英语灾难新闻书面报道的文体研究
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摘要
文体学是一门研究语言使用风格的学科。它的研究目的在于通过对具有文体意义的语言特征进行分析,揭示语言运用的表达效果和交际功能。
当今社会,人们被不断更新的信息所包围。新闻报道是其中最重要的信息渠道之一,它作为一种常见的获取信息的途径,受到了人们的青睐。灾难新闻报道是新闻报道的一个重要组成部分,也是最能反映客观世界变动的新闻品种之一。其传播在社会中的影响突出,因而尤其引起人们的关注。纵观中外新闻发展历史,灾难新闻报道一直是新闻活动的焦点,在新闻报道中占有不可或缺之地!
近年来,世界各地包括我国灾难事件不断,如非典,地震,印尼海啸,校园枪击案,矿难等。这些灾难事件带给人们悲痛,焦虑和恐慌,对本国及世界产生着重要影响。各种媒体也纷纷对这些事件进行了及时的报道,人们通过这些灾难新闻的报道来了解最新发生的事件。因此灾难新闻在人们的心中占据着越来越重要的地位。
早在20世纪60年代,新闻开始在语言学领域得到关注,主要从语体学与批判语言学的视角得以研究。许多著作也对新闻的文体进行了详细的描述与概括。作为新闻报道的一种特定的语篇类型,除了具备新闻报道的一些基本特征外,灾难新闻还具有自己独特的文体特征。它在用词造句,文章结构,写作特点,词汇等方面都有别于普通英语,甚至区别与一般的新闻报道。然而很多学者都将新闻英语的文体研究集中在新闻报道这一语体的研究上。本文认为有必要对新闻英语的次语体做进一步的研究,希望通过对书面英语灾难新闻报道的文体特点的研究让英语学习者对其有一个系统的了解,从而更加高效的掌握其关键信息,同时也能扩展新闻英语的研究范围,加深我们对该语体文体特征的认识。
本文介绍了有关灾难新闻的情况,国内外专家、学者的研究现状及本文的研究方法,并且简单介绍了文体学的定义,文体学研究的对象,文体学的分析方法和文体学研究的发展过程及现状。本文的分析基本按“描写—阐述—评价”这三个步骤,在词汇、句法、语篇、语境等层面进行。词汇分析涉及了词的选择等方面;句法分析主要涉及了动词的时态、语态,分词及同位语的应用等方面。
经过对三十篇书面英语灾难新闻报道素材的分析发现,灾难新闻报道在用词上准确,生动,一针见血并极具冲击力,常借助数字来说明问题;在句子使用上,多采用简洁,直白的句式,多用分词将句子隔成短句;在用语方面多选用能引起读者共鸣的语言。对选取的英语灾难新闻报道的语言特征进行的分析有助于对英语灾难新闻报道的语言选择及其所实现的功能进行有效的理解,从而有助于提高英语灾难新闻的赏析能力,更快,更准地把握其主要内容。希望本文能对新闻英语的研究尽一份微薄之力,同时也对文体学的研究起到一个扩充的作用。
Stylistics is a branch of linguistics that studies language style. The goal of most stylistic studies is not simply to describe the formal features of text for their own sake, but to show their functional significance for the interpretation of the text; or in order to relate possible meanings or effects to linguistic "causes" where these are felt to be relevant.
As a common type of way to acquire information, news reporting is favored by lots of people. Many works also conduct a very detailed description and summary of its style. Disaster news reporting is a vital part of news report and it is the best type of news that can reflect the alteration of objective world. Since the disaster events come without pre-warning or even without any anticipation, they can thus bring about great impact on every aspect of the society, and in turn have always been the focus of the public media attention. Reports of disaster events frequently published on mass media in recent years have led to people's concern and discussion. Through all the news development history at home and abroad, disaster news report, especially the written one, is the focus all along and plays an indispensable position of the news report.
Recent years, the whole world, as well as China, suffered many disastrous events, such as SARS, earthquakes, tsunami, the gun attack and mine disasters etc. These events bring people sorrow, anxiety and panic. They have also exerted serious effect on China and the whole world. All the media report these events without delay, so people can know the latest news through the disaster news reporting, which hold more and more important position in people's heart.
Disasters have their inherent newsiness, and that a proper coverage of disaster can play a unique role in the fighting and prevention of disasters, in ridding the public psychology of horror and in helping investigation the causes of disasters. The coverage itself has an obviously positive effect on the construction of law and democracy and on the creation of good image of a country.
