白银市日光温室辣椒嫁接栽培技术研究
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摘要
日光温室生产已成为我国农业可持续发展中的重要方面之一。白银市地处甘肃中部,光热条件好,适合发展节能日光温室。截至2004年种植面积已发展至4784.3hm~2,总产量达35000万kg,已经成为白银市名副其实的支柱产业,极大地丰富了我市及西北各省市市民的菜篮子。
辣椒是白银市重要的设施栽培作物之一,常年栽培面积20000亩左右,年产量约8万吨,以冬春茬、早春茬和一大茬栽培为主,产量大,品质优,在省内外享有很高的声誉,但其可持续发展日益受制于辣椒疫病、枯萎和根腐等土传病害的蔓延危害。本研究对白银市两县(靖远、景泰)两区(平川、白银)8个乡20多个村的日光温室辣椒疫病病害进行调查,掌握了白银市辣椒疫病病害发生的基本情况、发病规律和影响发病的因素,为疫病病害的防治提供了科学依据。
通过田间症状观察、室内PDA常规分离培养和黄瓜诱捕,查清了危害白银地区辣椒疫病的种属。确定辣椒疫病病原为:Phytophthora capsici Leonian。其在白银市的分布:靖远、景泰、白银、平川。发病程度平均发病率在15～30%之间,有些发病率在30%以上,为害程度在3～5级。据在靖远县平堡乡、东湾乡等地调查和定点观察,温室辣椒一大茬辣椒定植后不久,温棚中即开始发病,特别是11月下旬至12月上中旬,当外界气温还较高时(温棚内地温也较高),发病率在11.7%～21.7%,为发生的一个高峰期;3月至5月盛果期为又一发病高峰期。
影响日光温室辣椒疫病的主要因素包括:品种抗病性差异、土壤菌源量、温室土壤地温和温湿度、灌溉方式、生态管理措施。辣椒疫病的发生与温湿度的关系最为密切,病菌生长发育适温30℃,最高温38℃,最低温8℃,田间温度25～30℃、相对湿度＞85%时发病重。试验研究表明虽经大水漫灌,陇椒1号、陇椒2号发病率分别为6.07%、0.36～1.71%,而佳木斯的发病率为16.20～19.29%,品种间抗病性差异还是很明显。滴灌由于可以控制浇水量,减低温室内的湿度发病率在6.7%～8%;而漫灌没法控制浇水量,往往使温室湿度增大,加重病害的发生和蔓延,发病率在16.2%～23.1%。合理的轮作倒茬不仅可以为土壤提供更多的肥力,改善土壤理化性质,还可以降低病原菌的数量,减少病害的发生。因此在实践中,采用高垄栽培、大沟覆草、后墙张挂反光幕、安装滴灌等生态措施,控制浇水,严防棚内湿度过高。
试验以辣椒不同类型的变种作为砧木,对辣椒嫁接方法、嫁接成活率、不同砧穗组合嫁接后的生长发育情况、防病效果以及嫁接后对产量和品质的影响等方面作了研究。说明生产上采用辣椒嫁接栽培具有可行性,嫁接栽培可以成为克服温室辣椒连作障碍的有效途径。
试验结果表明当砧木长到片6～8真叶,接穗长到5～7片真叶,半木质化,茎粗2～3mm开始嫁接,接穗与砧木的共生亲和性良好,嫁接成活率较高达到85%以上。不同类型的砧木虽对辣椒生长发育产生了不同的影响,但总的来说,嫁接改善了植株的生长势,嫁接后辣椒的株高、株幅、大权高、径粗、已采果数都随着时间的延长比对照有所增加,开花期提前6—7d,采果期提前了3—4d。大多数嫁接处理的病情发展程度(综合发病)比对照轻,同期病情指数均低于对照,而自根苗随着生长期的延长,发病程度逐渐增加。
通过产量分析发现,前期产量A3D3、A3D2、A3D4、A3D1之间前期产量差异不显著、CK2、CK1之间前期产量差异不显著。只有A3D3与CK2、CK1之间前期产量差异显著,而且与CK1之间前期产量差异极显著。总产量各处理之间差异不显著,但与CK2、CK1差异显著,而且A3D2、A3D3、A3D1与CK1之间差异极显著。其中CK2、CK1之间差异不显著。嫁接辣椒与自根辣椒相比,果实外观和内在品质无显著差异,但有些处理还不同程度高于对照。
通过本试验研究,通过劈接法利用抗病砧木嫁接辣椒是防治辣椒疫病的一种非常有效的方法.对提高产量和辣椒果实的品质都有积极的作用。这项防病增产技术在生产上大面积推广应用前景很大,简单实用,容易掌握,但最重要的是要筛选出适宜当地温室的嫁接砧木,这种砧木不仅要与辣椒的亲合性好,抗病性强,而且要种子易得、植株根系发达、生长旺盛.嫁接后还要对辣椒品质无不良影响,这样才能满足生产的要求。为使嫁接防病增产技术在生产上能大面积的推广应用,需对嫁接砧木进行更深入的研究,以提高辣椒嫁接苗的成活率、抗病性、抗逆性和砧穗组合的丰产性。还要配套适宜当地日光温室辣椒嫁接的技术规程。
Greenhouse crop production has become the important part of sustainable development of our agriculture industry. Baiyin city is located in the central region of Gansu province with adequate sunshine and temperature, suitable for developing energy-saving greenhouse production. Its greenhouse area had reached 4784.3hm2 until the year of 2004 with total yield up to 350,000 tones. Greenhouse vegetable production has become the real pillar industry of Baiyin city, greatly enriching the vegetable baskets of the residents in Baiyin city as well as in northwest provinces or cities.
