虚拟社区秩序的生成机制研究
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摘要
秩序是人类永恒的话题。伴随互联网的广泛应用,虚拟社区为人们提供了一种全新的生活方式,对这种新的社会组织形式的管理已被各国政府和组织所重视。管理就是建立一种秩序。在学术界围绕如何加强虚拟社区秩序建设,形成了网络自治论和网络管制论两大对立派别。
正是在这样的实践和理论背景下,提出了研究命题,即在虚拟世界独特的生活空间内,其内在自律性秩序是如何生成的;外在他律性秩序又是如何植入的;社会怎样通过内生秩序与外生秩序的良性互动来达成虚拟社区完整秩序的建构。运用复杂性分析、规范分析、文献调研和案例分析等研究研究方法,对虚拟社区秩序的生成机制进行系统研究,旨在为虚拟社区治理奠定学理基础,为有关部门改进、健全和完善虚拟社区相关公共政策提供依据。
为了对虚拟社区秩序的生成机制进行系统研究,首先界定了相关概念、分析了虚拟社区秩序研究的不同理论视角与方法,提出了基于和谐共生的虚拟社区秩序生成机制的系统分析框架。从和谐共生视角来审视虚拟社区秩序的形成,虚拟社区秩序的生成在历时态上经历了一个分层演化过程,初期内生秩序占主导地位,随后外生秩序作用日渐上升;从共时态看,虚拟社区内外秩序同时并存,彼此耦合构成了虚拟社区整体秩序。
围绕虚拟社区秩序的系统架构,运用自组织理论、社会管制理论、治理理论和博弈理,分别对虚拟社区内生秩序、外生秩序、整体秩序的微观生成机理进行了深入研究。
为了揭示虚拟社区的内生秩序生成机制,以“天涯头条”的三个热门话题作为研究案例,采用模式匹配的方式连接数据与假设的形式,设计出了案例研究模式图。从网民策略性行动角度揭示了虚拟社区内生秩序生成过程和关键环节。虚拟社区内在规则的生成经历六步生成过程,其自组织性突出表现在四个关节点,而“拟序”的敏感条件、“引序”的意见领袖和“定序”的共识比率成为衡量虚拟社区系统有序程度的“序参量”。
由于虚拟社区具有自身无法克服的问题,需要国家采取管制措施、提供扩展秩序以弥补虚拟社区内在秩序的不足。为此以政府管制为理论基础,以世界现有虚拟社区管制模式为对象,以管制博弈为分析方法,研究了虚拟社区外在秩序的政府管制机制。研究表明虚拟社区管制存在仲裁式、直接干预式、仲裁与干预相结合式等三种不同模式,由管制博弈分析可以看出三种管制模式各有其特点;三种管制模式在世界不同国家都有所体现,不同国家的社会背景、价值取向等成为影响虚拟社区管制模式选择的决定因素。
不仅虚拟社区自治存在失灵,虚拟社区的政府管制也存在失灵的现象。虚拟社区治理的缘起就是因为虚拟社区政府管制的失灵存在,虚拟社区治理作为一种新型关系的管理方式促进着虚拟社区完整秩序的实现。关于虚拟社区治理的研究显示,网民、互联网企业、政府、互联网协会等行为主体构成了虚拟社区多元治理主体结构体系,其间存在“自下而上”与“自上而下”两种互动路径。虚拟社区多元治理主体的耦合互动,可以用虚拟社区治理的合作博弈模型及均衡来表达。虚拟社区治理进程中的博客实名制案例分析,证实了互联网治理主体间的“自下而上”与“自上而下”互动过程。
基于虚拟社区秩序生成机理的系统分析,提出了虚拟社区的协同管理策略。促进虚拟社区内部和谐的内控策略、推动虚拟社区外部和谐的管制能力提升策略、实现虚拟社区整体和谐的利益相关者合作策略共同建构起了自律、他律和互律三位一体的虚拟社区协同管理策略。
While Internet Society becomes representation with future significance in the nowadays, supply of virtual community order is the most significant social issue. However, understanding of social order generation exists dual-counter ideals of spontaneity and artificial. So supply of virtual community puts into troubles between self-regulation and governance.
