热计量建筑用热模式与耗热量特性研究
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摘要
北方集中供热系统热计量是当前国家节能减排的首要工作之一，研究热计量建筑的能耗规律，对推进我国热计量工作，挖掘节能空间具有重要意义。
建筑是集中供热系统的用能对象，但建筑内部的人却是用能主体，热计量技术和设备的使用给了人们自主调节室内温度的可能，人们可以根据自身的热需求自主设定室内温度，随着人们设定室内温度的方式不同，衍生出不同的用热模式，进而形成不同的能耗规律。本文首先利用归纳推理法对热计量建筑的用热模式进行研究，根据当前社会家庭结构特点及居住行为归纳出三种用热模式，即固定模式、定时调节模式和非定时调节模式，并总结了三种用热模式的特征指标和热用户特点。根据房间热平衡理论对定时调节模式用热室温全天24小时变化规律进行分析，并将理论室温规律与用户定时调节模式用热实测室温进行对比，结果显示实际供暖房间采用定时调节模式用热全天室温波动幅度最大约2～3℃。
根据建筑不同位置用户房间体形系数和耗热量的特点将建筑各热用户分为6种，对6种不同的典型位置用户分别进行固定模式用热和定时调节模式用热的室温及负荷试验，并对不同位置用户室温和热负荷进行对比分析，结果显示白天温控阀关闭约6小时各不同位置用户平均室温降低均不到1℃，处于建筑中间位置的用户采用定时调节模式用热节能效果最显著。
对热计量建筑耗热量理论计算方法进行研究。首先定义房间综合传热系数UR，对该系数的含义、规律和作用进行分析，房间连续供暖则综合传热系数为定值，房间间歇供暖则综合传热系数将变小；不同供暖方式不同节能阶段的建筑各典型位置用户房间综合传热系数的大小规律不一致，其大小规律与房间体形系数规律基本一致。基于矩阵理论构建了包含房间综合传热系数、用热模式以及建筑热用户数量的建筑综合传热系数理论计算公式。
应用建筑综合传热系数理论公式对典型建筑不同用热模式耗热量进行预测，并对固定模式用热和定时调节模式用热采暖期逐日热负荷平稳性进行评价；采用时间序列分析法对实际未计量小区的热负荷时间序列和计量建筑热负荷时间序列进行平稳性和正态性检验，结果显示与固定模式用热相比，建筑复合模式用热或采用定时调节用热的比例越多，热负荷时间序列波动性越大，其平稳性评价指标从固定模式用热的1.4变到1.65左右，且热负荷时间序列的随机性明显变弱。从耗热量的累积特性显示定时调节用户越多，其采暖期耗热量越小。若所有热用户整个采暖期均采用定时调节模式用热，温控阀每天关闭约6小时，建筑节能约30%；若所有热用户只有工作日采用定时调节模式用热，则建筑节能约20%。应用建筑综合传热系数理论公式对实际热计量建筑耗热量进行了计算，验证了公式的合理性。
应用用热模式理论、房间综合传热系数理论对热计量建筑用热管理模式进行研究。采用从微观到细观的研究思路，基于化繁为简的原则，以热用户为微小单元构建了热计量建筑的用热管理模式。用热管理单位利用该模式可以对热用户和建筑采暖期耗热量进行预评估并判断耗热量的合理性。
In north China, the metering of the central heating system is the primary work ofthe energy-saving and emission-reduction at present. Studying the law of the energyconsumption of the buildings adopting heat metering systems have vast importance inpushing the nation’s heat metering work forward and digging the energy-consciousspaces.
Building is the energy consumption subject of the central heating supply systemand the person in the building are the main body who use the energy. The using of heatmetering technology and equipments makes it possible for users to regulate the indoorair temperature and the indoor air temperature can be adjusted according to their needs.Different heat using mode are summarized according to the way the user set thetemperature and different heat consumption laws are derived. First of all, this paperstudied heat using mode of the buildings with heat metering system by inductivereasoning method and concluded three heat using modes according to the familystructure characteristics and the residential behaviors in the current society, i.e. the fixedmode, the timing adjustment mode and the non-timing adjustment mode. Andsummarized the characteristic index of the three heat using modes and thecharacteristics of the heat users. According to the room thermal equilibrium theory,analyze the indoor air temperature change rule in24hours a day under timingadjustment mode and compared the theoretical indoor air temperature rule to themeasured values in this mode. The result shows that the maximum whole day indoor airtemperature fluctuation range is about2～3℃in the actual heat supply room using thisheat using mode.
