三峡地区小流域氮循环及其对水体氮含量的影响
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摘要
氮是自然界中普遍存在的一种元素,也是重要的生源要素。随着人类活动的不断加剧,氮的生物化学循环受到了严重干扰。化学肥料的广泛施用,加速了氮在农田内的积累,进而影响到自然水体。世界各国正在探寻提高氮利用率和减少损失以缓解环境压力的途径。从小流域尺度上对三峡地区氮循环及其氮素在水体中的含量和迁移进行研究,对加强水资源管理、改善流域生态环境和保持可持续发展有重要的意义。
本研究运用多学科知识,结合实地调查、定位监测、小区实验和故障树风险评价等方法和手段,探讨了流域农户氮循环特征,揭示了氮在地表径流、大气沉降、淋失等环节的含量规律和变异特征。初步明确了流域氮流失的主要原因,并针对性地提出了氮流失控制的建议和对策。得出的主要研究结果如下：
1.流域农户氮循环
从流域“农户”的角度出发,研究小流域农户氮循环特征,结果表明：养殖型农户氮负荷主要是包括畜禽废弃物在内的生活排放氮,种植型农户氮负荷的主要来源是农田盈余氮。在氮循环的输入和输出环节中,对流域水环境构成潜在威胁的依次为农田盈余氮和生活排放氮。如果没有良好的防控措施,这些环节不仅会造成严重的氮流失,还会威胁到区域水环境质量。
2.流域水体氮含量及机理
1)小流域水体中可溶性硅、氮含量均高于三峡库区,可溶性磷含量则较低；但从营养盐含量水平分析,在气候条件适宜的情况下该流域水体有发生“水华”的潜在风险。2)NO3-N(硝态氮)是基流水体中氮的主要赋存形态,其含量表现出冬季>秋季>夏季>春季的季节性变化特征,且含量有随径流流量减少逐步增加的趋势。土地利用类型对水体NO3--N含量有明显的影响。3)在流域尺度上降雨是氮输出的主要控制因子,80%以上的氮输出负荷发生在4～9月份的雨季。控制降雨径流中的氮对减少流域氮输出有重要的意义。4)不同农作方式和种植方式对流域水土和氮流失有重要的影响。梯田和坡篱两种农作措施相对于坡地和撂荒地有更好的水土保持功能。而不同种植方式对氮素流失的影响具有较大的差异,种柑比种粮和种茶明显地减少了水土和氮素的流失。综合考虑本区域的经济和环境因素,坡篱农作方式结合种柑是该区域防治氮流失的最佳耕作措施,具有实际推广价值。5)耕地坡度也是氮素流失过程中一个不容忽视的因素。在新翻耕地中,水土和氮流失随着坡度的增加呈现出不断增大的趋势。因此,选择合理的农田坡度及适当的耕作方式和时机也是防止氮流失的重要措施。6)不同尺度施氮量对水体氮含量有一定的影响。研究发现200 m范围内施氮量与水体中氮含量相关性最好。在以划分子流域方式的研究中采用单位面积平均施氮量、在划分作用区方式的研究中采用作用区总施氮量能够更好地反映流域内施氮量与水体氮含量的关系。
3.流域氮沉降
该区域雨水中氮含量一般在1.5·2.5 mg·L-1,超出了水体富营养化的阈值,尤其是在干季；氮沉降量超出了脆弱陆地生态系统氮沉降量的临界值。在研究区内湿沉降量是主要的氮沉降方式,占到总沉降量的70%以上,NO3--N是主要赋存形态。
4.流域土壤氮淋溶
在自然降雨条件下对五种不同农业利用土壤NO3--N淋溶的研究表明,随土壤深度增加NO3--N淋溶量呈现不断减少的趋势,但浓度却随深度的增加而增加,所以,在60 cm处淋失量仍保持在一个较高的水平。另外,施肥季节是NO3--N淋溶量最大的时期,掌握施肥量和施肥时机是能否有效控制NO3--N淋溶的关键。NO3--N淋溶量大小顺序为：种粮地>种柑地>林地,因此,适当调节用地结构能够有效地减少土壤NO3--N淋溶。
5.流域氮流失风险评价
采用故障树分析方法,对张家冲流域氮流失风险进行了定量与定性评价,得出该流域氮流失风险概率为0.41,存在较大的流失风险,造成氮流失的主要因素有农田氮盈余、生活污水排放和畜禽养殖等。利用最佳管理模式的调整结果表明,减少氮肥施用量、增加植被覆盖、建立坡篱和植被隔离带等措施可以有效地降低氮流失发生的几率。
在三峡地区,氮流失一般伴随着高施肥量、高降雨量和高径流量。因此,提高氮肥利用率；根据水体氮流失的季节性变化,选择适当措施适时拦截、阻断氮的流失；建立污染监测的长效机制,加大农村面源污染防控预测等将对三峡地区氮污染的防治和三峡库区水质保护具有重要的意义。
Nitrogen is a ubiquitous biogenic element and widely distributed in the nature. The biochemical cycling of nitrogen has being severely challenged and significantly influences with intensive human activities. The extensive application of chemical fertilizers has greatly accelerated the nitrogen accumulation in the agro-ecological system that includes fields and water bodies. Approaches for improving nitrogen utilization ratio and reducing its losses, in order to ease the environmental pressure, have been explored all over the world. Investigating nitrogen cycle that includes nitrogen concentrations and migration in water at the watershed scale in the Three Gorges Area was the specific objective of this study.
Different approaches, such as field survey, long-term monitoring, plot experiment and probabilistic risk assessment were linked to explore the characteristics of nitrogen cycle and reveal the role of nitrogen concentrations and migration in surface runoff, atmospheric deposition and leaching. We identified the major influencing factors, and put forward the target-oriented proposal and countermeasures for nitrogen loss. The main results were as follow:
1) Farmer nitrogen cycling
