材料工艺与产品造型的关系研究及其知识网站的建立
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摘要
我国自实行社会主义市场经济以来，一些实力雄厚的大公司的工业设计已经迈上了一个新台阶，但是，为数更多的中小企业却几乎还在原地踏步，他们中很多无力承担相关费用和风险，致使其产品外观质量一直止步不前。他们对其产品的工艺了如指掌，但却缺乏美学素养，难以较好把握其产品的外观造型效果。而另一方面，一些年轻设计师能设计出好的造型效果，却由于对材料工艺缺乏经验而导致所设计的产品造型在技术上无法实现或实现成本过高。这两种现象实际上是一个问题的两个方面，问题的实质就是这些中小企业和年轻设计师均未能较好地把握材料工艺与产品造型的关系的规律性。
这是个急待解决的问题。
目前，此问题尚未得到专门研究，仅在一些有关材料工艺的研究中有部分涉及。
材料工艺与产品造型的对应关系是双向的，一是已知材料工艺求解相应的产品造型特征，二是已知产品造型特征求解材料工艺的各种可能性。本文在已有材料工艺学及造型理论研究的基础上，对二者的对应关系的规律性问题进行了系统研究，整理总结了二者的对应关系的规律性的知识点，并形成知识系统。对于已知材料工艺求解产品造型特征问题，选择了最重要的两种产品造型材料即金属和塑料的常用典型成型工艺进行了研究，总结出了这些工艺所成型的产品的造型特征的知识点，并支撑以丰富的产品案例，同时探讨了工艺组合、表面处理、成本等因素对产品造型的影响和制约的规律性。对于已知产品造型特征求解材料工艺问题，提供了两条途径，一是根据产品图片进行求解，二是根据造型特征的文字描述进行求解。
应用Dreamwaver软件建立了知识网站，使此知识系统能更易于学习和查询使用，以充分发挥其价值。在其中可以方便地根据材料工艺查询与其对应的产品造型特征(包括产品图片和文字描述)，也可根据造型特征查询可采用哪些材料与工艺。
Since there came socialist market economy in China, some large-scale companies with enormous potentiality have already made great progress in the respective of industrial design. However, more medium and small enterprises have got nowhere in this respect since most of them can't afford relevant expenses or risks, and that results in no improvement in product outlooks. Although they get full knowledge about the workmanship or craft of their product, due to lack of aesthetic attainments, these enterprises are not likely to offer good exterior styling effect. On the other hand, some younger designers have the ability to work out good styling effect, but their lack of experience in material technology practice would inevitably fail them to put the styling into practice, or would cause too high cost to implement. The above two phenomena actually are the two sides of one problem. The core is that those medium and small enterprises or young designer are not able to master the relation rules between material technology and product styling.
This, of course, is a problem which, though needs prompt treatment, is still waiting for specialized research, while in some material technology related research, the problem is partially involved.
Between material technology and product styling is a bi-directional relation. That is, from the known technology gets the corresponding Product styling features and from the known product styling features gets various kinds of possible material technology. On the basis of existing theoretical research on material technology and styling, it is dedicated in this paper to do a systematic research concerning the rules of the bi-directional relationship so as to set up an information system. As far as it is concerned to get product-styling features from known material technology, two kinds of most important product styling material, metal and plastic, are chosen to research the usually typical styling technology and to summarize the information in such styling features, strengthened with abundant styling cases. Simultaneously, the rule is also explored, in which such factors as material-technology combination, surface styling treatment and cost have restriction and influence on product styling. When to get material technology from known product styling features, two clues are employed. One is the product drawing or picture; the other is the written description or styling features.
With the use of Dreanwaver computer software, an information website is expected to build as shown in this research to provide more conveniences for learning and inquiry and to play its roles fully. This information website is intended to make it easier to inquire corresponding product-styling features (including drawing and written description) according to material technology, and it's also easier to work out what material and technology are better to be adopted according to styling features.