Actually nation and society are supplying subjects of social order. Relation of nation and society goes through the process of syncretism, schism and blending. Both self-regulation and governance only present their roles and counter-relations of order supplying in the nation and society. Nation and society not only are schism relations but also exist coupling relation. Harmonious symbiosis totally shows relations of nation and society. On the point view of harmonious symbiosis in the nation and society, analysis of social order generation keeps going. Social order includes social inherent order, explicit order from national intervention, and the whole order coupling inherent orders and explicit order. Harmonious symbiosis of nation and society provides a framework generating virtual community order. Its characteristic is to integrate self-organization theory, regulation theory and governance for analysis virtual community order fully.
Virtual community as a self-organization system has the ability of self-generation. The article use“course-affair”method to analyze the cases. Therefore, rules of virtual community order generates as leader apprarence, formation of main topic,activists, comments’orgenization,carding comments, issue limition from notes,comments ensurance and unifying coeds.Its self-organization presents four points----sport guiding issue tendency, ornizational point of promoting contents collection,limited point of controlling issue wave and code point of unifying issues. These points without outer-intervention will play role by self. Conditions of“planning order”, comment leaders of“casue order”and the common rate become“the order parameter”of virtual community. Then it analyze genertive mechamisn and self-stabality of virtual community inherent order by game method.It consquents only equalium satuationof virtual community participators, which is the inherent stability of virtual community.
However virtual community has the problems not to overcome by itself. It needs national intervention to fetch up shortcoming of virtual community order. The article shows that regulation model of virtual community is the general activity order and typical shape containing specific aims direction, specific administrative organization and its course mode based on specific policy, economy, culture and society in the nations. Due to subjects of virtual community regulation acting on the point and strengthen for the objective by various means, they derive from three representative management models----up-bottom direct regulation, up-bottom plus third party indirect regulation and bottom-up plus third party inspecting model. Analysis of three models by game concludes their characteristic and benefit.
For failure of governance in virtual community, the inherent order and explicit order of virtual community need to be integrate so to be overall order by overcoming the shortages. Mechanism of synergetic governance presents two order coupling. Government, Internet enterprise and internet users consist of multi-subject system of virtual community regulation. They form two interact routine of“bottom-up”and“up-bottom”based on relevant benefit. Negotiating democracy shows the multi-governance of virtual community. By the ideas of cooperated game, combining the relations of different subjects in virtual community: government, internet enterprise, internet group and non-benefit organization generates a course mechanism. Based on this, they solve the problems of virtual community governance by dialog, negotiation, cooperation and participation.
