室内空气逆时间反演与通风热回收
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摘要
本文根据建筑通风安全、室内气态有害物传播控制、建筑空调能源节约、室内空气环境改善等实际工程需要,从反演辨识通风室内单个污染源和多组污染源、反演求解湍流室内壁面热源、研制热管热回收空调设备、分析热回收空调室内环境、PIV水洞模型实验瞬态污染物扩散等多方面地开展了创新研究工作。
首先,室内气态污染物的控制有赖于及时发现污染源位置或污染物散发途径。近似逆时间反演方法可以通过任意时刻的室内气态污染物分布有效地辨识污染源的空间位置。近似逆时间反演方法通过将时间取负,对污染物动态输运方程增加四阶稳定项来保证逆时间模拟的收敛性能；与此同时,额外增加的稳定项值必须控制得足够小,从而不损害逆时间反演模拟的准确性。具体概述如下,
近似逆时间反演了三维低能耗置换通风室内单个污染源的空间位置。首先正向模拟分析了通风强度、污染源空间位置、污染物扩散特性等因素对室内气态污染物空间输运过程的影响；接着,依据近似逆时间反演方法,将正向模拟所得的室内污染物浓度分布作为初始条件,取时间步长为负值,详细讨论了入口风速、污染源位置、污染物扩散时间以及污染物扩散特性等对近似逆时间反演结果的影响。
近似逆时间反演了二维低能耗通风室内多组污染源空间位置。首先数值模拟了包含多组污染源和热源的置换通风室内流体对流过程,探讨了送风强度、热源强度、污染物扩散特性和污染源位置等对室内气态污染物动态输运过程的影响；接着,基于近似逆时间反演方法同时反演辨识室内多组污染源的空间位置,并详细讨论送风速度、热源强度、污染物扩散性能、扩散时间等对反演结果的影响。
其次,室内空气环境的人工控制和设计依然有赖于反演分析室内空气对流过程,即由最终状态决定初始状态或边界条件。真实的建筑通风室内流体流动均为湍流,因此需要求解相应的室内湍流对流反演问题。本文首先分别探讨了置换通风和混合通风模式作用下的通风室内空气湍流对流行为,并依据Reynolds数和Grashof数的变化,数值模拟了从受迫对流主导至自然对流主导的室内空气各种流动状态,并比较了混合通风和置换通风模式作用的室内热源散热性能。定义了湍流能量流线或湍流热线,它不仅能表达室内湍流热输运路径,而且也阐释了时均湍流热流的系统总能守恒特性。接着,运用共轭梯度法推导了耦合受迫对流和自然对流的灵敏度方程和伴随方程,对流反演求解了通风室内壁面热源的空间分布,并分析了送风速度、热源强度、壁面热源空间分布以及测量误差等因素对室内湍流对流反演精度和准确度的影响。
再次,室内空气环境的改善需要引入大量的室外新风,由此将增加空调建筑的能源消耗,致使空调建筑节能与室内空气环境改善相冲突。本文引入热管热回收空调器,它完全或部分取消了再热负荷,并将增加室内新风量和改善室内空气质量。即此,本文相应开展了分离型热管运行性能实验、热回收空调器冬季除霜分析和热回收空调室内空气环境模拟等研究,具体包括,
设计了分离型热管热回收空调设备,并分析了设备运行性能。在不改变空调器现有配置的基础上,增加了用于回收空调排风余热的闭式两相流分离型热管换热装置,构建了热管热回收空调器。基于空调实验平台和数学模型,探讨了热管水力直径、蒸汽温度对分离型热管充液率的上运行边界和下运行边界的影响。实验室样机测试和数学分析表明该分离型热管可以提升空调的热回收效率；探讨了热回收空调器在冬季运行时的结霜行为。重点分析了管翅式热回收空调蒸发器在强迫对流条件下的非定常热特性,并分析经过热回收器换热后的混合空气温度、相对湿度和空气质量流量等因素对传热系数、霜层厚度和空气侧压降的影响,为优化热回收空调器冬季运行性能提供了理论依据；
模拟分析了热回收空调器对通风建筑室内空气环境的影响。考虑热回收设备对热量回收和污染物过滤的双重作用,直接模拟通风热回收室内空气流动和气态污染物对流输运过程,详细讨论了空调送风速度、新风比、空调器净化效率和室内热源强度对室内气态污染物平均浓度和污染源表面污染物扩散率的影响。研究表明,热回收空调设备预处理了室外新风,不仅稀释了室内污染物,而且降低了新风能耗,从而能够有效地调和室内空气环境与建筑空调能耗这对尖锐的矛盾。
最后,采用CFD数值模拟和PIV非接触式模型实验方法探讨了气态污染物在通风室内瞬态扩散过程。纳米微粒饱和溶液沿水平送水管距离入口300mm处送入实验水箱(通风房间),同步控制激光器片源发出频率和CCD相机拍摄频率,动态PIV拍摄实验模型内纳米微粒浓度变化,定性得出置换通风室内污染物动态输运过程,为建筑室内污染物稀释和排放提供有效的实验数据,并验证数值模拟结果。
Several initiative researches, including inverse identification of single or multiple pollutant sources, inverse modeling of turbulent indoor air flows, design of heat pipe heat recovery air conditioning system, indoor airsimulation with heat pipe heat recovery, and PIV measurement of transient pollutant dispersion, have been conducted in the present dissertation, due to the fact that there exist many practical issues, such as reliability of building ventilation, and inhibition of airborne pollutant spread, energy conservation of building air conditioning, enhancement of indoor air environment, to name just a few.
