伊通盆地构造特征与构造演化
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摘要
伊通盆地是发育于郯庐断裂带东北段上的新生代含油气盆地，位于吉林省的长春市和吉林市之间，盆地西北侧隔大黑山地垒与松辽盆地相邻，东南侧为广阔的那丹哈达岭地体。盆地平面呈NE45°方向延伸的长条形，长140km，宽12～20km，总面积2400km~2。
本论文以伊通盆地的构造特征与构造演化为主要研究内容，在运用地球动力学、走滑伸展盆地、反转构造、石油地质学等理论基础上，详细论述了伊通盆地的成盆背景、盆地性质、基本构造特征、成因、演化阶段及构造与沉积和油气成藏的关系。通过对伊通盆地构造地质特征综合分析，取得了以下主要成果认识。
在对伊通盆地地球动力背景、深部地质作用、盆缘和盆内构造特征与变形历史分析基础上，揭示了盆地演化具有走滑、伸展、挤压、基底隆升及火山活动等多种地质作用的更迭。通过构造发育史的分析，明确了伊通盆地构造发生的主要时期和构造变形机制，确定了伊通盆地是一个受剪切走滑作用控制的具有复杂构造演化史的走滑伸展盆地，并建立了盆地演化模式，即主成盆期为右旋走滑背景下的斜向伸展+热隆升，晚期反转为右旋走滑背景下的侧向挤压+基底隆升。其构造演化主要经历了初始断陷期(K-E_1)、断陷发展期(E_(2s)-E_(2sh))、稳定沉降期(E_(2sh)-E_(2y))、差异沉降期(E_(3w)-E_(3q))、构造反转期(E_(3q)-N_c)以及挠曲凹陷期(N_c-Q)六个阶段，该演化过程与伊通盆地的区域构造背景及郯庐断裂的活动特征密切关联。
通过精细构造解释揭示了伊通盆地基底形态复杂，高低起伏不均，基底断裂纵横交错，总体呈东南高、西北低，具有“三隆、四凹、两斜坡、一冲断带”的构造格局。进而在盆地次级构造单元划分上，根据盆地基底形态、断裂分布特征、地层构造特征、盆地构造演化、油气勘探现状等依据，划分了莫里青断陷、鹿乡断陷和岔路河断陷3个二级构造单元和西北缘断褶带、尖山构造带、五星构造带、万昌构造带等14个三级构造单元，并对盆地主要构造单元的特征、成因及油气地质条件进行了系统分析。
通过对盆地断裂级别、规模及形成机制等分析，指出了断裂构造是伊通盆地最主要构造类型，包括控盆边界断裂、盆地发育过程中产生的次级断裂及反转期因走滑挤压改造形成的断裂。并将盆地断裂进一步划分为了三个级别：一级断裂为西北缘和东南缘控盆边界断裂；二级断裂为早期张扭作用形成的马鞍山断裂、2号、3号、4号断裂和晚期压扭作用形成的西北缘逆冲断裂；三级断裂是盆地演化过程中形成的次级断裂，其数量众多、演化复杂，对盆地的局部构造及油气运聚成藏起重要作用。进而对盆地的主要断裂特征及成因、演化等进行了系统分析，论述了西北缘边界断裂与东南缘边界断裂的差异性。阐明了西北缘边界断裂平直，具有典型走滑特征，为控盆主断裂，演化特征由早期张扭转换为晚期压扭，且后期遭受强烈反转挤压，发育西北缘逆冲断裂并使靠近西北缘的地层发生明显的破碎变形，形成盆地特殊的有利油气聚集单元-西北缘断褶带。而东南缘边界断裂弯曲展布，具应力调节作用和扭动特征，为白垩纪形成的断入岩石圈基底的左行走滑断裂；新生代以伸展作用为主，右行走滑为辅，并发育了马鞍山断裂、2号、3号、4号断裂等呈雁列展布的分支，盆地反转期发生侧向挤压和差异隆升。
论文首次详细论述了伊通盆地的反转构造类型、特征、反转时期、形成机制及油气地质意义，创新性的划分出了盆地西北缘因反转而形成的三级构造单元-西北缘断褶带。阐明了反转期盆地总体表现为东南缘压扭拱张、西北缘压扭冲断的特征，从而在盆地东南缘的尖山、五星、万昌等构造高部位形成大量拱张性断裂，不利于油气保存；而在盆地西北缘因压扭冲断作用而形成的西北缘断褶带，具有良好的油气成藏条件和勘探潜力。并进一步探讨了反转构造的动力背景，即主要为新近纪以来西太平洋弧后扩张并向西推挤中国东部大陆，辅以印度板块向北的陆内俯冲造成的向东挤出作用。此外还与盆缘大黑山地垒隆升、侧向挤压作用有关，特别是大黑山地垒位于盆缘的刚性岩体的分布位置及隆升强度等对盆地反转构造的平面展布特征及反转强度具有重要影响。
综合研究表明伊通盆地的沉积和油气成藏作用明显受构造所控制。无论在早期的走滑伸展构造体制下，还是在晚期的走滑挤压和正反转构造体制下，盆地沉积体系、沉积地层厚度变化及沉降中心迁移总是受断裂走滑、构造沉降或隆升的影响。始新世中期-渐新世末期为主成盆期，控盆主断裂活动特征具有南早北晚、由南向北迁移的规律，盆地沉积中心因此也从南西向北东迁移并靠近西北缘主断裂；中新世-第四纪为盆地反转期，控盆主断裂发生右行压扭和隆升，盆地东南缘发生拱张，使得尖山构造带等早期形成的构造高部位油气藏遭受破坏，而盆地西北缘受侧向挤压形成宽2-4km的西北缘断褶带。在此基础上，通过对伊通盆地的构造动力特征与盆地沉降与变形演化历史的系统研究，并结合油气成藏条件和构造对沉积和成藏控制作用的综合分析，提出了伊通盆地西北缘断褶带为最有利的油气富集区带，内部压扭性断裂及褶皱极其发育，圈闭条件及封闭性能良好，盆地西北缘发育近岸水下扇，物性好、地层厚度大且靠近生烃中心，具备良好的油气富集条件，并进一步指出了油气勘探应以寻找走滑冲断作用形成的雁列式背斜带、雁列断块和逆冲断层下盘为主。其次，盆地内部的梁家、万昌等构造带的围斜部位、基底潜山等也是有利的油气富集区带和勘探目标。
Yitong basin is a Cenozoic petroliferous basin which develops in the northeast part of the Tan-Lu fault belt and locates between the Changchun city and Jilin city of Jilin province. The northwest edge of the Yitong basin is Daheishan horst which adjacent by the Soliao basin and the southeast edge is the Nadanhadaling terra. The basin's form looks like a long belt (140km long and 12～20km wide)and extend for the direction of NE45°,The basin's total area is about 2400km~2.