System analysis of generative mechanism in virtual community provide the academic foundation of correspond strategy to promote virtual harmony. It advances the inner-harmony of virtual community, push the external harmony and reality overall harmony. The inner-control mechanism for inherent harmony of virtual community is combined by checking notes, sharing resources, monitoring language and confirming comments. The effective means of promoting explicit harmony in virtual community is to integrate relation of governance subject by solving department tendency, to adjust and reform governance means of virtual community by enhancing authorization, to ensure governance standard and authorization and rights. Governance strategy of overall harmony in virtual community depends on cultivating multi-governance subject, enhance collective identity of internet users, exploding participation in social governance and constructing co-participating model of fellow mechanism
正是在这样的实践和理论背景下,提出了研究命题,即在虚拟世界独特的生活空间内,其内在自律性秩序是如何生成的;外在他律性秩序又是如何植入的;社会怎样通过内生秩序与外生秩序的良性互动来达成虚拟社区完整秩序的建构。运用复杂性分析、规范分析、文献调研和案例分析等研究研究方法,对虚拟社区秩序的生成机制进行系统研究,旨在为虚拟社区治理奠定学理基础,为有关部门改进、健全和完善虚拟社区相关公共政策提供依据。
为了对虚拟社区秩序的生成机制进行系统研究,首先界定了相关概念、分析了虚拟社区秩序研究的不同理论视角与方法,提出了基于和谐共生的虚拟社区秩序生成机制的系统分析框架。从和谐共生视角来审视虚拟社区秩序的形成,虚拟社区秩序的生成在历时态上经历了一个分层演化过程,初期内生秩序占主导地位,随后外生秩序作用日渐上升;从共时态看,虚拟社区内外秩序同时并存,彼此耦合构成了虚拟社区整体秩序。
围绕虚拟社区秩序的系统架构,运用自组织理论、社会管制理论、治理理论和博弈理,分别对虚拟社区内生秩序、外生秩序、整体秩序的微观生成机理进行了深入研究。
为了揭示虚拟社区的内生秩序生成机制,以“天涯头条”的三个热门话题作为研究案例,采用模式匹配的方式连接数据与假设的形式,设计出了案例研究模式图。从网民策略性行动角度揭示了虚拟社区内生秩序生成过程和关键环节。虚拟社区内在规则的生成经历六步生成过程,其自组织性突出表现在四个关节点,而“拟序”的敏感条件、“引序”的意见领袖和“定序”的共识比率成为衡量虚拟社区系统有序程度的“序参量”。
由于虚拟社区具有自身无法克服的问题,需要国家采取管制措施、提供扩展秩序以弥补虚拟社区内在秩序的不足。为此以政府管制为理论基础,以世界现有虚拟社区管制模式为对象,以管制博弈为分析方法,研究了虚拟社区外在秩序的政府管制机制。研究表明虚拟社区管制存在仲裁式、直接干预式、仲裁与干预相结合式等三种不同模式,由管制博弈分析可以看出三种管制模式各有其特点;三种管制模式在世界不同国家都有所体现,不同国家的社会背景、价值取向等成为影响虚拟社区管制模式选择的决定因素。
不仅虚拟社区自治存在失灵,虚拟社区的政府管制也存在失灵的现象。虚拟社区治理的缘起就是因为虚拟社区政府管制的失灵存在,虚拟社区治理作为一种新型关系的管理方式促进着虚拟社区完整秩序的实现。关于虚拟社区治理的研究显示,网民、互联网企业、政府、互联网协会等行为主体构成了虚拟社区多元治理主体结构体系,其间存在“自下而上”与“自上而下”两种互动路径。虚拟社区多元治理主体的耦合互动,可以用虚拟社区治理的合作博弈模型及均衡来表达。虚拟社区治理进程中的博客实名制案例分析,证实了互联网治理主体间的“自下而上”与“自上而下”互动过程。
基于虚拟社区秩序生成机理的系统分析,提出了虚拟社区的协同管理策略。促进虚拟社区内部和谐的内控策略、推动虚拟社区外部和谐的管制能力提升策略、实现虚拟社区整体和谐的利益相关者合作策略共同建构起了自律、他律和互律三位一体的虚拟社区协同管理策略。
While Internet Society becomes representation with future significance in the nowadays, supply of virtual community order is the most significant social issue. However, understanding of social order generation exists dual-counter ideals of spontaneity and artificial. So supply of virtual community puts into troubles between self-regulation and governance.
Actually nation and society are supplying subjects of social order. Relation of nation and society goes through the process of syncretism, schism and blending. Both self-regulation and governance only present their roles and counter-relations of order supplying in the nation and society. Nation and society not only are schism relations but also exist coupling relation. Harmonious symbiosis totally shows relations of nation and society. On the point view of harmonious symbiosis in the nation and society, analysis of social order generation keeps going. Social order includes social inherent order, explicit order from national intervention, and the whole order coupling inherent orders and explicit order. Harmonious symbiosis of nation and society provides a framework generating virtual community order. Its characteristic is to integrate self-organization theory, regulation theory and governance for analysis virtual community order fully.