这是个急待解决的问题。
目前，此问题尚未得到专门研究，仅在一些有关材料工艺的研究中有部分涉及。
材料工艺与产品造型的对应关系是双向的，一是已知材料工艺求解相应的产品造型特征，二是已知产品造型特征求解材料工艺的各种可能性。本文在已有材料工艺学及造型理论研究的基础上，对二者的对应关系的规律性问题进行了系统研究，整理总结了二者的对应关系的规律性的知识点，并形成知识系统。对于已知材料工艺求解产品造型特征问题，选择了最重要的两种产品造型材料即金属和塑料的常用典型成型工艺进行了研究，总结出了这些工艺所成型的产品的造型特征的知识点，并支撑以丰富的产品案例，同时探讨了工艺组合、表面处理、成本等因素对产品造型的影响和制约的规律性。对于已知产品造型特征求解材料工艺问题，提供了两条途径，一是根据产品图片进行求解，二是根据造型特征的文字描述进行求解。
应用Dreamwaver软件建立了知识网站，使此知识系统能更易于学习和查询使用，以充分发挥其价值。在其中可以方便地根据材料工艺查询与其对应的产品造型特征(包括产品图片和文字描述)，也可根据造型特征查询可采用哪些材料与工艺。
Since there came socialist market economy in China, some large-scale companies with enormous potentiality have already made great progress in the respective of industrial design. However, more medium and small enterprises have got nowhere in this respect since most of them can't afford relevant expenses or risks, and that results in no improvement in product outlooks. Although they get full knowledge about the workmanship or craft of their product, due to lack of aesthetic attainments, these enterprises are not likely to offer good exterior styling effect. On the other hand, some younger designers have the ability to work out good styling effect, but their lack of experience in material technology practice would inevitably fail them to put the styling into practice, or would cause too high cost to implement. The above two phenomena actually are the two sides of one problem. The core is that those medium and small enterprises or young designer are not able to master the relation rules between material technology and product styling.
This, of course, is a problem which, though needs prompt treatment, is still waiting for specialized research, while in some material technology related research, the problem is partially involved.
Between material technology and product styling is a bi-directional relation. That is, from the known technology gets the corresponding Product styling features and from the known product styling features gets various kinds of possible material technology. On the basis of existing theoretical research on material technology and styling, it is dedicated in this paper to do a systematic research concerning the rules of the bi-directional relationship so as to set up an information system. As far as it is concerned to get product-styling features from known material technology, two kinds of most important product styling material, metal and plastic, are chosen to research the usually typical styling technology and to summarize the information in such styling features, strengthened with abundant styling cases. Simultaneously, the rule is also explored, in which such factors as material-technology combination, surface styling treatment and cost have restriction and influence on product styling. When to get material technology from known product styling features, two clues are employed. One is the product drawing or picture; the other is the written description or styling features.