Since 1960s, news has been researched in the linguistics orientations with stylistic study and critical linguistics approach. Lots of works did detailed description on the stylistics of news. Being a special text type of news reporting, disaster news reporting has its own stylistic characteristics, combining stylistic features of news and those of common argumentation. The diction, sentence structures, organization and vocabulary in the disaster news reports are different from those of general English and ordinary English news reports. We think it's necessary to do further study on the sub-style of English news. The thesis attempts to systematically acquaint the English language learners with the stylistic characteristics of English disaster news report and thus to master the key information more efficiently. Meanwhile, expand the research field of news English and deepen our recognition of the stylistics.
This thesis makes an inquiry into the characteristics of disaster news from style perspective. It attempts to analyze the specific characteristics of disaster news. In the thesis, also given is the theoretical background of stylistics, including the definition, research subjects, analysis methods, history and current situations of stylistic study, the researches on the disaster news already conducted by the linguists at home and abroad. The analysis generally follows three steps: Description (mainly linguistic) --- Interpretation --- Evaluation, and develop at the level of lexical, syntactic, text and context. The stylistic analysis in lexical level touches on the selection of words; while syntactic analysis mainly focuses the application of tense, voice, participle phrase, appositive etc.
After analyzing the thirty written English disaster news reports, the author reveals the following stylistic features of written English disaster news reports: First, determined by its context of situation: English disaster news reports contain some special words such as "rock", "shock", "disaster", which are accurate, vivid and shocking; the frequently used tenses in it are the past tense, and the simple present tense and future tense are not often used due to the nature of English disaster news reports. English disaster news reports are characterized by formal written language instead of exhibiting features of spoken one. Second, the writers make good use of different language skills to make the reports vivid, forceful, impressive to influence the readers including the use of appositive clauses, participles, variety of sentence patterns and so on.
This thesis hopes to be helpful to English disaster news writing and understanding of its function, and thus contribute to improve the appreciating ability of English disaster news and master the main information more quickly and accurately. Hope that this article can exert a little strength we have to the news English research and at the same time expand the stylistic analysis.
当今社会,人们被不断更新的信息所包围。新闻报道是其中最重要的信息渠道之一,它作为一种常见的获取信息的途径,受到了人们的青睐。灾难新闻报道是新闻报道的一个重要组成部分,也是最能反映客观世界变动的新闻品种之一。其传播在社会中的影响突出,因而尤其引起人们的关注。纵观中外新闻发展历史,灾难新闻报道一直是新闻活动的焦点,在新闻报道中占有不可或缺之地!
近年来,世界各地包括我国灾难事件不断,如非典,地震,印尼海啸,校园枪击案,矿难等。这些灾难事件带给人们悲痛,焦虑和恐慌,对本国及世界产生着重要影响。各种媒体也纷纷对这些事件进行了及时的报道,人们通过这些灾难新闻的报道来了解最新发生的事件。因此灾难新闻在人们的心中占据着越来越重要的地位。
早在20世纪60年代,新闻开始在语言学领域得到关注,主要从语体学与批判语言学的视角得以研究。许多著作也对新闻的文体进行了详细的描述与概括。作为新闻报道的一种特定的语篇类型,除了具备新闻报道的一些基本特征外,灾难新闻还具有自己独特的文体特征。它在用词造句,文章结构,写作特点,词汇等方面都有别于普通英语,甚至区别与一般的新闻报道。然而很多学者都将新闻英语的文体研究集中在新闻报道这一语体的研究上。本文认为有必要对新闻英语的次语体做进一步的研究,希望通过对书面英语灾难新闻报道的文体特点的研究让英语学习者对其有一个系统的了解,从而更加高效的掌握其关键信息,同时也能扩展新闻英语的研究范围,加深我们对该语体文体特征的认识。
本文介绍了有关灾难新闻的情况,国内外专家、学者的研究现状及本文的研究方法,并且简单介绍了文体学的定义,文体学研究的对象,文体学的分析方法和文体学研究的发展过程及现状。本文的分析基本按“描写—阐述—评价”这三个步骤,在词汇、句法、语篇、语境等层面进行。词汇分析涉及了词的选择等方面;句法分析主要涉及了动词的时态、语态,分词及同位语的应用等方面。
经过对三十篇书面英语灾难新闻报道素材的分析发现,灾难新闻报道在用词上准确,生动,一针见血并极具冲击力,常借助数字来说明问题;在句子使用上,多采用简洁,直白的句式,多用分词将句子隔成短句;在用语方面多选用能引起读者共鸣的语言。对选取的英语灾难新闻报道的语言特征进行的分析有助于对英语灾难新闻报道的语言选择及其所实现的功能进行有效的理解,从而有助于提高英语灾难新闻的赏析能力,更快,更准地把握其主要内容。希望本文能对新闻英语的研究尽一份微薄之力,同时也对文体学的研究起到一个扩充的作用。
Stylistics is a branch of linguistics that studies language style. The goal of most stylistic studies is not simply to describe the formal features of text for their own sake, but to show their functional significance for the interpretation of the text; or in order to relate possible meanings or effects to linguistic "causes" where these are felt to be relevant.