On the base of the theories of geodynamics, strike-slip and extensional basin, inversion tectonics, petroleum geology and so on, this dissertation mainly discussed tectonic setting, structural characters, tectonic evolution and it's origin of Yitong graben, and analyzed the relationship between tectonic activities and oil-gas accumulation.
Through the analyses of geodynamics setting, volcano activities, structural characters and evolution history of the structures around or inside Yitong basin.It shows the basin underwent various tectonic activities such as strike-slip, extension, compression, uplift and volcano activities in it's evolution history. The structure evolution profile indicates the Yitong basin's mainly period of tectonic evolution and the structural evolution mechanism, confirms that Yitong basin is a strike-slip and extensional basin which has a complex evolution history controlled by strike-slip faults system. The basin's evolution model can be divided into two stages: right-lateral extension and terra uplift period (middle Eocene to later Oligocene) and right-lateral extrusion and basin's base uplift activities period (Neogene to Quaternary).The evolution stage of Yitong basin include original faulted depression period (K-E_1) , faulted depression period (E_2s-E_2sh)、stable subside period(E_2sh-E_2y)、difference subside period(E_3w-E_3q)、tectonic inversion period (E_3q-Nc) and bend depression period (Nc-Q) . This evolution process has great correlation with the area tectonic setting and the movement character of the Tanlu fault.
The basement hypsography of Yitong basin is very complex and change evidence, basement faults extend in difference directions, the southeast part of the basement hypsography is high and the northwest part is low. The total conformation has the characters of "three apophysises, four concaves, two slopes and one thrust fault belt. Based on the basement hypsography, faults distributing character, stratum character, tectonic evolution and petroleum exploration actuality, Yitong basin has been divided into three second-distinction units of Moliqing faulted depression, Luxiang faulted depression and Chaluhe faulted depression. The third-distinction units include 14 units such as northwest boundary fault- folds belt, Kaoshan subsag, Jianshan structure belt, Wuxing structure belt and Wanchang structure belt, and the character, origin, petroleum conditions of the mainly structure units has been analyzed in detail.