Firstly, prompt identification of pollutant locations or pollutant spread routes will greatly contribute to the active control of indoor airborne pollutants. Spatial locations of pollutant sources can be effectively identified by the quasi-reversibility methodology, where spatial distributions of indoor airborne pollutants at any temporal episode can be adopted to identify the pollutant source locations. With the quasi-reversibility methodology, temporal step will be minus in values and a fourth stability term should be added into the transient pollutant dispersion equation to implement stable convergent solutions as time backwards to original one. Additionally, the extra stability term should be maintained enough low in values to ensure the accuracy of time backward solutions.
The spatial location of one pollutant source has been inversely identified in a three dimensional displacement ventilated room. Initially, effects of the ventilation flow rate, pollutant source location, and pollutant diffusion property on the indoor airborne pollutant spread have been analyzed with the forward time CFD simulations. Subsequently, pollutant source locations have been identified by the aforementioned quasi-reversibility methodology, according with the temporal episode of pollutant dispersion obtained from the forward time simulations. Effects of supplying air velocity, pollutant source location, pollutant spread time, and pollutant diffusion rate on the quasi-reversibility solutions have been discussed in details.
The spatial locations of multiple pollutant sources have also been identified in a two dimensional displacement ventilated room, where one thermal plume interacts with the external forced air convections. As time elapses, effects of supplying air velocity, heating source intensity, pollutant diffusion prosperity and pollutant source locations on the transient spread of indoor airborne pollutants have been investigated. Following that, these spatial locations of pollutant sources can be identified by the quasi-reversibility method and prior-known spatial distributions of pollutants at any temporal episode. The effects of supplying air velocity, heat source intensity, pollutant diffusion rate, and pollutant spread time on the backward time solutions have been discussed in details.
Secondly, artificial control and design of indoor air environment strongly depends on the inverse modeling of indoor air convection, which means that initial or boundary conditions will be determined by the final flow state. Here, inverse modeling on indoor air turbulent flows should be solved due to the realistic vented indoor air motion belongs to the turbulent flow. Time averaged turbulent air convection in the slot-ventilated room has been firstly investigated respectively concerning the displacement ventilation and mixed ventilation modes. Heat dissipation rates from the indoor thermal source have been compared in terms of different ventilation modes, covering from the forced convection dominated indoor air flow to the natural convection dominated indoor air flow, which is depending on the variations of Reynolds and Grashof number. In addition, energy flow lines or heat lines defined in turbulent flows have been presented to express the indoor thermal transport routes, and also to indicate the global conservation of average turbulent energy flows in the system. Following that, conjugate gradient method has been adopted to derive the sensitivity and adjoint equations with the couple flows of forced and natural convections. Spatial distributions along one wall in the slot-vented room have been inversely determined with some known temperature measurements within the room. Effects of supplying air velocity, thermal plume intensity, spatial function of wall heat source, and measurement errors on the inverse estimation accuracy and inverse solutions have been analyzed, concerning the aforementioned displace and mixed ventilation modes.