Virtual community as a self-organization system has the ability of self-generation. The article use“course-affair”method to analyze the cases. Therefore, rules of virtual community order generates as leader apprarence, formation of main topic,activists, comments’orgenization,carding comments, issue limition from notes,comments ensurance and unifying coeds.Its self-organization presents four points----sport guiding issue tendency, ornizational point of promoting contents collection,limited point of controlling issue wave and code point of unifying issues. These points without outer-intervention will play role by self. Conditions of“planning order”, comment leaders of“casue order”and the common rate become“the order parameter”of virtual community. Then it analyze genertive mechamisn and self-stabality of virtual community inherent order by game method.It consquents only equalium satuationof virtual community participators, which is the inherent stability of virtual community.
However virtual community has the problems not to overcome by itself. It needs national intervention to fetch up shortcoming of virtual community order. The article shows that regulation model of virtual community is the general activity order and typical shape containing specific aims direction, specific administrative organization and its course mode based on specific policy, economy, culture and society in the nations. Due to subjects of virtual community regulation acting on the point and strengthen for the objective by various means, they derive from three representative management models----up-bottom direct regulation, up-bottom plus third party indirect regulation and bottom-up plus third party inspecting model. Analysis of three models by game concludes their characteristic and benefit.
For failure of governance in virtual community, the inherent order and explicit order of virtual community need to be integrate so to be overall order by overcoming the shortages. Mechanism of synergetic governance presents two order coupling. Government, Internet enterprise and internet users consist of multi-subject system of virtual community regulation. They form two interact routine of“bottom-up”and“up-bottom”based on relevant benefit. Negotiating democracy shows the multi-governance of virtual community. By the ideas of cooperated game, combining the relations of different subjects in virtual community: government, internet enterprise, internet group and non-benefit organization generates a course mechanism. Based on this, they solve the problems of virtual community governance by dialog, negotiation, cooperation and participation.
System analysis of generative mechanism in virtual community provide the academic foundation of correspond strategy to promote virtual harmony. It advances the inner-harmony of virtual community, push the external harmony and reality overall harmony. The inner-control mechanism for inherent harmony of virtual community is combined by checking notes, sharing resources, monitoring language and confirming comments. The effective means of promoting explicit harmony in virtual community is to integrate relation of governance subject by solving department tendency, to adjust and reform governance means of virtual community by enhancing authorization, to ensure governance standard and authorization and rights. Governance strategy of overall harmony in virtual community depends on cultivating multi-governance subject, enhance collective identity of internet users, exploding participation in social governance and constructing co-participating model of fellow mechanism
