不同气象条件下太湖底泥再悬浮和水温的模拟研究
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摘要
底泥再悬浮和水温对太湖蓝藻暴发具有重要的生态学意义,而已有的研究多数集中在水槽实验和个别站点的非连续性观测分析,迄今为止,基于实际变化的气象场驱动下底泥再悬浮和水温的时空分布模拟较为鲜见。本文采用中尺度天气研究和预报模式(WRF)提供初始气象场、第三代近岸波浪模型(SWAN)提供初始波浪场,基于非结构有限体积近海海洋模型(FVCOM),对不同气象条件下太湖底泥再悬浮和水温进行了模拟研究,并分析了与底泥再悬浮密切相关的真光层深度的影响因子。主要结论概括如下：
(1)首先,利用多年平均风速和不同风向驱动FVCOM模式得到16个不同风向下太湖风生流的辐合辐散和垂直运动场,通过统计分析发现风场驱动下流场的辐合和下沉运动与太湖底泥的空间分布有密切关系。
(2)其次,在实际气象场(温、压、湿、风等)和波浪场驱动下,FVCOM模式对底泥再悬浮的空间模拟结果与卫星反演结果吻合较好,较以往的研究有较大改进。在此基础上,对四种不同风向条件下太湖底泥再悬浮进行了敏感性实验,发现在相同的风速下除了主导风向(东南风和西北风)对太湖底泥再悬浮有重要的作用外,非主导风向(东北风和西南风)对底泥再悬浮也有着不可忽视的作用；在不同的风向条件下,湖心区和西南湖区的悬浮物浓度总是比较大,原因主要是由于湖心区虽然底泥厚度小,但其流场分布总是有利于周围的悬浮物向湖心区输送所致；而在西南湖区,本身就存在较厚的底泥,在波浪和湖流的作用下底泥容易再悬浮。
(3)再次,对与太湖底泥再悬浮密切相关的吸收系数、散射系数以及太阳高度角对真光层深度的影响进行了深入的研究,首次从理论上得到了这三者对真光层深度的影响关系,并得到了太湖实测站点观测数据的验证。具体为：散射系数与吸收系数的比(b/a)值的大小是决定太阳高度角对真光层深度影响的关键因子,当b/a_>15时,太阳高度角对真光层深度的影响较小,基本可以忽略；而太阳高度角在10～70°之间变化时,真光层深度的变化幅度较大。
(4)最后,通过中尺度WRF模式提供的气象场并考虑波浪的作用,利用优化后的FVCOM模式对太湖的水温进行了模拟研究,得到了水温的连续空间变化和上下层温差的空间分布,并利用单站实测水温进行了验证；在此基础上通过改变风速、气温、蒸发、短波辐射和增加降水对太湖上下层水温差的影响因子进行了敏感性实验,结果表明风速和太阳短波辐射是影响上下层温差的主要气象因子。
The sediment resuspension and water temperature have important ecological significance on the outbreak of algal blooms in Taihu Lake, but recent studies have mainly concentrated on the flume experiments and individual site observation analysis, whereas the continuous temporal and spatial distribution driven by the real meteorological conditions has been scarcely studied. In this paper, with initial fields provided by Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) and Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) model respectively, the spatial distributions of sediment resuspension and water temperature in Taihu Lake were simulated under different meteorological conditions by using Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM). Meanwhile, the impact factors of the euphotic depth which are closely related to the sediment resuspension were also discussed. The major results are summarized as follows:
(1) Firstly, the distributions of convergence and subsidence regions driven by the wind fields are closely related to the spatial distribution of sediment in Taihu Lake, deriving from statistic analysis on 16 current fields simulated by FVCOM model which is driven by annual average wind speed and specified different wind directions.
(2) Secondly, under the real meteorological conditions (temperature, pressure, humidity, wind etc.) and the wave action, the simulation result of the sediment resuspension by the FVCOM model is in agreement with the satellite retrieval result, which has a greater improvement than the previous studies. In addition, the sensitivity experiments show that at the same wind speed, not only the dominant winds (northwest and southeast wind directions) play an important role in the sediment resuspension, meanwhile, but also the effect of the non-dominant winds (northeast and southwest wind directions) cannot be ignored. Under different wind conditions, the sediment concentration is always larger in the center and southwest of Taihu Lake due to the fact that although the sediment thickness is small in the center, the flow fields are helpful for the surrounding suspended solids to transport to the central area, while the sediment is thick in the southwest where it is easier to be resuspended by the wave and current.
(3) Thirdly, investigation is also conducted on the effects of the absorption and scattering coefficients, which are closely related to the sediment concentration, as well as the solar elevation angle on the euphotic depth. The theoretical relationship among them, which is validated by the point observation data, is revealed as follows:the ratio of scattering to absorption coefficients (b/a) is the key factor to determine the extent of the solar elevation angle impacting on the euphotic depth, which would be smaller or even be neglected if the ratio (b/a) is reaching to 15 or larger. The change of euphotic depth is larger when the solar elevation angle varied between 10 to 70°.