As a common type of way to acquire information, news reporting is favored by lots of people. Many works also conduct a very detailed description and summary of its style. Disaster news reporting is a vital part of news report and it is the best type of news that can reflect the alteration of objective world. Since the disaster events come without pre-warning or even without any anticipation, they can thus bring about great impact on every aspect of the society, and in turn have always been the focus of the public media attention. Reports of disaster events frequently published on mass media in recent years have led to people's concern and discussion. Through all the news development history at home and abroad, disaster news report, especially the written one, is the focus all along and plays an indispensable position of the news report.
Recent years, the whole world, as well as China, suffered many disastrous events, such as SARS, earthquakes, tsunami, the gun attack and mine disasters etc. These events bring people sorrow, anxiety and panic. They have also exerted serious effect on China and the whole world. All the media report these events without delay, so people can know the latest news through the disaster news reporting, which hold more and more important position in people's heart.
Disasters have their inherent newsiness, and that a proper coverage of disaster can play a unique role in the fighting and prevention of disasters, in ridding the public psychology of horror and in helping investigation the causes of disasters. The coverage itself has an obviously positive effect on the construction of law and democracy and on the creation of good image of a country.
Since 1960s, news has been researched in the linguistics orientations with stylistic study and critical linguistics approach. Lots of works did detailed description on the stylistics of news. Being a special text type of news reporting, disaster news reporting has its own stylistic characteristics, combining stylistic features of news and those of common argumentation. The diction, sentence structures, organization and vocabulary in the disaster news reports are different from those of general English and ordinary English news reports. We think it's necessary to do further study on the sub-style of English news. The thesis attempts to systematically acquaint the English language learners with the stylistic characteristics of English disaster news report and thus to master the key information more efficiently. Meanwhile, expand the research field of news English and deepen our recognition of the stylistics.
This thesis makes an inquiry into the characteristics of disaster news from style perspective. It attempts to analyze the specific characteristics of disaster news. In the thesis, also given is the theoretical background of stylistics, including the definition, research subjects, analysis methods, history and current situations of stylistic study, the researches on the disaster news already conducted by the linguists at home and abroad. The analysis generally follows three steps: Description (mainly linguistic) --- Interpretation --- Evaluation, and develop at the level of lexical, syntactic, text and context. The stylistic analysis in lexical level touches on the selection of words; while syntactic analysis mainly focuses the application of tense, voice, participle phrase, appositive etc.
After analyzing the thirty written English disaster news reports, the author reveals the following stylistic features of written English disaster news reports: First, determined by its context of situation: English disaster news reports contain some special words such as "rock", "shock", "disaster", which are accurate, vivid and shocking; the frequently used tenses in it are the past tense, and the simple present tense and future tense are not often used due to the nature of English disaster news reports. English disaster news reports are characterized by formal written language instead of exhibiting features of spoken one. Second, the writers make good use of different language skills to make the reports vivid, forceful, impressive to influence the readers including the use of appositive clauses, participles, variety of sentence patterns and so on.
This thesis hopes to be helpful to English disaster news writing and understanding of its function, and thus contribute to improve the appreciating ability of English disaster news and master the main information more quickly and accurately. Hope that this article can exert a little strength we have to the news English research and at the same time expand the stylistic analysis.
引文
[1]Allan,Bell.The Language of News Media.Oxford:Basil Blackwell Ltd,1991.
[2]Bagnall,Nicholas.Newspaper Language.London:Butterworth-heinemann Ltd,1993.
[3]Brown,G.&G.Yule.Discourse Analysis.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Researching Publishing House,2000.
[4]Brown,G,&G.Yule.Discourse Analysis.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1983.
[5]Bruce D,Itule&Douglas A.Anderson.News Writing and Reporting for Today's Media.New York:McGraw-Hill,1991.
[6]Capton,J.Renn.The associated Press Guide to News Writing.New York:Patien Hall,1991.
[7]Crystal,D and D.Davy.Investigating English style.London:Longman.1969.
[8]Danes,F.Functional Sentence Perspective and the Organization of the Text[A].In Danes.F.Papers in Functional Sentence Perspective[C].Prague:Academia.1974.
[9]Dijk,S.C.The theory of functional Grammar.Part 2:Complex and Derived Constructions[M].Berlin and New York:Mouton de Gruyer.1977.
[10]H.G.Widdowson.Stylistics:An approach to stylistics analysis.University Centere Lxembourg.Oxford university Press,1996,P138
[11]Halliday,M.A.K&Hasan,R Language,context and text[M]Victoria:Dekin University Press,1985.