An effort was made to study the N cycle on Farm scale level, the results showed that the nitrogen discharge by breading households was living source of nitrogen, whereas the nitrogen load of growing households was the farm surplus nitrogen. By linking the nitrogen cycling and budget, farm surplus nitrogen and living discharging nitrogen were the most export items being potential sources of pollution to environment. Without proper control measurements, this could lead to serious nitrogen loss, and thus a threat to regional water environment.
2) Nitrogen in water body
1) By using the method of fixed-pointed monitoring in streams of two small watersheds, the contents of dissolved silicon (DSi), dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved phosphorus (DP) were analyzed. DSi, DIN and DP concentrations in small watersheds were higher than in Three Gorge Reservoir.2) NO3--N was the major form of nitrogen in base-flow, seasonal variations of NO3--N concentrations presented that winter>autumn>summer>spring, the values shown a gradually increasing trend.3) Rainfall was the major promoting factor for nitrogen export at the watershed scale, and 80% of nitrogen export occurred from April to September.4) Concentrations of Various nitrogen forms varied along with different treatments during the rainfall process. Increasing trend was observed initially, followed by decrease, finally the trend was stabilized. Nitrogen losses were different among treatments, but dissoluble nitrogen and sediment nitrogen losses were almost 40% of total nitrogen losses in runoff. NO3--N and NH4+-N were the dominated forms of dissoluble nitrogen, more than 80%. Nitrogen losses varied evidently among different land use types. The loss of nitrogen in Terrace and slope-contour hedgerow cultivation practices were only 50% of nitrogen loss from slope farmland, which indicted that the two cultivation practices have certain interception function for soil water and nitrogen losses. In addition, the study also indicated there were better effects for water and nutrients retention by planting citrus than crop or tea tree. Therefore, base on environmental and economical consideration, the combination of slope-contour hedgerow and plant citrus cultivation practice was the best land use type.5) Slope gradient was found to be an important factor, especially in new-ploughed fields. Water, soil and nitrogen loss increased with the increase in slope gradient.6) The contributing zone approach showed a significantly correlation between total nitrogen application and nitrogen concentrations in stream water, especially the nitrogen applied within the area of 200 m of upstream contributing zones. The results indicated that both sub watershed and contributing zone approaches are feasible methods to study the characteristics and influencing factors of nutrients in surface water. Furthermore, the present studies will provide a basis for the theory and method to study the influence of agricultural pollutants on stream water in some small watersheds.