With the use of Dreanwaver computer software, an information website is expected to build as shown in this research to provide more conveniences for learning and inquiry and to play its roles fully. This information website is intended to make it easier to inquire corresponding product-styling features (including drawing and written description) according to material technology, and it's also easier to work out what material and technology are better to be adopted according to styling features.
引文
[1] 高岩．工业设计材料与表面处理[M]．北京：国防工业出版社，2005
[2] 江湘芸．设计材料及加工工艺[M]．北京：北京理工大学出版社，2003．8
[3] 张锡．设计材料与加工工艺[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，2004．8
[4] 易明星．400MW燃机定子扇形复式冲模的制造工艺和装配[J]．东方电机2006．4：4-8
[5] 程能林．产品造型材料与工艺[M]．北京：北京理工大学出版社，1991
[6] 郑建启．材料工艺学[M]．武汉：湖北美术出版社，2002
[7] 张辽远．现代加工技术[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，2002．9：P7—8
[8] 唐勇．大型轴流式水轮机转轮体制造工艺研究[J]．科技资讯．2006：88-89
[9] 南静生．功能性塑料共挤出包装材料的制造工艺[J]．全球软包装工业．2006．6：65-66
[10] 徐人平．工业设计工程基础[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，2003．9：P4
[11] 赵建华等．基于数控加工原型的快速模具制造工艺[J]．电气制造．2006．2：64-65
[12] 图片经过生产企业成都安可信电子有限公司授权
[13] 图片经过生产企业成都万发视通有限公司授权
[14] 图片经过生产企业成都埃森普特焊接设备有限公司授权
[15] 图片经过生产企业成都埃森普特焊接设备有限公司权
[16] 任秋平．工业造型材料与面饰工艺[M]．重庆：重庆大学出版社，1991
[17] 丁学彬等．未军工产品制造工艺的发展方向[J]．国防技术基础．2006．4：38-40
[18] (美)Lesko．J．著．李乐山译．工业设计——材料与加工手册[M]．中国水利水电出版社．知识产权出版社，2005．5：P22-23
[19] 谭德睿．传统金属工艺研究[J]．中国文化遗产．2004．3：41-42
[20] 图片经过生产企业四川中测量仪有限公司授权
[21] 毛占海．金属成型工艺的重要突破—微波烧结铸造技术[J]．机电产品市场．2000．12：24-24
[22] 图片经过生产企业电子科大科园股份有限公司授权
[23] 洪慎章等．铝合金接头液态挤压工艺及模具设计[J]．五金科技．2005．2：36-38
[24] Carroll, J. B. (1993):Human cognitive abiHtie3: A survey of factor-analytic studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
[25] 赵世学．工业产品造型的构成方法及发展取向[J]．包装工程．2006．2：210-211
[26] 图片经过生产企业四川港通集团授权
[27] 王远钟等．金属手机外壳拉深工艺及数值模拟[J]．模具技术．2004．3：9-12
[28] 图片经过生产企业成都埃森普特焊接设备有限公司授权
[29] 图片经过生产企业四川汇名实业有限公司授权
[30] 陶家林等．一种新颖的金属板料折弯工艺[J]．锻压机械．2000．6：20-20
[31] 韩静等．热固性树脂泡沫材料的制造工艺及应用[J]．河北化工．2006．4：10-12
[32] 巨文军．电子显微镜在塑料工艺中的应用[J]．化学推进剂与高分子材料．2002．4：32-34
[33] 王家伟等．高炉喷吹废塑料工艺新探索[J]．天津冶金．2004．2：22-26
[34] 骆志高王海涵．注射工艺参数对薄壳塑件翘曲变形的影响[J]．模具工业．2006．9：53-56
[35] 崔天剑．产品造型的象征意义[J]．包装工程．2005．12：212-213
[36] 图片经过生产企业成都安可信电子有限公司授权
[37] B. Schibye, A. Faber Hansen, C.T. Hye?Knudsen etc: Biomechanical analysis of the effect of changing patient-handling technique, Apllied Ergonomics,2003, (34), (2), 115～125.
[38] 刘国海 孙彤彤．滚塑成型加工技术的发展概况[J]．中国包装工业1999／S
[39] James, William(1989): Mental models. IN . I. Posner (Ed.), Foundation of cognitive science. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press
[40] Kevin N．Otto，Kristin L．Wood[美]著，齐春萍，宫晓东，张帆等译．产品设计[M]．北京：电子工业出版社．2005．1．309-345
[41] 生产商：浙江宁波伊斯达洁具有限公司
[42] 生产商：深圳烈兴电子有限公司
[43] Charles A．Harper．产品设计材料手册[M]．北京：机械工业出版社2004
[44] 图片经过生产企业内江西南医疗设备有限公司授权
[45] 罗仕鉴，朱上上．用户的产品造型风格感性认知研究[J]．包装工程．2005．3：179-182
[46] Yon Hippel E. (1986).Lead Users: A source of Novel Product Concepts. Management Science, 32, 7, 791.
[47] 图片经过生产企业成都蓉鹿机械有限公司授权
[48] 图片经过生产企业电子科大科股份公司授权
[49] 图片经过生产企业内江西南医疗设备有限公司授权