Chili pepper is one of the important cultivated crops in greenhouses of Baiyin city with annual area of about 133 hm~2 and yield of 80,000 tones. It is mainly planted in three periods: 1. planted in late autumn and harvested in winter and spring; 2. planted in early spring; 3. planted in autumn and harvested around the year. Due to its huge yield and top quality, it boasts high reputation in Gansu and surrounding provinces. The sustainable development of chili pepper is increasingly affected by the soil-born diseases such as Phytophthora blight, Fusarium wilt, Phytophthora root rot, etc. In the study, the survey on the occurrence of Phytophthora blight was carried out at more than 20 villages of 8 townships in Baiyin and Pingchuan districts of Baiyin city. The incidence, development and affecting factors of Phytophthora blight were gotten to provide the scientific evidences for control of the disease.
Through symptom observation in the fields, culture of separated pathogens on PDA in laboratory and trapping spores from cucumber plants, the pathogen, Phytophthora capsici Leonian, infecting chili pepper plants in Baiyin, was investigated. Phytophthora blight occurred at Jingyuan and Jingtai counties, Baiyin and Pingchuan districts of Baiyin city. The average incidence was 15—30% (partly more than 30%) with severity of 3～5 degrees. According to the survey and observation at the fixed sites at Pingbu and Dongwan townships, the disease began to occur soon after planting chili pepper in autumn, reaching its first occurrence peak with the incidence of 11.7%～21.7% from late November to early-medium December when the temperature in / out of greenhouse was still high; its second occurrence peak turned up from March to May when chili pepper was in the stage of high yield.
The key pathogenic factors affecting the occurrence of Phytophthora blight of greenhouse chili pepper included the differences of cultivars' resistance to disease, pathogen amount in soil, soil temperature, air temperature and humidity, irrigation methods and ecological management measures. The occurrence of Phytophthora blight was closely related with the temperature and humidity. The pathogen grew in the temperature range from 8℃to 38℃, and its optimal development temperature was 30℃When the field temperature reached 25～30℃as well as relative humidity surpassed 85%, Phytophthora blight occurred severely. In the study, it was showed that with flood irrigation the ratios of the diseased plants of Longjiaol and Longjiao2 were 6.07% and 0.36～1.71% respectively, and that of Jiamusi chili pepper was 16.20～19.29%, therefore there existed distinct differences of resistance to Phytophthora blight among chili pepper cultivars. Drip irrigation could control the irrigation amount efficiently, decreasing greenhouse humidity and the incidence of Phytophthora blight to 6.7%～8%; flood irrigation could not control the irrigation amount, increasing greenhouse humidity and the incidence of Phytophthora blight to 16.2%～23.1%. Rational crop rotation could not only improve soil's fertility and soil's physical -chemical property, but also reduce the pathogen population and the occurrence of Phytophthora blight. Therefore in practice, the following ecological measures were adopted to control irrigation amount and lower greenhouse humidity: establishing high cultivation ridges, covering the larger furrows with crop straw, hanging light-reflecting curtain on the rear wall of greenhouse, using drip irrigation, etc.