3) Nitrogen deposition
In this paper, nitrogen deposition was also considered, where wet deposition was found to be a main form of nitrogen deposition, accounts for more than 70% of the total. Generally nitrogen concentrations in rain water were 1.5～2.5 mg·L-1, and exceeded the threshold value for water eutrophication, especially in the dry season. The nitrogen deposition amount went beyond the critical value for feeble terrestrial ecosystem; thereby the effect on agricultural production cannot be ignored.
4) Nitrogen leaching
In natural rainfall conditions, NO3--N leaching was studied in five different land use types. NO3--N leaching shown a declining trend with the soil depth, but the values maintained at a high level. In addition, fertilizer season was also the period with the largest NO3--N leaching, reasonably arrange fertilizer application rates and timing whether was a key issue for effective control NO3--N leaching. NO3--N leaching in different land use types presented that field>orchard>forest. Thereupon properly adjusting land use structures can effectively reduce the NO3--N leaching.
5) Assessment of nitrogen loss risk
The probability of occurrence for nitrogen loss in Zhangjiachong watershed was evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively by fault tree analysis. The results showed that the risk of nitrogen loss was mainly related to farm surplus nitrogen, living discharging nitrogen and livestock breed. Assessment results of the best management practices indicated that alternative practices (reduce fertilization, increase vegetation cover, install more riparian buffer along streams) can reduce the probability of occurrence for nitrogen loss.
Conclusively, in the Three Gorges Area, higher nitrogen loss occurred coinciding with fertilizer application, greater precipitation, and higher stream flow. Some measures (e.g. Improve nitrogen use efficiency; understand seasonal variation of nitrogen loss and timely interception; find nitrogen sources and block these pathways; establish the long-term monitoring mechanism and increase rural diffuse pollution control) are important for nitrogen pollution prevention in the Three Gorges Area.
本研究运用多学科知识,结合实地调查、定位监测、小区实验和故障树风险评价等方法和手段,探讨了流域农户氮循环特征,揭示了氮在地表径流、大气沉降、淋失等环节的含量规律和变异特征。初步明确了流域氮流失的主要原因,并针对性地提出了氮流失控制的建议和对策。得出的主要研究结果如下：
1.流域农户氮循环
从流域“农户”的角度出发,研究小流域农户氮循环特征,结果表明：养殖型农户氮负荷主要是包括畜禽废弃物在内的生活排放氮,种植型农户氮负荷的主要来源是农田盈余氮。在氮循环的输入和输出环节中,对流域水环境构成潜在威胁的依次为农田盈余氮和生活排放氮。如果没有良好的防控措施,这些环节不仅会造成严重的氮流失,还会威胁到区域水环境质量。
2.流域水体氮含量及机理