According to the analyses of faults' distinction, scale and their origin, this paper indicates that the fault characteristics is the mainly structure character in Yitong basin, the characters and evolution of the basin's faults are very complexity, the faults can be part into three distinction by their characters and sizes, the first distinction faults include the north-west boundary fault and the south-east boundary fault; the second distinction faults include the stretching faults such as Maanshan fault, No.2 fault, No.3 fault, No.4 fault and the thrust fault by the north-west edge; the third distinction faults include other faults of the whole basin. The mainly faults' character, origin and evolution has been analyzed in detail, especially the boundary fault in northwest margin of Yitong basin is quite different from that in southeast margin. The northwest boundary fault was a strike-slip fault and extend in beeline, which controls the basin's forming. It is a sinistral strike-slip and extensional fault in Eocene. In Neogene, it becomes a reverse fault under regional compression, which controlled the special structure belt's forming of the northwest boundary fault-folds belt. The southwestern boundary fault was an extensional fault and it extend in various direction, which served as an accommondating fault during basin's evolution.No.2 fault, No.3 fault, No.4 fault are the branching normal faults of southeast boundary fault. In Neogene, they suffer from compression and uplift.
Through the analyses of the new data of seism, aeromagnetic, drilling, etc, this paper analyzes the character, origin and the significance of the inversion structures in Yitong basin. There is a great difference of the inversion structures between the northern-west edge and southern-east edge. In the northern-west edge, the tectonic stress shows compress, a fault- folds belt waged from 2 ~ 4km formed by the northern-west edge and it has good hydrocarbon pooling conditions, maybe it is a new area of oil and gas exploration, the shallow level of fault- folds and the footwall of thrust faults are important hydrocarbon exploration areas; in the southern-east edge, the tectonic stress shows uplift and compress, inversion structures such as extensional fault-uplifts mainly form at Jianshan and Wanchang structural belt, it destructs the preexisted hydrocarbon pool, the deep level and the slope of these structure belts such as Jianshan and Wanchang are important hydrocarbon exploration areas . The thrusting activity of the Tan-Lu fault zone since Neogene and the inversion structures of the Yitong basin take place in the regional dynamic setting that back-arc spreading caused by westward subduction of the Pacific plate, and the extrusion from the Indian plate collision plays a partial role in the E-W compression in East China. Besides this, the distribution and uplift strength of rigid plates also play a great role on the distribution and inversion strength of inversion structures of Yitong basin.
Synthesize analysis indicates that Yitong basin's sediment character and oil-gas accumulation are mainly controlled by tectonic activities. Both in the right-lateral extension period (middle Eocene to later Oligocene) and right-lateral extrusion and uplift activities period (Neogene to Quaternary), basin's sediment system, thickness change of stratum and sediment center migration are all controlled by faults' strike-slip, tectonic subside and uplift. Middle Eocene to later Oligocene is the most important period for the basin's form, in this period the involution character of the Yitong part of the Tan-Lu fault zone shows the south part forms earlier than the north part and the fault's movement intension migrates northward through time, the sediment center of Yitong basin also migrates from southwest to northeast by the time and the sediment center close with the northwest boundary fault. Neogene to Quaternary is the basin's reversion period and the basin's two boundary faults begin right-lateral extrusion and uplift activities. In the southeast edge, the tectonic stress shows uplift and compress, inversion structures such as extensional fault-uplifts mainly form at Jianshan and Wanchang structural belt, it destructs the preexisted hydrocarbon pool; In the northwest edge, the tectonic stress shows compress, a fault-folds belt waged from 2 ~ 4km formed by the northern-west edge.
Based on the tectonic analysis on Yitong basin together with other petroleum geology conditions, northwest boundary fault- folds belt is proposed to be the best fault tectonic zones benefit to oil-gas accumulation. It has good hydrocarbon pooling conditions and maybe is a new area of oil and gas exploration, the en-echelon anticline belts, en-echelon fault-block and the footwall of thrust faults formed by strike-slip-thrust movement are the important hydrocarbon exploration areas. Besides this, the slope area around structural belts (such as Liangjia and Wanchang structural belts) and ancient buried hills are also the benefit area for oil and gas exploration.