(4) Finally, driven by the simulated meteorological and wave data, the water temperature and the vertical temperature difference were simulated by the optimized FVCOM model in Taihu Lake, which was verified by the in situ data. Based on the above, the sensitivity experiments of vertical temperature difference to the wind speed, temperature, evaporation, solar radiation and precipitation were also conducted. The results show that the wind speed and solar radiation are the main meteorological factors affecting the vertical temperature difference in the lake.
(1)首先,利用多年平均风速和不同风向驱动FVCOM模式得到16个不同风向下太湖风生流的辐合辐散和垂直运动场,通过统计分析发现风场驱动下流场的辐合和下沉运动与太湖底泥的空间分布有密切关系。
(2)其次,在实际气象场(温、压、湿、风等)和波浪场驱动下,FVCOM模式对底泥再悬浮的空间模拟结果与卫星反演结果吻合较好,较以往的研究有较大改进。在此基础上,对四种不同风向条件下太湖底泥再悬浮进行了敏感性实验,发现在相同的风速下除了主导风向(东南风和西北风)对太湖底泥再悬浮有重要的作用外,非主导风向(东北风和西南风)对底泥再悬浮也有着不可忽视的作用；在不同的风向条件下,湖心区和西南湖区的悬浮物浓度总是比较大,原因主要是由于湖心区虽然底泥厚度小,但其流场分布总是有利于周围的悬浮物向湖心区输送所致；而在西南湖区,本身就存在较厚的底泥,在波浪和湖流的作用下底泥容易再悬浮。
(3)再次,对与太湖底泥再悬浮密切相关的吸收系数、散射系数以及太阳高度角对真光层深度的影响进行了深入的研究,首次从理论上得到了这三者对真光层深度的影响关系,并得到了太湖实测站点观测数据的验证。具体为：散射系数与吸收系数的比(b/a)值的大小是决定太阳高度角对真光层深度影响的关键因子,当b/a_>15时,太阳高度角对真光层深度的影响较小,基本可以忽略；而太阳高度角在10～70°之间变化时,真光层深度的变化幅度较大。
(4)最后,通过中尺度WRF模式提供的气象场并考虑波浪的作用,利用优化后的FVCOM模式对太湖的水温进行了模拟研究,得到了水温的连续空间变化和上下层温差的空间分布,并利用单站实测水温进行了验证；在此基础上通过改变风速、气温、蒸发、短波辐射和增加降水对太湖上下层水温差的影响因子进行了敏感性实验,结果表明风速和太阳短波辐射是影响上下层温差的主要气象因子。
The sediment resuspension and water temperature have important ecological significance on the outbreak of algal blooms in Taihu Lake, but recent studies have mainly concentrated on the flume experiments and individual site observation analysis, whereas the continuous temporal and spatial distribution driven by the real meteorological conditions has been scarcely studied. In this paper, with initial fields provided by Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) and Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) model respectively, the spatial distributions of sediment resuspension and water temperature in Taihu Lake were simulated under different meteorological conditions by using Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM). Meanwhile, the impact factors of the euphotic depth which are closely related to the sediment resuspension were also discussed. The major results are summarized as follows:
(1) Firstly, the distributions of convergence and subsidence regions driven by the wind fields are closely related to the spatial distribution of sediment in Taihu Lake, deriving from statistic analysis on 16 current fields simulated by FVCOM model which is driven by annual average wind speed and specified different wind directions.
(2) Secondly, under the real meteorological conditions (temperature, pressure, humidity, wind etc.) and the wave action, the simulation result of the sediment resuspension by the FVCOM model is in agreement with the satellite retrieval result, which has a greater improvement than the previous studies. In addition, the sensitivity experiments show that at the same wind speed, not only the dominant winds (northwest and southeast wind directions) play an important role in the sediment resuspension, meanwhile, but also the effect of the non-dominant winds (northeast and southwest wind directions) cannot be ignored. Under different wind conditions, the sediment concentration is always larger in the center and southwest of Taihu Lake due to the fact that although the sediment thickness is small in the center, the flow fields are helpful for the surrounding suspended solids to transport to the central area, while the sediment is thick in the southwest where it is easier to be resuspended by the wave and current.
(3) Thirdly, investigation is also conducted on the effects of the absorption and scattering coefficients, which are closely related to the sediment concentration, as well as the solar elevation angle on the euphotic depth. The theoretical relationship among them, which is validated by the point observation data, is revealed as follows:the ratio of scattering to absorption coefficients (b/a) is the key factor to determine the extent of the solar elevation angle impacting on the euphotic depth, which would be smaller or even be neglected if the ratio (b/a) is reaching to 15 or larger. The change of euphotic depth is larger when the solar elevation angle varied between 10 to 70°.
(4) Finally, driven by the simulated meteorological and wave data, the water temperature and the vertical temperature difference were simulated by the optimized FVCOM model in Taihu Lake, which was verified by the in situ data. Based on the above, the sensitivity experiments of vertical temperature difference to the wind speed, temperature, evaporation, solar radiation and precipitation were also conducted. The results show that the wind speed and solar radiation are the main meteorological factors affecting the vertical temperature difference in the lake.
引文
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