Thirdly, heat recovery from exhaust air to preheat entrained fresh air is firstly introduced. It is well known that entrainment of surrounding fresh air will enhance indoor air environment, whereas it will increase the energy consumptions of building air conditioning units, which will directly conflict with the enhancement of indoor air. In the present work, heat recovery from exhaust air will be adopted to preheat the entrained fresh air through the heat pipe heat recovery equipment, and which will completely or partially debate the reheating load and increase the volume of fresh air within the room simultaneously. Upon that, performance experiment on separate heat pipe, defrost of heat recovery air conditioner in winter, and indoor air environment modeling with heat recovery unit were paid attentions as follows,
An air conditioner with separate heat pipe heat recovery equipment is firstly constructed, where two phase fluid fills the closed separate heat pipe unit to recovery heat from the exhaust air and preheat the entrained fresh air respectively on the condensation side and evaporation side. Effects of hydraulic diameter and evaporation temperature of separate heat pipe on the upper and lower boundary values of heat pipe filling ratio have been analyzed concerning the present experimental rig system and mathematical modeling. Both experimental and analytical results demonstrate that the heat recovery efficiency of air conditioning unit can be greatly enhanced by the separate heat pipe. Subsequently, frosting process of heat recovery air conditioner in winter has been investigated, concerning unsteady thermal flows of finned heat pipe heat recovery air conditioning evaporator subjected to the external forced air convection. Effects of temperature, relative humidity, and volume flux of mixed air passing through the heat recovery unit on the heat transfer coefficient, frost thickness and air side pressure drop have been investigated to optimize the winter operation of heat recovery air conditioners.
Following that, the effect of the heat recovery air conditioner on the slot-vented air environment has been numerically modeled, concerning the double roles of heat recovery unit (heat recovery and pollutant filtration). Indoor air flows and airborne pollutant spread within the heat recovery air conditioning room have been fully modeled. The effects of supplying air velocity, fresh air ratio, filter efficiency, and the thermal plume on the volume average concentration of indoor airborne pollutants and the pollutant diffusion rate on the surface of pollutant source have been discussed in details. Numerical results show that heat recovery air conditioning unit can harmonically resolve the contradictions between indoor air environment and building air conditioning energy consumption, due to this novel unit not only effectively dilute the indoor pollutants through entraining ambient fresh air, and also greatly reduce the energy consumptions of pre-cooling (or pre-heating) fresh air.
Finally, temporal spread of indoor airborne pollutants has been prescribed respectively using CFD simulation and PIV measurement. Within few seconds, saturated nano-particle solution was abruptly released into the horizontal water-supplying tube, where a pitch300mm from the port attached to the size reduced model room exists. Temporal developments of nano-particle flows in the slot-pumped enclosure have been illuminated and their scattered lights were recorded by the CCD camera. Since the laser light is continuous, an external signal was programmed to control the camera exposure. Consequently, transient spread of indoor airborne pollutants in the displacement ventilated room can be qualitatively obtained, which can be used not only as the reliable experimental data for indoor airborne pollutant dilution, and also as the validation of the present CFD simulation results.
首先,室内气态污染物的控制有赖于及时发现污染源位置或污染物散发途径。近似逆时间反演方法可以通过任意时刻的室内气态污染物分布有效地辨识污染源的空间位置。近似逆时间反演方法通过将时间取负,对污染物动态输运方程增加四阶稳定项来保证逆时间模拟的收敛性能；与此同时,额外增加的稳定项值必须控制得足够小,从而不损害逆时间反演模拟的准确性。具体概述如下,
近似逆时间反演了三维低能耗置换通风室内单个污染源的空间位置。首先正向模拟分析了通风强度、污染源空间位置、污染物扩散特性等因素对室内气态污染物空间输运过程的影响；接着,依据近似逆时间反演方法,将正向模拟所得的室内污染物浓度分布作为初始条件,取时间步长为负值,详细讨论了入口风速、污染源位置、污染物扩散时间以及污染物扩散特性等对近似逆时间反演结果的影响。