1)小流域水体中可溶性硅、氮含量均高于三峡库区,可溶性磷含量则较低；但从营养盐含量水平分析,在气候条件适宜的情况下该流域水体有发生“水华”的潜在风险。2)NO3-N(硝态氮)是基流水体中氮的主要赋存形态,其含量表现出冬季>秋季>夏季>春季的季节性变化特征,且含量有随径流流量减少逐步增加的趋势。土地利用类型对水体NO3--N含量有明显的影响。3)在流域尺度上降雨是氮输出的主要控制因子,80%以上的氮输出负荷发生在4～9月份的雨季。控制降雨径流中的氮对减少流域氮输出有重要的意义。4)不同农作方式和种植方式对流域水土和氮流失有重要的影响。梯田和坡篱两种农作措施相对于坡地和撂荒地有更好的水土保持功能。而不同种植方式对氮素流失的影响具有较大的差异,种柑比种粮和种茶明显地减少了水土和氮素的流失。综合考虑本区域的经济和环境因素,坡篱农作方式结合种柑是该区域防治氮流失的最佳耕作措施,具有实际推广价值。5)耕地坡度也是氮素流失过程中一个不容忽视的因素。在新翻耕地中,水土和氮流失随着坡度的增加呈现出不断增大的趋势。因此,选择合理的农田坡度及适当的耕作方式和时机也是防止氮流失的重要措施。6)不同尺度施氮量对水体氮含量有一定的影响。研究发现200 m范围内施氮量与水体中氮含量相关性最好。在以划分子流域方式的研究中采用单位面积平均施氮量、在划分作用区方式的研究中采用作用区总施氮量能够更好地反映流域内施氮量与水体氮含量的关系。
3.流域氮沉降
该区域雨水中氮含量一般在1.5·2.5 mg·L-1,超出了水体富营养化的阈值,尤其是在干季；氮沉降量超出了脆弱陆地生态系统氮沉降量的临界值。在研究区内湿沉降量是主要的氮沉降方式,占到总沉降量的70%以上,NO3--N是主要赋存形态。
4.流域土壤氮淋溶
在自然降雨条件下对五种不同农业利用土壤NO3--N淋溶的研究表明,随土壤深度增加NO3--N淋溶量呈现不断减少的趋势,但浓度却随深度的增加而增加,所以,在60 cm处淋失量仍保持在一个较高的水平。另外,施肥季节是NO3--N淋溶量最大的时期,掌握施肥量和施肥时机是能否有效控制NO3--N淋溶的关键。NO3--N淋溶量大小顺序为：种粮地>种柑地>林地,因此,适当调节用地结构能够有效地减少土壤NO3--N淋溶。
5.流域氮流失风险评价
采用故障树分析方法,对张家冲流域氮流失风险进行了定量与定性评价,得出该流域氮流失风险概率为0.41,存在较大的流失风险,造成氮流失的主要因素有农田氮盈余、生活污水排放和畜禽养殖等。利用最佳管理模式的调整结果表明,减少氮肥施用量、增加植被覆盖、建立坡篱和植被隔离带等措施可以有效地降低氮流失发生的几率。
在三峡地区,氮流失一般伴随着高施肥量、高降雨量和高径流量。因此,提高氮肥利用率；根据水体氮流失的季节性变化,选择适当措施适时拦截、阻断氮的流失；建立污染监测的长效机制,加大农村面源污染防控预测等将对三峡地区氮污染的防治和三峡库区水质保护具有重要的意义。
Nitrogen is a ubiquitous biogenic element and widely distributed in the nature. The biochemical cycling of nitrogen has being severely challenged and significantly influences with intensive human activities. The extensive application of chemical fertilizers has greatly accelerated the nitrogen accumulation in the agro-ecological system that includes fields and water bodies. Approaches for improving nitrogen utilization ratio and reducing its losses, in order to ease the environmental pressure, have been explored all over the world. Investigating nitrogen cycle that includes nitrogen concentrations and migration in water at the watershed scale in the Three Gorges Area was the specific objective of this study.
Different approaches, such as field survey, long-term monitoring, plot experiment and probabilistic risk assessment were linked to explore the characteristics of nitrogen cycle and reveal the role of nitrogen concentrations and migration in surface runoff, atmospheric deposition and leaching. We identified the major influencing factors, and put forward the target-oriented proposal and countermeasures for nitrogen loss. The main results were as follow:
1) Farmer nitrogen cycling
An effort was made to study the N cycle on Farm scale level, the results showed that the nitrogen discharge by breading households was living source of nitrogen, whereas the nitrogen load of growing households was the farm surplus nitrogen. By linking the nitrogen cycling and budget, farm surplus nitrogen and living discharging nitrogen were the most export items being potential sources of pollution to environment. Without proper control measurements, this could lead to serious nitrogen loss, and thus a threat to regional water environment.