[12]Halliday,M.A.K&Hasan,R.Cohesion in English[M].Beijing:Fereign Lanuage Teaching and Research Press,2001.
[13]Halliday,M.A.K.An Intrduction to Functional Grammar[M]Shanghai:Foreign Language Teaching & Research Press.2000.
[14]Joanna Thornborrow and Shah Wareing.Patterns in Language:Stylistics for students of language and literature.[M]Beijing:Foreign Language and research Press,2000.
[15]Laura Wright&Jonathan Hope.Stylistics:A Practical Coursebook.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000.
[16]Leech,G.N.Principle of Pragamatics[M]NewYork:Longman.1983.
[17]Melvin Mencher.News Reporting and Writing,Ninth Edition.Beijing:Tsinghua University,2003.
[18]Moen,Daryl.Newspaper Language and Design.Des Moines:The Lowa State University Press;1984.
[19]Xu Youzhi.Modern English stylistics.Kaifeng:Henan Unversity Press,1992.
[20]蔡玮,新闻类语篇研究的语体学意义[Dissertation],复旦大学,2004。
[21]陈明瑶,《报刊英语》,重庆:重庆出版社,1997。
[22]丁晖,从功能语法的视觉论灾难英语新闻导语语言特点与新闻价值[Dissertation]东北师范大学,2006。
[23]郝会丽,论新闻语体[Dissertation],中国社会科学院研究生院,2001。
[24]黄国文,《语篇分析的理论与实践》,上海:上海教育出版社,2001。
[25]黄国文,《语篇分析概要》,长沙:湖南教育出版社 1988。
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[27]胡壮麟,《理论文体学》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2000。
[28]胡壮麟,《语篇的衔接与连贯》,上海:上海外语教育出版社 1994。
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[38]秦秀白,《英语文体学入门》,长沙:湖南教育出版社,1986。
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[2]Bagnall,Nicholas.Newspaper Language.London:Butterworth-heinemann Ltd,1993.
[3]Brown,G.&G.Yule.Discourse Analysis.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Researching Publishing House,2000.
[4]Brown,G,&G.Yule.Discourse Analysis.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1983.
[5]Bruce D,Itule&Douglas A.Anderson.News Writing and Reporting for Today's Media.New York:McGraw-Hill,1991.
[6]Capton,J.Renn.The associated Press Guide to News Writing.New York:Patien Hall,1991.
[7]Crystal,D and D.Davy.Investigating English style.London:Longman.1969.
[8]Danes,F.Functional Sentence Perspective and the Organization of the Text[A].In Danes.F.Papers in Functional Sentence Perspective[C].Prague:Academia.1974.
[9]Dijk,S.C.The theory of functional Grammar.Part 2:Complex and Derived Constructions[M].Berlin and New York:Mouton de Gruyer.1977.
[10]H.G.Widdowson.Stylistics:An approach to stylistics analysis.University Centere Lxembourg.Oxford university Press,1996,P138
[11]Halliday,M.A.K&Hasan,R Language,context and text[M]Victoria:Dekin University Press,1985.
[12]Halliday,M.A.K&Hasan,R.Cohesion in English[M].Beijing:Fereign Lanuage Teaching and Research Press,2001.
[13]Halliday,M.A.K.An Intrduction to Functional Grammar[M]Shanghai:Foreign Language Teaching & Research Press.2000.
[14]Joanna Thornborrow and Shah Wareing.Patterns in Language:Stylistics for students of language and literature.[M]Beijing:Foreign Language and research Press,2000.
[15]Laura Wright&Jonathan Hope.Stylistics:A Practical Coursebook.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000.
[16]Leech,G.N.Principle of Pragamatics[M]NewYork:Longman.1983.
[17]Melvin Mencher.News Reporting and Writing,Ninth Edition.Beijing:Tsinghua University,2003.
[18]Moen,Daryl.Newspaper Language and Design.Des Moines:The Lowa State University Press;1984.
[19]Xu Youzhi.Modern English stylistics.Kaifeng:Henan Unversity Press,1992.
[20]蔡玮,新闻类语篇研究的语体学意义[Dissertation],复旦大学,2004。
[21]陈明瑶,《报刊英语》,重庆:重庆出版社,1997。
[22]丁晖,从功能语法的视觉论灾难英语新闻导语语言特点与新闻价值[Dissertation]东北师范大学,2006。
[23]郝会丽,论新闻语体[Dissertation],中国社会科学院研究生院,2001。
[24]黄国文,《语篇分析的理论与实践》,上海:上海教育出版社,2001。
[25]黄国文,《语篇分析概要》,长沙:湖南教育出版社 1988。
[26]胡壮麟&姜望琪,Linguistics:A Course Book(英文版),北京:北京大学出版社,2001。
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