近似逆时间反演了二维低能耗通风室内多组污染源空间位置。首先数值模拟了包含多组污染源和热源的置换通风室内流体对流过程,探讨了送风强度、热源强度、污染物扩散特性和污染源位置等对室内气态污染物动态输运过程的影响；接着,基于近似逆时间反演方法同时反演辨识室内多组污染源的空间位置,并详细讨论送风速度、热源强度、污染物扩散性能、扩散时间等对反演结果的影响。
其次,室内空气环境的人工控制和设计依然有赖于反演分析室内空气对流过程,即由最终状态决定初始状态或边界条件。真实的建筑通风室内流体流动均为湍流,因此需要求解相应的室内湍流对流反演问题。本文首先分别探讨了置换通风和混合通风模式作用下的通风室内空气湍流对流行为,并依据Reynolds数和Grashof数的变化,数值模拟了从受迫对流主导至自然对流主导的室内空气各种流动状态,并比较了混合通风和置换通风模式作用的室内热源散热性能。定义了湍流能量流线或湍流热线,它不仅能表达室内湍流热输运路径,而且也阐释了时均湍流热流的系统总能守恒特性。接着,运用共轭梯度法推导了耦合受迫对流和自然对流的灵敏度方程和伴随方程,对流反演求解了通风室内壁面热源的空间分布,并分析了送风速度、热源强度、壁面热源空间分布以及测量误差等因素对室内湍流对流反演精度和准确度的影响。
再次,室内空气环境的改善需要引入大量的室外新风,由此将增加空调建筑的能源消耗,致使空调建筑节能与室内空气环境改善相冲突。本文引入热管热回收空调器,它完全或部分取消了再热负荷,并将增加室内新风量和改善室内空气质量。即此,本文相应开展了分离型热管运行性能实验、热回收空调器冬季除霜分析和热回收空调室内空气环境模拟等研究,具体包括,
设计了分离型热管热回收空调设备,并分析了设备运行性能。在不改变空调器现有配置的基础上,增加了用于回收空调排风余热的闭式两相流分离型热管换热装置,构建了热管热回收空调器。基于空调实验平台和数学模型,探讨了热管水力直径、蒸汽温度对分离型热管充液率的上运行边界和下运行边界的影响。实验室样机测试和数学分析表明该分离型热管可以提升空调的热回收效率；探讨了热回收空调器在冬季运行时的结霜行为。重点分析了管翅式热回收空调蒸发器在强迫对流条件下的非定常热特性,并分析经过热回收器换热后的混合空气温度、相对湿度和空气质量流量等因素对传热系数、霜层厚度和空气侧压降的影响,为优化热回收空调器冬季运行性能提供了理论依据；
模拟分析了热回收空调器对通风建筑室内空气环境的影响。考虑热回收设备对热量回收和污染物过滤的双重作用,直接模拟通风热回收室内空气流动和气态污染物对流输运过程,详细讨论了空调送风速度、新风比、空调器净化效率和室内热源强度对室内气态污染物平均浓度和污染源表面污染物扩散率的影响。研究表明,热回收空调设备预处理了室外新风,不仅稀释了室内污染物,而且降低了新风能耗,从而能够有效地调和室内空气环境与建筑空调能耗这对尖锐的矛盾。
最后,采用CFD数值模拟和PIV非接触式模型实验方法探讨了气态污染物在通风室内瞬态扩散过程。纳米微粒饱和溶液沿水平送水管距离入口300mm处送入实验水箱(通风房间),同步控制激光器片源发出频率和CCD相机拍摄频率,动态PIV拍摄实验模型内纳米微粒浓度变化,定性得出置换通风室内污染物动态输运过程,为建筑室内污染物稀释和排放提供有效的实验数据,并验证数值模拟结果。
Several initiative researches, including inverse identification of single or multiple pollutant sources, inverse modeling of turbulent indoor air flows, design of heat pipe heat recovery air conditioning system, indoor airsimulation with heat pipe heat recovery, and PIV measurement of transient pollutant dispersion, have been conducted in the present dissertation, due to the fact that there exist many practical issues, such as reliability of building ventilation, and inhibition of airborne pollutant spread, energy conservation of building air conditioning, enhancement of indoor air environment, to name just a few.
Firstly, prompt identification of pollutant locations or pollutant spread routes will greatly contribute to the active control of indoor airborne pollutants. Spatial locations of pollutant sources can be effectively identified by the quasi-reversibility methodology, where spatial distributions of indoor airborne pollutants at any temporal episode can be adopted to identify the pollutant source locations. With the quasi-reversibility methodology, temporal step will be minus in values and a fourth stability term should be added into the transient pollutant dispersion equation to implement stable convergent solutions as time backwards to original one. Additionally, the extra stability term should be maintained enough low in values to ensure the accuracy of time backward solutions.
The spatial location of one pollutant source has been inversely identified in a three dimensional displacement ventilated room. Initially, effects of the ventilation flow rate, pollutant source location, and pollutant diffusion property on the indoor airborne pollutant spread have been analyzed with the forward time CFD simulations. Subsequently, pollutant source locations have been identified by the aforementioned quasi-reversibility methodology, according with the temporal episode of pollutant dispersion obtained from the forward time simulations. Effects of supplying air velocity, pollutant source location, pollutant spread time, and pollutant diffusion rate on the quasi-reversibility solutions have been discussed in details.
The spatial locations of multiple pollutant sources have also been identified in a two dimensional displacement ventilated room, where one thermal plume interacts with the external forced air convections. As time elapses, effects of supplying air velocity, heating source intensity, pollutant diffusion prosperity and pollutant source locations on the transient spread of indoor airborne pollutants have been investigated. Following that, these spatial locations of pollutant sources can be identified by the quasi-reversibility method and prior-known spatial distributions of pollutants at any temporal episode. The effects of supplying air velocity, heat source intensity, pollutant diffusion rate, and pollutant spread time on the backward time solutions have been discussed in details.