2) Nitrogen in water body
1) By using the method of fixed-pointed monitoring in streams of two small watersheds, the contents of dissolved silicon (DSi), dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved phosphorus (DP) were analyzed. DSi, DIN and DP concentrations in small watersheds were higher than in Three Gorge Reservoir.2) NO3--N was the major form of nitrogen in base-flow, seasonal variations of NO3--N concentrations presented that winter>autumn>summer>spring, the values shown a gradually increasing trend.3) Rainfall was the major promoting factor for nitrogen export at the watershed scale, and 80% of nitrogen export occurred from April to September.4) Concentrations of Various nitrogen forms varied along with different treatments during the rainfall process. Increasing trend was observed initially, followed by decrease, finally the trend was stabilized. Nitrogen losses were different among treatments, but dissoluble nitrogen and sediment nitrogen losses were almost 40% of total nitrogen losses in runoff. NO3--N and NH4+-N were the dominated forms of dissoluble nitrogen, more than 80%. Nitrogen losses varied evidently among different land use types. The loss of nitrogen in Terrace and slope-contour hedgerow cultivation practices were only 50% of nitrogen loss from slope farmland, which indicted that the two cultivation practices have certain interception function for soil water and nitrogen losses. In addition, the study also indicated there were better effects for water and nutrients retention by planting citrus than crop or tea tree. Therefore, base on environmental and economical consideration, the combination of slope-contour hedgerow and plant citrus cultivation practice was the best land use type.5) Slope gradient was found to be an important factor, especially in new-ploughed fields. Water, soil and nitrogen loss increased with the increase in slope gradient.6) The contributing zone approach showed a significantly correlation between total nitrogen application and nitrogen concentrations in stream water, especially the nitrogen applied within the area of 200 m of upstream contributing zones. The results indicated that both sub watershed and contributing zone approaches are feasible methods to study the characteristics and influencing factors of nutrients in surface water. Furthermore, the present studies will provide a basis for the theory and method to study the influence of agricultural pollutants on stream water in some small watersheds.
3) Nitrogen deposition
In this paper, nitrogen deposition was also considered, where wet deposition was found to be a main form of nitrogen deposition, accounts for more than 70% of the total. Generally nitrogen concentrations in rain water were 1.5～2.5 mg·L-1, and exceeded the threshold value for water eutrophication, especially in the dry season. The nitrogen deposition amount went beyond the critical value for feeble terrestrial ecosystem; thereby the effect on agricultural production cannot be ignored.
4) Nitrogen leaching
In natural rainfall conditions, NO3--N leaching was studied in five different land use types. NO3--N leaching shown a declining trend with the soil depth, but the values maintained at a high level. In addition, fertilizer season was also the period with the largest NO3--N leaching, reasonably arrange fertilizer application rates and timing whether was a key issue for effective control NO3--N leaching. NO3--N leaching in different land use types presented that field>orchard>forest. Thereupon properly adjusting land use structures can effectively reduce the NO3--N leaching.
5) Assessment of nitrogen loss risk
The probability of occurrence for nitrogen loss in Zhangjiachong watershed was evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively by fault tree analysis. The results showed that the risk of nitrogen loss was mainly related to farm surplus nitrogen, living discharging nitrogen and livestock breed. Assessment results of the best management practices indicated that alternative practices (reduce fertilization, increase vegetation cover, install more riparian buffer along streams) can reduce the probability of occurrence for nitrogen loss.
Conclusively, in the Three Gorges Area, higher nitrogen loss occurred coinciding with fertilizer application, greater precipitation, and higher stream flow. Some measures (e.g. Improve nitrogen use efficiency; understand seasonal variation of nitrogen loss and timely interception; find nitrogen sources and block these pathways; establish the long-term monitoring mechanism and increase rural diffuse pollution control) are important for nitrogen pollution prevention in the Three Gorges Area.
引文
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