引文
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68郭茂灿.虚拟社区中的规则及其服从——以天涯社区为例.社会学研究. 2004, (2): 105
69郭玉锦,王欢.网络社会学.北京:中国人民大学出版社, 2005: 258
70弗里德利希·冯·哈耶克著.自由秩序原理.三联书店. 1997: 190
71 Akindemowo O. The Role of Information Technology Law in Australian Internet Regulation. Macarthur Law Review. 1999, (3): 1
72范诘臣.从多国网路内容管制政策谈台湾网络规范努力方向.资讯社会研究. 2002, (2): 205~223
73陈建云.我国网络信息传播立法考察.当代传播. 2005, (4): 50~54
74钟瑛.我国互联网管理模式及其特征.南京邮电大学学报(社会科学版). 2006, (2): 33
75 Jovan Kurbalija , Eduardo Gelbstein.互联网治理.人民邮电出版社, 2005: 136
76唐魁玉.复杂性与数字化和谐社会的建构.南京社会科学. 2006, (10): 13~18
77张品良.论网络虚拟和谐社会的构建.理论学刊. 2006, (2): 71~73
78 Michael Hechter,Christine Horne.Theories of Social Oder:A Reader. Stanforde University Press. 2003: 221
79 Hedley Bull. The Anarchical Society:A Study in the Order of World Politics. Palgrave Macmillan. 1977: 3~4
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81克劳斯·迈因策尔.复杂性中的思维.中央编译局. 2000: 305~306
82 Hayek. Rules, Perception and Intelligibility, in Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics.Routledge&Kegan Paul Ltd. 1967: 56
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84 Plant, Robert.Online Communities.Technology in Society. 2004, (26): 51~65
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86 Balasubramanian S, Mahajan V. The Economic Leverage of the Virtual Community. Journal of Electronic Commerce. 2001, (3): 103~138
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90 Kettl, D. F.Sharing Power: Public Governance and Private arkets. Brookings Institution. 1993: 34
91 Salamon, L.M. Beyond Privatization the Tools of Government Action. Washington, D.C. Urban Institute Press. 1989: 87
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93 Freeman&Redd, Stockholders and Stakehoders: A New Perspective on Corporate Governance.California Management Review. 1983, (25): 67
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95 Grant, R. M. The Knowledge Based Theory of the Firm: Implication for Management Practice .Long Range Planning. 2004, (30): 374~384
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104陈伟东,李雪萍.社区自组织的要素与价值.江汉论坛. 2004, (3):115
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107段伟文.网络空间的伦理反思.江苏人民出版社, 2002: 175~261
108 Adams Michael.Norms, Standards, Rights.European Journal of Political Economy. 2006, (12): 363~375
109 Robert Axelrod.The Emergence of Corporation Among Egoists.The American Political Science Review. 1981, (2): 306~318
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111 Arrow,Kenneth, and Debrew,G. Existence of Equilibrium for a Competitive Economy. Ecomometrica. 1975, (22): 265~290
112 Doyle, C. Self-regulation and Statutory Regulation.Business Strategy Review. 2007, (3): 35~42
113 Richard Langois.Economics as A Process: Essays in the New Institutional Economics.Cambridge University Press.1986:128
114 Andrew Shotter.The Economic Theory of Social Institutions.Cambridge University Press.1981:65
115 Samelson P. The Pure Theory of Public Expenditures.The Review of Economics and Statistics. 1954, (36): 387~389