Different types of chili pepper variations were used as the rootstock. The grafting methods, the survival ratio of grafted unions, growth and development of grafted unions of different rootstock-scions' combinations, disease -controlling effects, impact of grafting on crop yield and quality, etc, were investigated to prove the feasibility of production of grated chili pepper, and to demonstrate that grafting cultivation could become an effective approach of overcoming the physiological disturbance of greenhouse chili pepper planted in the same field for several years.
The experiment results showed that when stocking pepper and scioning pepper had 6～8 true leaves and 5～7 true leaves respectively with semi-lignified stem of 2～3mm in diameter, the grafting was carried out, which facilitated the intergrowth compatibility of grafted unions and their survival ratio was above 85%. Thought different types of rootstocks produced the different impact on chili pepper plants' growth, but in general grafting improved plants' growth vigor. After grafting, plant height plant width, the height of first key branch, stem diameter and the number of harvested peppers were increased compared with those of check treatments, and furthermore the flowering date was advanced by 6～7 days and the harvesting date by 3-4 days. The disease severity and the incidence indexes of most grafted plants were lower than those of check plants. The disease severity of self-rooted chili pepper plants was increasing following plants' growth.
Based on the yield analysis, the early yield differences among A3D3, A3D2, A3D4 and A3D1, and that between CK2 and CK1 did not reach the significant level; the early yield difference between A3D3 and CK2 reached significant level, and that between A3D3 and CK1 turned out to be extremely significant. The total yield differences among four treatments did not reach significant level, but reached significant level compared with those of CK2 and CK1; furthermore the total yield differences among A3D2. A3D3, A3D1 and CK1 reached extremely significant level; that between CK2 and CK1 did not reach significant level. There were no evident differences on fruit appearance and internal quality between fruits from grafted chili pepper plants and self-rooted plants, but some treatments' results were better than those of check plants to some extent.
According to the experiments, it was concluded that grafting chili pepper with disease - resistant rootstock by splitting method was a very effective approach to control Phytophthora blight, and played a positive role in increasing chili pepper yield and quality. The disease-controlling and yield-increasing technique was easy to learn and simple to practice, and exhibited bright prospect for being extended in larger area. The most important point was selection of the suitable rootstock for greenhouse chili pepper. The rootstock should possess the following properties: good compatibility with chili pepper cultivar, high resistance to diseases, easy access to the seed, larger root system, strong growth vigor and no negative impact on chili pepper quality. In order to apply the grafting technique in a larger area, the further studies need to be conducted to increase the survival ratio, resistance to diseases and stress and high yielding of grafted unions. The technical operation program suitable for local greenhouse conditions also needs establishing.
辣椒是白银市重要的设施栽培作物之一,常年栽培面积20000亩左右,年产量约8万吨,以冬春茬、早春茬和一大茬栽培为主,产量大,品质优,在省内外享有很高的声誉,但其可持续发展日益受制于辣椒疫病、枯萎和根腐等土传病害的蔓延危害。本研究对白银市两县(靖远、景泰)两区(平川、白银)8个乡20多个村的日光温室辣椒疫病病害进行调查,掌握了白银市辣椒疫病病害发生的基本情况、发病规律和影响发病的因素,为疫病病害的防治提供了科学依据。
