高温热泵技术及系统性能研究
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摘要
我国余热资源丰富，若能充分回收利用，则可显著提高能源利用效率，节省常规能源，缓解发展与能源之间的矛盾。余热利用主要有换热、高温热泵、发电三种利用方式。目前，由于高温热泵可以提升能源品位，并具有实施简单、技术相对较成熟等优势，因此受到人们的普遍关注。本文针对我国的余热资源的温区范围以及应用目的，研制了新型高温工质BY-3，通过理论计算、实验检测以及工程长期运行验证，确定其最佳运行温区，分析其运行性能，并对集中供热系统进行了经济、环境以及综合性能分析。
本文研制出高温双元混合工质BY-3。其运行参数适合于单级温升为60℃，高温热源温度在60-85℃的工况。计算中提出双元混合工质温度滑移的简单计算模型。并通过相平衡计算以及质量守恒计算理论分析了BY-3的泄漏对单位质量工质循环性能的影响，结果表明该双元混合工质的泄漏对其性能影响较小。之后，给出了双元混合工质泄漏时的简易补充方法。
通过实验检测以及工程运行验证了BY-3的循环性能。通过对BY-3热泵机组与其它机组的对比得出，该工质不宜用于夏季空调工况，在中温热泵工况时其COP与R22热泵机组相当，而在大温升、60-85℃供水温度的工况下， BY-3工质的排气温度低于105℃，排气压力低于1.98MPa，COP较高，利于机组安全、稳定的运行。工程实例验证的结果与实验值的吻合性较好。
对高温热泵集中供热工程进行经济性、环境性以及综合性能分析。经济性分析结果表明，当热泵COP=3时，系统的年运行费用与燃气锅炉系统持平，但比燃煤锅炉系统高约5%。当热泵COP>3时，与其他供热系统相比有明显的经济优势，其中当热泵COP=4时，热泵系统可以比燃煤锅炉系统节约10%左右的费用，而与燃气锅炉相比可以节约14%的运行费用；利用生命周期评价的方法对供热系统进行环境影响评价，结果表明当热泵机组COP>2.5时，与锅炉供热系统比较有较明显的环境效益。该方法覆盖从能源生产到消耗的整个过程中对环境的影响，并将权重方法、电力结构、标准化数据以及余热利用因素的影响考虑在内，可以更全面的分析系统的环境影响；基于生态效率的方法提出适合于集中供热系统的综合影响评价指标，结果表明，当热泵机组COP>3时，热泵供热系统的生态效率高于锅炉系统的。该方法可综合评价系统的经济性、环保性，并避免不同热源、形式、供热面积等因素的影响，可为供热系统方案选择提供参考。
There are many kinds of low temperature heat source in our country, which maycause the heat pollution and the energy waste. If they can be recycled by heatexchange, high temperature heat pump or electricity generation, then the energy useefficiency will be improved obviously. Being an energy-saving equipment with greatdevelopment potential, high temperature heat pump is becoming one of the researchhotspots in recent years.
In this paper, new refrigerant mixture BY-3is conducted. Theoretical andexperimental analysis is processed to find out the optimal operation temperature rangeand to analysis the operation performance. Combined with engineering operation, thestability and security of long term operation is tested. At last, the economicperformance, environmental performance and comprehensive performance is analysisfor the central heating system.
(1) A new refrigerant mixture BY-3was conducted based on the theoreticalcalculation, which is suitable for the situation of temperature difference between thelow temperature and high temperature heat source is about60℃and the condensingtemperature is between60-85℃. The temperature glide model of the mixturerefrigerants is built to offer the parameter for the unit design. The impact to theperformance of leakage is also analyzed using the phase equilibrium model and massequilibrium model, and the result shows that the leakage of BY-3impacts the specificmass performance little. A kind of mixture refrigerant supplement method is alsoproposed to solve the mixture refrigerant leakage problem.
(2) The BY-3performance is tested by the experiment and engineeringoperation. The comparing result shows that the BY-3is not suitable for theair-conditioning condition and equivalent to R22unit in moderate heat pumpcondition. However, the BY-3system has better performance in the high temperatureheat pump condition. It can produce85℃hot water when the low temperature is20℃with high efficiency. Under this condition, the discharge temperature is lowerthan105℃, and the refrigerant vapor pressure keeps lower than1.98Mpa. Theoperation results match the experimental results well, which shows the BY-3performance is suitable for the stability and security of the long term operation.
(3) The cost, environmental performance and comprehensive performance is putforward to compare the different heating systems. The cost analysis shows that, whenthe COP=3, the heat pump system cost almost the same money with gas boiler systembut higher than coal boiler heat system; when the COP>3, heat pump system savescost compared to boiler heat systems. For example, it saves10%and14%costcompared to the gas boiler heating system and coal boiler heating system respectivelywhen COP=4. The environmental performance analysis use the life cycle analysismethod, and the results show that when the COP>2.5, the heat pump system hasadvantage to the boiler heating systems. The comprehensive analysis is based on theeco-efficiency method, and the result shows that, if COP>3, the heat pump heatingsystem would have best comprehensive performance, i.e. it has lower cost and lessenvironmental impact than the other systems. This method can avoid the impact of theheating source, building area and so on.