本论文以伊通盆地的构造特征与构造演化为主要研究内容，在运用地球动力学、走滑伸展盆地、反转构造、石油地质学等理论基础上，详细论述了伊通盆地的成盆背景、盆地性质、基本构造特征、成因、演化阶段及构造与沉积和油气成藏的关系。通过对伊通盆地构造地质特征综合分析，取得了以下主要成果认识。
在对伊通盆地地球动力背景、深部地质作用、盆缘和盆内构造特征与变形历史分析基础上，揭示了盆地演化具有走滑、伸展、挤压、基底隆升及火山活动等多种地质作用的更迭。通过构造发育史的分析，明确了伊通盆地构造发生的主要时期和构造变形机制，确定了伊通盆地是一个受剪切走滑作用控制的具有复杂构造演化史的走滑伸展盆地，并建立了盆地演化模式，即主成盆期为右旋走滑背景下的斜向伸展+热隆升，晚期反转为右旋走滑背景下的侧向挤压+基底隆升。其构造演化主要经历了初始断陷期(K-E_1)、断陷发展期(E_(2s)-E_(2sh))、稳定沉降期(E_(2sh)-E_(2y))、差异沉降期(E_(3w)-E_(3q))、构造反转期(E_(3q)-N_c)以及挠曲凹陷期(N_c-Q)六个阶段，该演化过程与伊通盆地的区域构造背景及郯庐断裂的活动特征密切关联。
通过精细构造解释揭示了伊通盆地基底形态复杂，高低起伏不均，基底断裂纵横交错，总体呈东南高、西北低，具有“三隆、四凹、两斜坡、一冲断带”的构造格局。进而在盆地次级构造单元划分上，根据盆地基底形态、断裂分布特征、地层构造特征、盆地构造演化、油气勘探现状等依据，划分了莫里青断陷、鹿乡断陷和岔路河断陷3个二级构造单元和西北缘断褶带、尖山构造带、五星构造带、万昌构造带等14个三级构造单元，并对盆地主要构造单元的特征、成因及油气地质条件进行了系统分析。
通过对盆地断裂级别、规模及形成机制等分析，指出了断裂构造是伊通盆地最主要构造类型，包括控盆边界断裂、盆地发育过程中产生的次级断裂及反转期因走滑挤压改造形成的断裂。并将盆地断裂进一步划分为了三个级别：一级断裂为西北缘和东南缘控盆边界断裂；二级断裂为早期张扭作用形成的马鞍山断裂、2号、3号、4号断裂和晚期压扭作用形成的西北缘逆冲断裂；三级断裂是盆地演化过程中形成的次级断裂，其数量众多、演化复杂，对盆地的局部构造及油气运聚成藏起重要作用。进而对盆地的主要断裂特征及成因、演化等进行了系统分析，论述了西北缘边界断裂与东南缘边界断裂的差异性。阐明了西北缘边界断裂平直，具有典型走滑特征，为控盆主断裂，演化特征由早期张扭转换为晚期压扭，且后期遭受强烈反转挤压，发育西北缘逆冲断裂并使靠近西北缘的地层发生明显的破碎变形，形成盆地特殊的有利油气聚集单元-西北缘断褶带。而东南缘边界断裂弯曲展布，具应力调节作用和扭动特征，为白垩纪形成的断入岩石圈基底的左行走滑断裂；新生代以伸展作用为主，右行走滑为辅，并发育了马鞍山断裂、2号、3号、4号断裂等呈雁列展布的分支，盆地反转期发生侧向挤压和差异隆升。
论文首次详细论述了伊通盆地的反转构造类型、特征、反转时期、形成机制及油气地质意义，创新性的划分出了盆地西北缘因反转而形成的三级构造单元-西北缘断褶带。阐明了反转期盆地总体表现为东南缘压扭拱张、西北缘压扭冲断的特征，从而在盆地东南缘的尖山、五星、万昌等构造高部位形成大量拱张性断裂，不利于油气保存；而在盆地西北缘因压扭冲断作用而形成的西北缘断褶带，具有良好的油气成藏条件和勘探潜力。并进一步探讨了反转构造的动力背景，即主要为新近纪以来西太平洋弧后扩张并向西推挤中国东部大陆，辅以印度板块向北的陆内俯冲造成的向东挤出作用。此外还与盆缘大黑山地垒隆升、侧向挤压作用有关，特别是大黑山地垒位于盆缘的刚性岩体的分布位置及隆升强度等对盆地反转构造的平面展布特征及反转强度具有重要影响。
综合研究表明伊通盆地的沉积和油气成藏作用明显受构造所控制。无论在早期的走滑伸展构造体制下，还是在晚期的走滑挤压和正反转构造体制下，盆地沉积体系、沉积地层厚度变化及沉降中心迁移总是受断裂走滑、构造沉降或隆升的影响。始新世中期-渐新世末期为主成盆期，控盆主断裂活动特征具有南早北晚、由南向北迁移的规律，盆地沉积中心因此也从南西向北东迁移并靠近西北缘主断裂；中新世-第四纪为盆地反转期，控盆主断裂发生右行压扭和隆升，盆地东南缘发生拱张，使得尖山构造带等早期形成的构造高部位油气藏遭受破坏，而盆地西北缘受侧向挤压形成宽2-4km的西北缘断褶带。在此基础上，通过对伊通盆地的构造动力特征与盆地沉降与变形演化历史的系统研究，并结合油气成藏条件和构造对沉积和成藏控制作用的综合分析，提出了伊通盆地西北缘断褶带为最有利的油气富集区带，内部压扭性断裂及褶皱极其发育，圈闭条件及封闭性能良好，盆地西北缘发育近岸水下扇，物性好、地层厚度大且靠近生烃中心，具备良好的油气富集条件，并进一步指出了油气勘探应以寻找走滑冲断作用形成的雁列式背斜带、雁列断块和逆冲断层下盘为主。其次，盆地内部的梁家、万昌等构造带的围斜部位、基底潜山等也是有利的油气富集区带和勘探目标。
Yitong basin is a Cenozoic petroliferous basin which develops in the northeast part of the Tan-Lu fault belt and locates between the Changchun city and Jilin city of Jilin province. The northwest edge of the Yitong basin is Daheishan horst which adjacent by the Soliao basin and the southeast edge is the Nadanhadaling terra. The basin's form looks like a long belt (140km long and 12～20km wide)and extend for the direction of NE45°,The basin's total area is about 2400km~2.