116 OECD.the OECD Report on Regulatory Reforn: Synthesis. 1997
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118任丙强.我国互联网内容管制的现状及存在的问题.理论探讨. 2007, (10): 33~36
119刘兵.关于中国互联网内容管制理论研究.北京邮电大学博士. 2007
120 Stevens W. TCP Slow Start,Congestion Avoidance,Fast Retransmit. and Fast Recovery Algorithms.RFC.2001:1997
121 Kandori M. Social Norms and Community Enforcement .Review of Economic Studies.2006 (59) :63~80
122 Lawrence S, Brak M, Larry L. TCP Vegas: End to end Congestion Avoidance on a global Internet .IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. 2007, (8): 1465~1480
123张磊.中国“国家内部网”模型与内容管制模式选择.财经研究. 2000, (9): 44~49
124王小东.信息时代的世界地图.中国人民大学出版社, 1997: 190
125迈克尔·麦金尼斯.多中心治理体制与地方公共经济.上海三联书店. 2000: 76
126张荣,曾凡斌.论虚拟社区的“治理”.江淮论坛. 2007, (1): 112~115
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128张国庆.现代公共政策导论.北京大学出版社, 1997
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131海峰,李必强,向佐春.管理集成论.中国软科学. 1999, (3): 86~94
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55刘永谋,夏学英.虚拟社区话语冲突研究——以天涯社区为例.长沙理工大学学报(社会科学版). 2006, (12): 56
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58陈彤旭,邓理峰. BBS议题的形成与衰变——对人民网强国论坛的个案研究.新闻与传播研究. 2002, (1): 13
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63 David G. Post. Anarchy, State, and the Internet: An Essay on Law-Making in Cyberspace Wayne L Rev. 2005, (20): 199
64 John T. Delacourt, The International Impact of Internet Regulation.Harvd Intl L J. 2006, (38): 207
65 John Parry Barlow, A Cyberspace Independence Declaration.U. Chi. L. Rev. 2007, (5): 99
66 Dan L. Burk, Federalism in Cyberspace.Conn L Rev. 2006, (28): 1095
67 Llewellyn J. Gibbons.No Regulation, Government Regulation, or Self- Regulation: Social Enforcement or Social Contracting for Governance in Cyberspace.Cornell J.L. & Pub. 1997: 475
68郭茂灿.虚拟社区中的规则及其服从——以天涯社区为例.社会学研究. 2004, (2): 105
69郭玉锦,王欢.网络社会学.北京:中国人民大学出版社, 2005: 258
70弗里德利希·冯·哈耶克著.自由秩序原理.三联书店. 1997: 190
71 Akindemowo O. The Role of Information Technology Law in Australian Internet Regulation. Macarthur Law Review. 1999, (3): 1
72范诘臣.从多国网路内容管制政策谈台湾网络规范努力方向.资讯社会研究. 2002, (2): 205~223
73陈建云.我国网络信息传播立法考察.当代传播. 2005, (4): 50~54
74钟瑛.我国互联网管理模式及其特征.南京邮电大学学报(社会科学版). 2006, (2): 33
75 Jovan Kurbalija , Eduardo Gelbstein.互联网治理.人民邮电出版社, 2005: 136
76唐魁玉.复杂性与数字化和谐社会的建构.南京社会科学. 2006, (10): 13~18
77张品良.论网络虚拟和谐社会的构建.理论学刊. 2006, (2): 71~73
78 Michael Hechter,Christine Horne.Theories of Social Oder:A Reader. Stanforde University Press. 2003: 221
79 Hedley Bull. The Anarchical Society:A Study in the Order of World Politics. Palgrave Macmillan. 1977: 3~4
80柯武刚,史漫飞.制度经济学—社会秩序与公共选择.商务印书馆出版2000: 174
81克劳斯·迈因策尔.复杂性中的思维.中央编译局. 2000: 305~306
82 Hayek. Rules, Perception and Intelligibility, in Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics.Routledge&Kegan Paul Ltd. 1967: 56
83 C. Mantzavinos. Individuals, Institutions, and Markets. Houndmills, U.K. and New York. 2001: 33
84 Plant, Robert.Online Communities.Technology in Society. 2004, (26): 51~65
85 Rothaermel F T, Sugiyama S. Virtual Internet Communities and Commercial Success: Individual and Community-Level Theory Grounded in the Atypical Case of Timezone. Journal of Management. 2001, (3): 297~312
86 Balasubramanian S, Mahajan V. The Economic Leverage of the Virtual Community. Journal of Electronic Commerce. 2001, (3): 103~138