通过田间症状观察、室内PDA常规分离培养和黄瓜诱捕,查清了危害白银地区辣椒疫病的种属。确定辣椒疫病病原为:Phytophthora capsici Leonian。其在白银市的分布:靖远、景泰、白银、平川。发病程度平均发病率在15～30%之间,有些发病率在30%以上,为害程度在3～5级。据在靖远县平堡乡、东湾乡等地调查和定点观察,温室辣椒一大茬辣椒定植后不久,温棚中即开始发病,特别是11月下旬至12月上中旬,当外界气温还较高时(温棚内地温也较高),发病率在11.7%～21.7%,为发生的一个高峰期;3月至5月盛果期为又一发病高峰期。
影响日光温室辣椒疫病的主要因素包括:品种抗病性差异、土壤菌源量、温室土壤地温和温湿度、灌溉方式、生态管理措施。辣椒疫病的发生与温湿度的关系最为密切,病菌生长发育适温30℃,最高温38℃,最低温8℃,田间温度25～30℃、相对湿度＞85%时发病重。试验研究表明虽经大水漫灌,陇椒1号、陇椒2号发病率分别为6.07%、0.36～1.71%,而佳木斯的发病率为16.20～19.29%,品种间抗病性差异还是很明显。滴灌由于可以控制浇水量,减低温室内的湿度发病率在6.7%～8%;而漫灌没法控制浇水量,往往使温室湿度增大,加重病害的发生和蔓延,发病率在16.2%～23.1%。合理的轮作倒茬不仅可以为土壤提供更多的肥力,改善土壤理化性质,还可以降低病原菌的数量,减少病害的发生。因此在实践中,采用高垄栽培、大沟覆草、后墙张挂反光幕、安装滴灌等生态措施,控制浇水,严防棚内湿度过高。
试验以辣椒不同类型的变种作为砧木,对辣椒嫁接方法、嫁接成活率、不同砧穗组合嫁接后的生长发育情况、防病效果以及嫁接后对产量和品质的影响等方面作了研究。说明生产上采用辣椒嫁接栽培具有可行性,嫁接栽培可以成为克服温室辣椒连作障碍的有效途径。
试验结果表明当砧木长到片6～8真叶,接穗长到5～7片真叶,半木质化,茎粗2～3mm开始嫁接,接穗与砧木的共生亲和性良好,嫁接成活率较高达到85%以上。不同类型的砧木虽对辣椒生长发育产生了不同的影响,但总的来说,嫁接改善了植株的生长势,嫁接后辣椒的株高、株幅、大权高、径粗、已采果数都随着时间的延长比对照有所增加,开花期提前6—7d,采果期提前了3—4d。大多数嫁接处理的病情发展程度(综合发病)比对照轻,同期病情指数均低于对照,而自根苗随着生长期的延长,发病程度逐渐增加。
通过产量分析发现,前期产量A3D3、A3D2、A3D4、A3D1之间前期产量差异不显著、CK2、CK1之间前期产量差异不显著。只有A3D3与CK2、CK1之间前期产量差异显著,而且与CK1之间前期产量差异极显著。总产量各处理之间差异不显著,但与CK2、CK1差异显著,而且A3D2、A3D3、A3D1与CK1之间差异极显著。其中CK2、CK1之间差异不显著。嫁接辣椒与自根辣椒相比,果实外观和内在品质无显著差异,但有些处理还不同程度高于对照。
通过本试验研究,通过劈接法利用抗病砧木嫁接辣椒是防治辣椒疫病的一种非常有效的方法.对提高产量和辣椒果实的品质都有积极的作用。这项防病增产技术在生产上大面积推广应用前景很大,简单实用,容易掌握,但最重要的是要筛选出适宜当地温室的嫁接砧木,这种砧木不仅要与辣椒的亲合性好,抗病性强,而且要种子易得、植株根系发达、生长旺盛.嫁接后还要对辣椒品质无不良影响,这样才能满足生产的要求。为使嫁接防病增产技术在生产上能大面积的推广应用,需对嫁接砧木进行更深入的研究,以提高辣椒嫁接苗的成活率、抗病性、抗逆性和砧穗组合的丰产性。还要配套适宜当地日光温室辣椒嫁接的技术规程。
Greenhouse crop production has become the important part of sustainable development of our agriculture industry. Baiyin city is located in the central region of Gansu province with adequate sunshine and temperature, suitable for developing energy-saving greenhouse production. Its greenhouse area had reached 4784.3hm2 until the year of 2004 with total yield up to 350,000 tones. Greenhouse vegetable production has become the real pillar industry of Baiyin city, greatly enriching the vegetable baskets of the residents in Baiyin city as well as in northwest provinces or cities.
Chili pepper is one of the important cultivated crops in greenhouses of Baiyin city with annual area of about 133 hm~2 and yield of 80,000 tones. It is mainly planted in three periods: 1. planted in late autumn and harvested in winter and spring; 2. planted in early spring; 3. planted in autumn and harvested around the year. Due to its huge yield and top quality, it boasts high reputation in Gansu and surrounding provinces. The sustainable development of chili pepper is increasingly affected by the soil-born diseases such as Phytophthora blight, Fusarium wilt, Phytophthora root rot, etc. In the study, the survey on the occurrence of Phytophthora blight was carried out at more than 20 villages of 8 townships in Baiyin and Pingchuan districts of Baiyin city. The incidence, development and affecting factors of Phytophthora blight were gotten to provide the scientific evidences for control of the disease.
Through symptom observation in the fields, culture of separated pathogens on PDA in laboratory and trapping spores from cucumber plants, the pathogen, Phytophthora capsici Leonian, infecting chili pepper plants in Baiyin, was investigated. Phytophthora blight occurred at Jingyuan and Jingtai counties, Baiyin and Pingchuan districts of Baiyin city. The average incidence was 15—30% (partly more than 30%) with severity of 3～5 degrees. According to the survey and observation at the fixed sites at Pingbu and Dongwan townships, the disease began to occur soon after planting chili pepper in autumn, reaching its first occurrence peak with the incidence of 11.7%～21.7% from late November to early-medium December when the temperature in / out of greenhouse was still high; its second occurrence peak turned up from March to May when chili pepper was in the stage of high yield.