Secondly, artificial control and design of indoor air environment strongly depends on the inverse modeling of indoor air convection, which means that initial or boundary conditions will be determined by the final flow state. Here, inverse modeling on indoor air turbulent flows should be solved due to the realistic vented indoor air motion belongs to the turbulent flow. Time averaged turbulent air convection in the slot-ventilated room has been firstly investigated respectively concerning the displacement ventilation and mixed ventilation modes. Heat dissipation rates from the indoor thermal source have been compared in terms of different ventilation modes, covering from the forced convection dominated indoor air flow to the natural convection dominated indoor air flow, which is depending on the variations of Reynolds and Grashof number. In addition, energy flow lines or heat lines defined in turbulent flows have been presented to express the indoor thermal transport routes, and also to indicate the global conservation of average turbulent energy flows in the system. Following that, conjugate gradient method has been adopted to derive the sensitivity and adjoint equations with the couple flows of forced and natural convections. Spatial distributions along one wall in the slot-vented room have been inversely determined with some known temperature measurements within the room. Effects of supplying air velocity, thermal plume intensity, spatial function of wall heat source, and measurement errors on the inverse estimation accuracy and inverse solutions have been analyzed, concerning the aforementioned displace and mixed ventilation modes.
Thirdly, heat recovery from exhaust air to preheat entrained fresh air is firstly introduced. It is well known that entrainment of surrounding fresh air will enhance indoor air environment, whereas it will increase the energy consumptions of building air conditioning units, which will directly conflict with the enhancement of indoor air. In the present work, heat recovery from exhaust air will be adopted to preheat the entrained fresh air through the heat pipe heat recovery equipment, and which will completely or partially debate the reheating load and increase the volume of fresh air within the room simultaneously. Upon that, performance experiment on separate heat pipe, defrost of heat recovery air conditioner in winter, and indoor air environment modeling with heat recovery unit were paid attentions as follows,
An air conditioner with separate heat pipe heat recovery equipment is firstly constructed, where two phase fluid fills the closed separate heat pipe unit to recovery heat from the exhaust air and preheat the entrained fresh air respectively on the condensation side and evaporation side. Effects of hydraulic diameter and evaporation temperature of separate heat pipe on the upper and lower boundary values of heat pipe filling ratio have been analyzed concerning the present experimental rig system and mathematical modeling. Both experimental and analytical results demonstrate that the heat recovery efficiency of air conditioning unit can be greatly enhanced by the separate heat pipe. Subsequently, frosting process of heat recovery air conditioner in winter has been investigated, concerning unsteady thermal flows of finned heat pipe heat recovery air conditioning evaporator subjected to the external forced air convection. Effects of temperature, relative humidity, and volume flux of mixed air passing through the heat recovery unit on the heat transfer coefficient, frost thickness and air side pressure drop have been investigated to optimize the winter operation of heat recovery air conditioners.
Following that, the effect of the heat recovery air conditioner on the slot-vented air environment has been numerically modeled, concerning the double roles of heat recovery unit (heat recovery and pollutant filtration). Indoor air flows and airborne pollutant spread within the heat recovery air conditioning room have been fully modeled. The effects of supplying air velocity, fresh air ratio, filter efficiency, and the thermal plume on the volume average concentration of indoor airborne pollutants and the pollutant diffusion rate on the surface of pollutant source have been discussed in details. Numerical results show that heat recovery air conditioning unit can harmonically resolve the contradictions between indoor air environment and building air conditioning energy consumption, due to this novel unit not only effectively dilute the indoor pollutants through entraining ambient fresh air, and also greatly reduce the energy consumptions of pre-cooling (or pre-heating) fresh air.
Finally, temporal spread of indoor airborne pollutants has been prescribed respectively using CFD simulation and PIV measurement. Within few seconds, saturated nano-particle solution was abruptly released into the horizontal water-supplying tube, where a pitch300mm from the port attached to the size reduced model room exists. Temporal developments of nano-particle flows in the slot-pumped enclosure have been illuminated and their scattered lights were recorded by the CCD camera. Since the laser light is continuous, an external signal was programmed to control the camera exposure. Consequently, transient spread of indoor airborne pollutants in the displacement ventilated room can be qualitatively obtained, which can be used not only as the reliable experimental data for indoor airborne pollutant dilution, and also as the validation of the present CFD simulation results.
引文
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