87 Koh J, Kim Y G. Knowledge Sharing in Virtual Communities: an E-Business Perspective. Expert Systems With Applications. 2004, (26): 155~166
88史普博.管制与市场.上海人民出版社, 1999: 45
89 Hahn, Robert W. Regulation: Past, Present, and Future.Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy. 2004, (13): 90
90 Kettl, D. F.Sharing Power: Public Governance and Private arkets. Brookings Institution. 1993: 34
91 Salamon, L.M. Beyond Privatization the Tools of Government Action. Washington, D.C. Urban Institute Press. 1989: 87
92俞可平.治理和善治引论.政治学. 2000, (1): 42
93 Freeman&Redd, Stockholders and Stakehoders: A New Perspective on Corporate Governance.California Management Review. 1983, (25): 67
94沈洪成.论虚拟社区中的社会治理.齐齐哈尔大学学报(哲学社会科学版). 2008, (1): 79
95 Grant, R. M. The Knowledge Based Theory of the Firm: Implication for Management Practice .Long Range Planning. 2004, (30): 374~384
96 Dorigo M, Maniezzo V, Colorni A. Ant system: Optimization By A Colony of Cooperating Agenls .IEEE Trans on SMC. 2007, 26 (1): 28~41
97宋若思.市场失灵、政府失灵和志愿失灵.经济师. 2003, (6): 13
98席酉民,尚玉钒.和谐管理理论.中国人民大学出版社, 2002
99袁纯清.共生理论.经济科学出版社, 1998
100胡守钧.社会共生论.复旦大学出版社, 2006
101罗伯特·K·殷.案例研究设计与方法.重庆大学出版社, 2004: 10
102米歇尔·沃尔德勒.复杂.三联书店. 1997: 352
103埃利亚斯.文明的进程:第2卷.三联书店. 1999: 252
104陈伟东,李雪萍.社区自组织的要素与价值.江汉论坛. 2004, (3):115
105俞杰,张岚.领导者:社会自组织系统的“序参量”.新西部. 2007, (18): 199
106宋学锋,谢德明.浑沌经济学理论及其应用研究.中国矿业大学出版社, 1996: 32
107段伟文.网络空间的伦理反思.江苏人民出版社, 2002: 175~261
108 Adams Michael.Norms, Standards, Rights.European Journal of Political Economy. 2006, (12): 363~375
109 Robert Axelrod.The Emergence of Corporation Among Egoists.The American Political Science Review. 1981, (2): 306~318
110 Shotter.The Economic Theory of Social Institutions.Cambridge University. 1981: 27
111 Arrow,Kenneth, and Debrew,G. Existence of Equilibrium for a Competitive Economy. Ecomometrica. 1975, (22): 265~290
112 Doyle, C. Self-regulation and Statutory Regulation.Business Strategy Review. 2007, (3): 35~42
113 Richard Langois.Economics as A Process: Essays in the New Institutional Economics.Cambridge University Press.1986:128
114 Andrew Shotter.The Economic Theory of Social Institutions.Cambridge University Press.1981:65
115 Samelson P. The Pure Theory of Public Expenditures.The Review of Economics and Statistics. 1954, (36): 387~389
116 OECD.the OECD Report on Regulatory Reforn: Synthesis. 1997
117凯斯·桑坦斯.网络共和国.上海人民出版社, 2003: 99
118任丙强.我国互联网内容管制的现状及存在的问题.理论探讨. 2007, (10): 33~36
119刘兵.关于中国互联网内容管制理论研究.北京邮电大学博士. 2007
120 Stevens W. TCP Slow Start,Congestion Avoidance,Fast Retransmit. and Fast Recovery Algorithms.RFC.2001:1997
121 Kandori M. Social Norms and Community Enforcement .Review of Economic Studies.2006 (59) :63~80
122 Lawrence S, Brak M, Larry L. TCP Vegas: End to end Congestion Avoidance on a global Internet .IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. 2007, (8): 1465~1480
123张磊.中国“国家内部网”模型与内容管制模式选择.财经研究. 2000, (9): 44~49
124王小东.信息时代的世界地图.中国人民大学出版社, 1997: 190
125迈克尔·麦金尼斯.多中心治理体制与地方公共经济.上海三联书店. 2000: 76
126张荣,曾凡斌.论虚拟社区的“治理”.江淮论坛. 2007, (1): 112~115
127吴光芸.利益相关者合作逻辑下的我国城市社区治理结构.城市发展研究. 2007, (1): 26
128张国庆.现代公共政策导论.北京大学出版社, 1997
129沈原.社会的生产.社会. 2007, (2): 170
130余力,左美云.协同管理模式理论框架研究.中国人民大学学报. 2006, (3): 68~73
131海峰,李必强,向佐春.管理集成论.中国软科学. 1999, (3): 86~94
132曹堂哲.试论现代政府管制能力—缘起、内涵与中国的对策.国家行政学院学报. 2003, (3): 99
133 Bailey N.Partnership Agencies in British Urban Policy. UCL Press.1995:27