本文研制出高温双元混合工质BY-3。其运行参数适合于单级温升为60℃，高温热源温度在60-85℃的工况。计算中提出双元混合工质温度滑移的简单计算模型。并通过相平衡计算以及质量守恒计算理论分析了BY-3的泄漏对单位质量工质循环性能的影响，结果表明该双元混合工质的泄漏对其性能影响较小。之后，给出了双元混合工质泄漏时的简易补充方法。
通过实验检测以及工程运行验证了BY-3的循环性能。通过对BY-3热泵机组与其它机组的对比得出，该工质不宜用于夏季空调工况，在中温热泵工况时其COP与R22热泵机组相当，而在大温升、60-85℃供水温度的工况下， BY-3工质的排气温度低于105℃，排气压力低于1.98MPa，COP较高，利于机组安全、稳定的运行。工程实例验证的结果与实验值的吻合性较好。
对高温热泵集中供热工程进行经济性、环境性以及综合性能分析。经济性分析结果表明，当热泵COP=3时，系统的年运行费用与燃气锅炉系统持平，但比燃煤锅炉系统高约5%。当热泵COP>3时，与其他供热系统相比有明显的经济优势，其中当热泵COP=4时，热泵系统可以比燃煤锅炉系统节约10%左右的费用，而与燃气锅炉相比可以节约14%的运行费用；利用生命周期评价的方法对供热系统进行环境影响评价，结果表明当热泵机组COP>2.5时，与锅炉供热系统比较有较明显的环境效益。该方法覆盖从能源生产到消耗的整个过程中对环境的影响，并将权重方法、电力结构、标准化数据以及余热利用因素的影响考虑在内，可以更全面的分析系统的环境影响；基于生态效率的方法提出适合于集中供热系统的综合影响评价指标，结果表明，当热泵机组COP>3时，热泵供热系统的生态效率高于锅炉系统的。该方法可综合评价系统的经济性、环保性，并避免不同热源、形式、供热面积等因素的影响，可为供热系统方案选择提供参考。
There are many kinds of low temperature heat source in our country, which maycause the heat pollution and the energy waste. If they can be recycled by heatexchange, high temperature heat pump or electricity generation, then the energy useefficiency will be improved obviously. Being an energy-saving equipment with greatdevelopment potential, high temperature heat pump is becoming one of the researchhotspots in recent years.
In this paper, new refrigerant mixture BY-3is conducted. Theoretical andexperimental analysis is processed to find out the optimal operation temperature rangeand to analysis the operation performance. Combined with engineering operation, thestability and security of long term operation is tested. At last, the economicperformance, environmental performance and comprehensive performance is analysisfor the central heating system.
(1) A new refrigerant mixture BY-3was conducted based on the theoreticalcalculation, which is suitable for the situation of temperature difference between thelow temperature and high temperature heat source is about60℃and the condensingtemperature is between60-85℃. The temperature glide model of the mixturerefrigerants is built to offer the parameter for the unit design. The impact to theperformance of leakage is also analyzed using the phase equilibrium model and massequilibrium model, and the result shows that the leakage of BY-3impacts the specificmass performance little. A kind of mixture refrigerant supplement method is alsoproposed to solve the mixture refrigerant leakage problem.
(2) The BY-3performance is tested by the experiment and engineeringoperation. The comparing result shows that the BY-3is not suitable for theair-conditioning condition and equivalent to R22unit in moderate heat pumpcondition. However, the BY-3system has better performance in the high temperatureheat pump condition. It can produce85℃hot water when the low temperature is20℃with high efficiency. Under this condition, the discharge temperature is lowerthan105℃, and the refrigerant vapor pressure keeps lower than1.98Mpa. Theoperation results match the experimental results well, which shows the BY-3performance is suitable for the stability and security of the long term operation.
(3) The cost, environmental performance and comprehensive performance is putforward to compare the different heating systems. The cost analysis shows that, whenthe COP=3, the heat pump system cost almost the same money with gas boiler systembut higher than coal boiler heat system; when the COP>3, heat pump system savescost compared to boiler heat systems. For example, it saves10%and14%costcompared to the gas boiler heating system and coal boiler heating system respectivelywhen COP=4. The environmental performance analysis use the life cycle analysismethod, and the results show that when the COP>2.5, the heat pump system hasadvantage to the boiler heating systems. The comprehensive analysis is based on theeco-efficiency method, and the result shows that, if COP>3, the heat pump heatingsystem would have best comprehensive performance, i.e. it has lower cost and lessenvironmental impact than the other systems. This method can avoid the impact of theheating source, building area and so on.
引文
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