[50] 张瑞雪，赵国祥．色彩在产品造型设计中的应用[J]．科学教育．2006．13：90-90
[51] 图片经过生产企业成都埃森普特焊接设备有限公司授权
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[53] 图片经过生产企业四川鸿昌塑胶工业有限公司授权
[54] 郄建业 李成．论产品造型设计中的最小信息单位[J]．包装工程．2006．1：209-210
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[56] Jonathan Cagan，Craig M．Vogel[美]著，辛向阳，潘龙译．创造突破性产品——从产品策略道项目定案的创新[M]．机械工业出版社．2004．1．
[57] Kevin N．Otto，Kristin L．Wood[美]著，齐春萍，宫晓东，张帆等译．产品设计[M]．北京：电子工业出版社．2005．1．309—345
[58] Cooper, R.G. (1998).Product Leadership: Creating and Launching Superior New Products. Peruses Books. Reading. Massachusetts
[2] 江湘芸．设计材料及加工工艺[M]．北京：北京理工大学出版社，2003．8
[3] 张锡．设计材料与加工工艺[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，2004．8
[4] 易明星．400MW燃机定子扇形复式冲模的制造工艺和装配[J]．东方电机2006．4：4-8
[5] 程能林．产品造型材料与工艺[M]．北京：北京理工大学出版社，1991
[6] 郑建启．材料工艺学[M]．武汉：湖北美术出版社，2002
[7] 张辽远．现代加工技术[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，2002．9：P7—8
[8] 唐勇．大型轴流式水轮机转轮体制造工艺研究[J]．科技资讯．2006：88-89
[9] 南静生．功能性塑料共挤出包装材料的制造工艺[J]．全球软包装工业．2006．6：65-66
[10] 徐人平．工业设计工程基础[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，2003．9：P4
[11] 赵建华等．基于数控加工原型的快速模具制造工艺[J]．电气制造．2006．2：64-65
[12] 图片经过生产企业成都安可信电子有限公司授权
[13] 图片经过生产企业成都万发视通有限公司授权
[14] 图片经过生产企业成都埃森普特焊接设备有限公司授权
[15] 图片经过生产企业成都埃森普特焊接设备有限公司权
[16] 任秋平．工业造型材料与面饰工艺[M]．重庆：重庆大学出版社，1991
[17] 丁学彬等．未军工产品制造工艺的发展方向[J]．国防技术基础．2006．4：38-40
[18] (美)Lesko．J．著．李乐山译．工业设计——材料与加工手册[M]．中国水利水电出版社．知识产权出版社，2005．5：P22-23
[19] 谭德睿．传统金属工艺研究[J]．中国文化遗产．2004．3：41-42
[20] 图片经过生产企业四川中测量仪有限公司授权
[21] 毛占海．金属成型工艺的重要突破—微波烧结铸造技术[J]．机电产品市场．2000．12：24-24
[22] 图片经过生产企业电子科大科园股份有限公司授权
[23] 洪慎章等．铝合金接头液态挤压工艺及模具设计[J]．五金科技．2005．2：36-38
[24] Carroll, J. B. (1993):Human cognitive abiHtie3: A survey of factor-analytic studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
[25] 赵世学．工业产品造型的构成方法及发展取向[J]．包装工程．2006．2：210-211
[26] 图片经过生产企业四川港通集团授权
[27] 王远钟等．金属手机外壳拉深工艺及数值模拟[J]．模具技术．2004．3：9-12
[28] 图片经过生产企业成都埃森普特焊接设备有限公司授权
[29] 图片经过生产企业四川汇名实业有限公司授权
[30] 陶家林等．一种新颖的金属板料折弯工艺[J]．锻压机械．2000．6：20-20
[31] 韩静等．热固性树脂泡沫材料的制造工艺及应用[J]．河北化工．2006．4：10-12
[32] 巨文军．电子显微镜在塑料工艺中的应用[J]．化学推进剂与高分子材料．2002．4：32-34
[33] 王家伟等．高炉喷吹废塑料工艺新探索[J]．天津冶金．2004．2：22-26
[34] 骆志高王海涵．注射工艺参数对薄壳塑件翘曲变形的影响[J]．模具工业．2006．9：53-56
[35] 崔天剑．产品造型的象征意义[J]．包装工程．2005．12：212-213
[36] 图片经过生产企业成都安可信电子有限公司授权
[37] B. Schibye, A. Faber Hansen, C.T. Hye?Knudsen etc: Biomechanical analysis of the effect of changing patient-handling technique, Apllied Ergonomics,2003, (34), (2), 115～125.
[38] 刘国海 孙彤彤．滚塑成型加工技术的发展概况[J]．中国包装工业1999／S
[39] James, William(1989): Mental models. IN . I. Posner (Ed.), Foundation of cognitive science. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press
[40] Kevin N．Otto，Kristin L．Wood[美]著，齐春萍，宫晓东，张帆等译．产品设计[M]．北京：电子工业出版社．2005．1．309-345
[41] 生产商：浙江宁波伊斯达洁具有限公司
[42] 生产商：深圳烈兴电子有限公司
[43] Charles A．Harper．产品设计材料手册[M]．北京：机械工业出版社2004
[44] 图片经过生产企业内江西南医疗设备有限公司授权
[45] 罗仕鉴，朱上上．用户的产品造型风格感性认知研究[J]．包装工程．2005．3：179-182
[46] Yon Hippel E. (1986).Lead Users: A source of Novel Product Concepts. Management Science, 32, 7, 791.
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