According to the room shape coefficient and the characteristics of the heatconsumption of the users from different positions in the building, the heat users in thebuilding are divided into6different types. The indoor air temperature and the heat loadexperiments under fixed and timing adjustment heat using modes are carried out tothese6kind of users from different typical positions and the relative indoor airtemperature and heat loads are analyze. The result shows that the average indoor airtemperature drop of the users from different positions is less than1℃when thetemperature control valve shut down about6hours during daytime and the heat energy saving effect is the most significant to the user in the middle position of the buildingadopting timing adjustment mode.
Study the theoretical calculation method of the heat metering buildings. Define theroom overall heat transfer coefficient URat first, analysis the meaning, the law and theeffect of this coefficient. If the heat supply is continuous in the room, then the overallheat transfer coefficient is a fixed value and it will become small when the heat supplyis intermittent. The changing rule of the room overall heat transfer coefficient of theheat users from different typical positions in the building does not well agree with eachother under different heat supply methods in different energy saving stages. But thisrule is general accord with the rule of the room shape coefficient. Based on matrixtheory, build the building overall heat transfer coefficient calculation formula includingthe room overall heat transfer coefficient, heat using pattern and the quantity of thebuilding heat users.
Using the theoretical formula of the building overall heat transfer coefficient,estimate the heat consumption to typical buildings under different heat using modes.Evaluate the heat load stationary of the daily heat load during heat seasons under fixedand timing adjustment heat using mode.
Adopts time series analysis method to test the stationary and normality to the heatload time series in buildings without heat meters actually and the buildings with heatmeters. The result shows that compared to fixed heat using mode, the higher ratio thatthe complex heat using modes is used in building or the timing adjustment heat usingmode is used, the more volatility of the time series of the heat loads. It’s evaluationindex changed from1.4under fixed heat using mode to1.65or so, and the randomnessof the heat load time series weakens significantly. The accumulating characteristics ofthe heat consumption shows that the more the users adopts fixed mode, the less heatconsumption in the heating period. If all the heat users adopt timing adjustment heatusing mode in the whole heating period, the temperature control valve shut off6hoursor so everyday, the energy saving is about20%. Using the theoretical calculationformula of the building overall heat transfer coefficient to calculate the heatconsumption in actual buildings adopt heat metering systems, and the rationality of it isvalidated.
Using heating mode theory, room overall heat transfer coefficient theory, study theheat using management mode of buildings adopt heat meters. Adopts the researchthinking from micro to meso, based on the principal to make hard things simple, build the heat using management mode of the heat metering buildings using heat users as themicro units. Using this mode, the heat management company can make thepre-assessment of the heat users and the buildings heat consumption in the heatingperiod and judge the rationality of it.
建筑是集中供热系统的用能对象，但建筑内部的人却是用能主体，热计量技术和设备的使用给了人们自主调节室内温度的可能，人们可以根据自身的热需求自主设定室内温度，随着人们设定室内温度的方式不同，衍生出不同的用热模式，进而形成不同的能耗规律。本文首先利用归纳推理法对热计量建筑的用热模式进行研究，根据当前社会家庭结构特点及居住行为归纳出三种用热模式，即固定模式、定时调节模式和非定时调节模式，并总结了三种用热模式的特征指标和热用户特点。根据房间热平衡理论对定时调节模式用热室温全天24小时变化规律进行分析，并将理论室温规律与用户定时调节模式用热实测室温进行对比，结果显示实际供暖房间采用定时调节模式用热全天室温波动幅度最大约2～3℃。
根据建筑不同位置用户房间体形系数和耗热量的特点将建筑各热用户分为6种，对6种不同的典型位置用户分别进行固定模式用热和定时调节模式用热的室温及负荷试验，并对不同位置用户室温和热负荷进行对比分析，结果显示白天温控阀关闭约6小时各不同位置用户平均室温降低均不到1℃，处于建筑中间位置的用户采用定时调节模式用热节能效果最显著。
对热计量建筑耗热量理论计算方法进行研究。首先定义房间综合传热系数UR，对该系数的含义、规律和作用进行分析，房间连续供暖则综合传热系数为定值，房间间歇供暖则综合传热系数将变小；不同供暖方式不同节能阶段的建筑各典型位置用户房间综合传热系数的大小规律不一致，其大小规律与房间体形系数规律基本一致。基于矩阵理论构建了包含房间综合传热系数、用热模式以及建筑热用户数量的建筑综合传热系数理论计算公式。
应用建筑综合传热系数理论公式对典型建筑不同用热模式耗热量进行预测，并对固定模式用热和定时调节模式用热采暖期逐日热负荷平稳性进行评价；采用时间序列分析法对实际未计量小区的热负荷时间序列和计量建筑热负荷时间序列进行平稳性和正态性检验，结果显示与固定模式用热相比，建筑复合模式用热或采用定时调节用热的比例越多，热负荷时间序列波动性越大，其平稳性评价指标从固定模式用热的1.4变到1.65左右，且热负荷时间序列的随机性明显变弱。从耗热量的累积特性显示定时调节用户越多，其采暖期耗热量越小。若所有热用户整个采暖期均采用定时调节模式用热，温控阀每天关闭约6小时，建筑节能约30%；若所有热用户只有工作日采用定时调节模式用热，则建筑节能约20%。应用建筑综合传热系数理论公式对实际热计量建筑耗热量进行了计算，验证了公式的合理性。
应用用热模式理论、房间综合传热系数理论对热计量建筑用热管理模式进行研究。采用从微观到细观的研究思路，基于化繁为简的原则，以热用户为微小单元构建了热计量建筑的用热管理模式。用热管理单位利用该模式可以对热用户和建筑采暖期耗热量进行预评估并判断耗热量的合理性。
In north China, the metering of the central heating system is the primary work ofthe energy-saving and emission-reduction at present. Studying the law of the energyconsumption of the buildings adopting heat metering systems have vast importance inpushing the nation’s heat metering work forward and digging the energy-consciousspaces.
