocity onhuman thermal sensation in summer, as well as how to reasonably evaluate the impactsof air humidity and air velocity on human thermal sensation.
Heat exchange between human and thermal environment influence humanphysiological parameters, thus produce different human thermal sensation. Therefore,this paper has firstly analysed the effects of air humidity and air velocity on human heatbalance in summer, which make fully understand that how the heat dissipation betweenthe human body and the thermal environment as well as human physiologicalparameters change with air humidity and air velocity in summer.
Secondly, Climate chamber experiments were conducted on the effects of airhumidity on human thermal response in warm envionments. Both subjective andphysiological responses of subjects were examed in different air temperatures andhumidity. The results showed that the effects of air humidity on thermal sensation werevery little in neutral envionments, but significant in warm environments. In warmevionments, people felt warmer as air humidity inceases. It is pointed that air humiditywould play a significant important role on determining the accetptable indoor operativetempeature ranges in warm environments. And it has been preliminarily determined theindoor acceptable operative temperature under different air humidity in summer.Through analyzed the relationship between human thermal sensation and humanphysiological parameters, such as mean skin temperature and sweating degree of skin, ithas been clear about mechanism of the effect of air humidity on human thermalsensation in summer.
Then, Climae chamber experiments on the influence of air velocity on human thermal response in summer were aslo conducted. Both subjective and physiologicalresponses of subjects were examed in different air velocity under different airtemperatures and humidity. The results showed that elevated air velocity not only canreduce human thermal sensation, but aslo reduce the effects of air humidity on humanthermal sensation. And it has been preliminarily determined the indoor acceptableoperative temperature under different air velocity in summer. Through analyzed therelationship between human thermal sensation and human physiological parameters,such as mean skin temperature and sweating degree of skin, it has been clear aboutmechanism of the effect of air velocity on human thermal sensation in summer.
Based on the experiment study, the evaluation of air humidity and air velocity onthermal sensation in warm envionments were analyzed. The results showed that notPMV but SET can be used to evaluate the influence of air humidity and air velocity onthermal sensation in warm envonments. And it pointed that as SET did not consider theeffects of thermal adaptation, it needs to be revised. Revised SET which can be used toevaluate the influence of air humidity and air velocity on thermal sensation in warmenvonments was presented in this paper. In addition, according to the revised SETmodel, the upper acceptable temperatures at different air humidity were given, and alsothe upper air humidity and air velocities at different air temperatures.
Finally, the determination methods of thermal comfort zone presented for naturallyventilated spaces were discussed. It pointed out there was a problem about the currentthermal comfort zones, namly that in the process of building adaptive model, researcherdid not cconsider the influence of air humidity and air velocity. Applicable scope of thecurrent thermal comfort zones were analyzed aspected from the air humidity and airvelocity, which indicated that a wide range of changes in the air humidity and airvelocity, as well as different climate zone data aggregation would limit the applicablescope the current thermal comfort zones. Finally, some suggestions were presented onconstructing methods of comfort zone of naurally ventilated spaces.
In this paper, the determination and revised method of acceptable temperature insummer was reported that provided an important basis and reference for thermalcomfort standard in our country. Besides, recommendations proposed for thedetermination the method of indoor thermal comfort zone for naturally ventilated spacesin the study will provide guidance to improve the thermal comfort standard.
引文
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