The key pathogenic factors affecting the occurrence of Phytophthora blight of greenhouse chili pepper included the differences of cultivars' resistance to disease, pathogen amount in soil, soil temperature, air temperature and humidity, irrigation methods and ecological management measures. The occurrence of Phytophthora blight was closely related with the temperature and humidity. The pathogen grew in the temperature range from 8℃to 38℃, and its optimal development temperature was 30℃When the field temperature reached 25～30℃as well as relative humidity surpassed 85%, Phytophthora blight occurred severely. In the study, it was showed that with flood irrigation the ratios of the diseased plants of Longjiaol and Longjiao2 were 6.07% and 0.36～1.71% respectively, and that of Jiamusi chili pepper was 16.20～19.29%, therefore there existed distinct differences of resistance to Phytophthora blight among chili pepper cultivars. Drip irrigation could control the irrigation amount efficiently, decreasing greenhouse humidity and the incidence of Phytophthora blight to 6.7%～8%; flood irrigation could not control the irrigation amount, increasing greenhouse humidity and the incidence of Phytophthora blight to 16.2%～23.1%. Rational crop rotation could not only improve soil's fertility and soil's physical -chemical property, but also reduce the pathogen population and the occurrence of Phytophthora blight. Therefore in practice, the following ecological measures were adopted to control irrigation amount and lower greenhouse humidity: establishing high cultivation ridges, covering the larger furrows with crop straw, hanging light-reflecting curtain on the rear wall of greenhouse, using drip irrigation, etc.
Different types of chili pepper variations were used as the rootstock. The grafting methods, the survival ratio of grafted unions, growth and development of grafted unions of different rootstock-scions' combinations, disease -controlling effects, impact of grafting on crop yield and quality, etc, were investigated to prove the feasibility of production of grated chili pepper, and to demonstrate that grafting cultivation could become an effective approach of overcoming the physiological disturbance of greenhouse chili pepper planted in the same field for several years.
The experiment results showed that when stocking pepper and scioning pepper had 6～8 true leaves and 5～7 true leaves respectively with semi-lignified stem of 2～3mm in diameter, the grafting was carried out, which facilitated the intergrowth compatibility of grafted unions and their survival ratio was above 85%. Thought different types of rootstocks produced the different impact on chili pepper plants' growth, but in general grafting improved plants' growth vigor. After grafting, plant height plant width, the height of first key branch, stem diameter and the number of harvested peppers were increased compared with those of check treatments, and furthermore the flowering date was advanced by 6～7 days and the harvesting date by 3-4 days. The disease severity and the incidence indexes of most grafted plants were lower than those of check plants. The disease severity of self-rooted chili pepper plants was increasing following plants' growth.
Based on the yield analysis, the early yield differences among A3D3, A3D2, A3D4 and A3D1, and that between CK2 and CK1 did not reach the significant level; the early yield difference between A3D3 and CK2 reached significant level, and that between A3D3 and CK1 turned out to be extremely significant. The total yield differences among four treatments did not reach significant level, but reached significant level compared with those of CK2 and CK1; furthermore the total yield differences among A3D2. A3D3, A3D1 and CK1 reached extremely significant level; that between CK2 and CK1 did not reach significant level. There were no evident differences on fruit appearance and internal quality between fruits from grafted chili pepper plants and self-rooted plants, but some treatments' results were better than those of check plants to some extent.
According to the experiments, it was concluded that grafting chili pepper with disease - resistant rootstock by splitting method was a very effective approach to control Phytophthora blight, and played a positive role in increasing chili pepper yield and quality. The disease-controlling and yield-increasing technique was easy to learn and simple to practice, and exhibited bright prospect for being extended in larger area. The most important point was selection of the suitable rootstock for greenhouse chili pepper. The rootstock should possess the following properties: good compatibility with chili pepper cultivar, high resistance to diseases, easy access to the seed, larger root system, strong growth vigor and no negative impact on chili pepper quality. In order to apply the grafting technique in a larger area, the further studies need to be conducted to increase the survival ratio, resistance to diseases and stress and high yielding of grafted unions. The technical operation program suitable for local greenhouse conditions also needs establishing.
引文
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