Building is the energy consumption subject of the central heating supply systemand the person in the building are the main body who use the energy. The using of heatmetering technology and equipments makes it possible for users to regulate the indoorair temperature and the indoor air temperature can be adjusted according to their needs.Different heat using mode are summarized according to the way the user set thetemperature and different heat consumption laws are derived. First of all, this paperstudied heat using mode of the buildings with heat metering system by inductivereasoning method and concluded three heat using modes according to the familystructure characteristics and the residential behaviors in the current society, i.e. the fixedmode, the timing adjustment mode and the non-timing adjustment mode. Andsummarized the characteristic index of the three heat using modes and thecharacteristics of the heat users. According to the room thermal equilibrium theory,analyze the indoor air temperature change rule in24hours a day under timingadjustment mode and compared the theoretical indoor air temperature rule to themeasured values in this mode. The result shows that the maximum whole day indoor airtemperature fluctuation range is about2～3℃in the actual heat supply room using thisheat using mode.
According to the room shape coefficient and the characteristics of the heatconsumption of the users from different positions in the building, the heat users in thebuilding are divided into6different types. The indoor air temperature and the heat loadexperiments under fixed and timing adjustment heat using modes are carried out tothese6kind of users from different typical positions and the relative indoor airtemperature and heat loads are analyze. The result shows that the average indoor airtemperature drop of the users from different positions is less than1℃when thetemperature control valve shut down about6hours during daytime and the heat energy saving effect is the most significant to the user in the middle position of the buildingadopting timing adjustment mode.
Study the theoretical calculation method of the heat metering buildings. Define theroom overall heat transfer coefficient URat first, analysis the meaning, the law and theeffect of this coefficient. If the heat supply is continuous in the room, then the overallheat transfer coefficient is a fixed value and it will become small when the heat supplyis intermittent. The changing rule of the room overall heat transfer coefficient of theheat users from different typical positions in the building does not well agree with eachother under different heat supply methods in different energy saving stages. But thisrule is general accord with the rule of the room shape coefficient. Based on matrixtheory, build the building overall heat transfer coefficient calculation formula includingthe room overall heat transfer coefficient, heat using pattern and the quantity of thebuilding heat users.
Using the theoretical formula of the building overall heat transfer coefficient,estimate the heat consumption to typical buildings under different heat using modes.Evaluate the heat load stationary of the daily heat load during heat seasons under fixedand timing adjustment heat using mode.
Adopts time series analysis method to test the stationary and normality to the heatload time series in buildings without heat meters actually and the buildings with heatmeters. The result shows that compared to fixed heat using mode, the higher ratio thatthe complex heat using modes is used in building or the timing adjustment heat usingmode is used, the more volatility of the time series of the heat loads. It’s evaluationindex changed from1.4under fixed heat using mode to1.65or so, and the randomnessof the heat load time series weakens significantly. The accumulating characteristics ofthe heat consumption shows that the more the users adopts fixed mode, the less heatconsumption in the heating period. If all the heat users adopt timing adjustment heatusing mode in the whole heating period, the temperature control valve shut off6hoursor so everyday, the energy saving is about20%. Using the theoretical calculationformula of the building overall heat transfer coefficient to calculate the heatconsumption in actual buildings adopt heat metering systems, and the rationality of it isvalidated.
Using heating mode theory, room overall heat transfer coefficient theory, study theheat using management mode of buildings adopt heat meters. Adopts the researchthinking from micro to meso, based on the principal to make hard things simple, build the heat using management mode of the heat metering buildings using heat users as themicro units. Using this mode, the heat management company can make thepre-assessment of the heat users and the buildings heat consumption in the heatingperiod and judge the rationality of it.
引文
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