On the base of the theories of geodynamics, strike-slip and extensional basin, inversion tectonics, petroleum geology and so on, this dissertation mainly discussed tectonic setting, structural characters, tectonic evolution and it's origin of Yitong graben, and analyzed the relationship between tectonic activities and oil-gas accumulation.
Through the analyses of geodynamics setting, volcano activities, structural characters and evolution history of the structures around or inside Yitong basin.It shows the basin underwent various tectonic activities such as strike-slip, extension, compression, uplift and volcano activities in it's evolution history. The structure evolution profile indicates the Yitong basin's mainly period of tectonic evolution and the structural evolution mechanism, confirms that Yitong basin is a strike-slip and extensional basin which has a complex evolution history controlled by strike-slip faults system. The basin's evolution model can be divided into two stages: right-lateral extension and terra uplift period (middle Eocene to later Oligocene) and right-lateral extrusion and basin's base uplift activities period (Neogene to Quaternary).The evolution stage of Yitong basin include original faulted depression period (K-E_1) , faulted depression period (E_2s-E_2sh)、stable subside period(E_2sh-E_2y)、difference subside period(E_3w-E_3q)、tectonic inversion period (E_3q-Nc) and bend depression period (Nc-Q) . This evolution process has great correlation with the area tectonic setting and the movement character of the Tanlu fault.
The basement hypsography of Yitong basin is very complex and change evidence, basement faults extend in difference directions, the southeast part of the basement hypsography is high and the northwest part is low. The total conformation has the characters of "three apophysises, four concaves, two slopes and one thrust fault belt. Based on the basement hypsography, faults distributing character, stratum character, tectonic evolution and petroleum exploration actuality, Yitong basin has been divided into three second-distinction units of Moliqing faulted depression, Luxiang faulted depression and Chaluhe faulted depression. The third-distinction units include 14 units such as northwest boundary fault- folds belt, Kaoshan subsag, Jianshan structure belt, Wuxing structure belt and Wanchang structure belt, and the character, origin, petroleum conditions of the mainly structure units has been analyzed in detail.
According to the analyses of faults' distinction, scale and their origin, this paper indicates that the fault characteristics is the mainly structure character in Yitong basin, the characters and evolution of the basin's faults are very complexity, the faults can be part into three distinction by their characters and sizes, the first distinction faults include the north-west boundary fault and the south-east boundary fault; the second distinction faults include the stretching faults such as Maanshan fault, No.2 fault, No.3 fault, No.4 fault and the thrust fault by the north-west edge; the third distinction faults include other faults of the whole basin. The mainly faults' character, origin and evolution has been analyzed in detail, especially the boundary fault in northwest margin of Yitong basin is quite different from that in southeast margin. The northwest boundary fault was a strike-slip fault and extend in beeline, which controls the basin's forming. It is a sinistral strike-slip and extensional fault in Eocene. In Neogene, it becomes a reverse fault under regional compression, which controlled the special structure belt's forming of the northwest boundary fault-folds belt. The southwestern boundary fault was an extensional fault and it extend in various direction, which served as an accommondating fault during basin's evolution.No.2 fault, No.3 fault, No.4 fault are the branching normal faults of southeast boundary fault. In Neogene, they suffer from compression and uplift.
Through the analyses of the new data of seism, aeromagnetic, drilling, etc, this paper analyzes the character, origin and the significance of the inversion structures in Yitong basin. There is a great difference of the inversion structures between the northern-west edge and southern-east edge. In the northern-west edge, the tectonic stress shows compress, a fault- folds belt waged from 2 ~ 4km formed by the northern-west edge and it has good hydrocarbon pooling conditions, maybe it is a new area of oil and gas exploration, the shallow level of fault- folds and the footwall of thrust faults are important hydrocarbon exploration areas; in the southern-east edge, the tectonic stress shows uplift and compress, inversion structures such as extensional fault-uplifts mainly form at Jianshan and Wanchang structural belt, it destructs the preexisted hydrocarbon pool, the deep level and the slope of these structure belts such as Jianshan and Wanchang are important hydrocarbon exploration areas . The thrusting activity of the Tan-Lu fault zone since Neogene and the inversion structures of the Yitong basin take place in the regional dynamic setting that back-arc spreading caused by westward subduction of the Pacific plate, and the extrusion from the Indian plate collision plays a partial role in the E-W compression in East China. Besides this, the distribution and uplift strength of rigid plates also play a great role on the distribution and inversion strength of inversion structures of Yitong basin.
Synthesize analysis indicates that Yitong basin's sediment character and oil-gas accumulation are mainly controlled by tectonic activities. Both in the right-lateral extension period (middle Eocene to later Oligocene) and right-lateral extrusion and uplift activities period (Neogene to Quaternary), basin's sediment system, thickness change of stratum and sediment center migration are all controlled by faults' strike-slip, tectonic subside and uplift. Middle Eocene to later Oligocene is the most important period for the basin's form, in this period the involution character of the Yitong part of the Tan-Lu fault zone shows the south part forms earlier than the north part and the fault's movement intension migrates northward through time, the sediment center of Yitong basin also migrates from southwest to northeast by the time and the sediment center close with the northwest boundary fault. Neogene to Quaternary is the basin's reversion period and the basin's two boundary faults begin right-lateral extrusion and uplift activities. In the southeast edge, the tectonic stress shows uplift and compress, inversion structures such as extensional fault-uplifts mainly form at Jianshan and Wanchang structural belt, it destructs the preexisted hydrocarbon pool; In the northwest edge, the tectonic stress shows compress, a fault-folds belt waged from 2 ~ 4km formed by the northern-west edge.
Based on the tectonic analysis on Yitong basin together with other petroleum geology conditions, northwest boundary fault- folds belt is proposed to be the best fault tectonic zones benefit to oil-gas accumulation. It has good hydrocarbon pooling conditions and maybe is a new area of oil and gas exploration, the en-echelon anticline belts, en-echelon fault-block and the footwall of thrust faults formed by strike-slip-thrust movement are the important hydrocarbon exploration areas. Besides this, the slope area around structural belts (such as Liangjia and Wanchang structural belts) and ancient buried hills are also the benefit area for oil and gas exploration.
引文
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