东昆仑东段沟里金矿集区典型矿床地质地球化学及成矿机理研究
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摘要
东昆仑造山带位于青藏高原东北缘,是中央造山带的重要组成部分。其复杂的地质演化历史造就了该区丰富的矿产资源,金、盐类及铜多金属矿产资源丰富,而沟里金矿集区位于东昆仑造山带的东段,目前区内已经发现了果洛龙洼金矿床(大型)、阿斯哈金矿床(中型)、按纳格金矿床(中型)、瓦勒尕金矿(小型)及达里吉格塘金矿点,研究区初步显现了特大型金矿田的潜力。本论文在充分搜集和整理前人资料的基础上,从沟里金矿集区典型矿床的成矿地质背景、矿床地质特征入手,结合研究区的构造演化历史,以微量元素、稀土元素、流体包裹体、同位素地球化学(S、Pb、H-O)、岩浆岩岩石学、地球化学和成岩成矿年代学为研究手段,本论文分析了果洛龙洼和阿斯哈金矿床地质特征,成矿物质来源,成矿流体性质、来源与演化,成矿过程和成矿流体的运移方向,成岩成矿时代,初步厘定了矿床成因类型,并构建切合实际的成矿模式。取得主要成果如下：
1.对区域成矿地质背景研究表明,沟里金矿集区内构造形迹复杂,岩浆作用强烈,变形变质广泛,具备形成大型—特大型金矿床的地质条件,其中昆仑造山运动和印支期的中—酸性岩浆是区域金矿床的重要控矿因素。
2.对果洛龙洼和阿斯哈金矿床地质特征研究表明：
①果洛龙洼金矿床矿体产于纳赤台群变质岩中,赋矿岩性主要为动力变质作用形成的千糜岩,次为绿泥石英千枚岩、灰黑色角闪片岩、硅质板岩、含炭绢云石英千糜岩、绢云母绿泥石千枚岩及凝灰杂色砾岩等。受昆中断裂及矿区内EW向的构造的控制,矿区内基性岩脉发育,常与矿体空间相伴。矿体走向近EW,向南倾,倾角陡、缓变化大,多在45°～75°之间,产状与地层基本一致。矿石类型有石英脉型、千枚岩型、破碎带型(氧化破碎带型和构造破碎带型)及蚀变岩型。围岩蚀变有硅化、绢云母化、黄铁矿化、绿泥石化、碳酸岩化(方解石化)、黄铜矿化、高岭土化等。热液成矿期包括石英脉硅化阶段(Ⅰ)、石英—多金属硫化物阶段(Ⅱ)、石英—贫硫化物阶段(Ⅲ)和石英—碳酸盐(Ⅳ)4个阶段。
②阿斯哈金矿床矿体产于花岗岩闪长岩—闪长岩体的构造破碎带中,受昆中断裂及矿区内NNE向及NNW-NW向断裂带的控制。矿体走向NNE向及NNW-NW向,倾向多为SE至NE向,倾角一般在75°左右。矿石类型有构造蚀变岩型和石英脉型(少量),围岩蚀变有硅化、绢云母化、黄铁矿化、绿泥石化、碳酸岩化(方解石化)、黄铜矿化、高岭土化等。热液成矿期包括石英-黄铁矿-毒砂阶段(Ⅰ)、石英-多金属硫化物阶段(Ⅱ)、石英-贫硫化物阶段(Ⅲ)和石英-碳酸盐(Ⅳ)4个阶段。
3.对果洛龙洼和阿斯哈金矿床地球化学特征的研究表明：
①成矿元素分析显示：不同时代地层及各类侵入岩Au含量各不相同,均低于地壳丰度值或同类岩石,即普遍发生贫化,可能为成矿提供部分金属。此外,因子和聚类分析显示不同元素组合特征,表明成矿存在多样性。
②稀土元素研究表明：中-酸性岩浆岩(闪长岩)、酸性岩浆岩(花岗斑岩)、纳赤台群变质岩、矿石及含金蕙铁矿中,稀土元素具有轻稀土富集和Eu负异常特征,它们的配分模式也相似，果洛龙洼和阿斯哈金矿床可能经历了相似的成矿过程,其可能具有相同的成矿物质来源。
③流体包裹体岩相学、显微测温及成分分析结果表明：成矿期石英流体包裹体十分发育,主要有气液两相、富CO2三相、纯CO2单相三种类型。成矿流体为一套中高温(130～425.6℃)、中低盐度(1.83～20.1lwt%NaCl.eqv)、低密度(0.14～1.03g.cm3)的H2O-CO2-NaCl-CH4±N2体系,暗示成矿流体来源于中高温、中低盐度的流体体系。
④氢、氧同位素测试结果表明：矿石石英中水的6D值为-117.7～-59.6‰,δ18Ov-SMOW为11.3～19.1‰,计算获得的热液流体的δ18OH20为2.7-10.7‰。表明成矿流体中的水以岩浆水为主,并混入大气降水。
⑤S同位素测试结果表明：果洛龙洼金矿硫化物634s值为-5.95‰～+5.23‰,阿斯哈金矿硫化物634S值为+5.0‰～+7.6‰,成矿流体中硫以酸性岩浆硫为主,并混入海水硫。
⑥果洛龙洼和阿斯哈金矿床矿石和硫化物Pb同位素测试结果表明：样品的的208pb/204pb、207Pb/204PPb及208Pb/204Pb分别介于18.057～18.235、15.524～15.605及37.901～38.321之间,为典型的放射性成因铅。在Zartman R E and Doe B R(1981)的铅构造图解上,所有样品均落入地幔演化线与造山带演化线之间,且靠经造山带演化线一侧,表明成矿流体中的铅主要来源于古老的地壳。
⑦岩浆岩岩石学、地球化学和年代学研究表明：果洛龙洼金矿基性岩脉属于蚀变较强的碱性玄武岩系,形成于416.2Ma,产于原特提斯洋消减俯冲作用背景下,与果洛龙洼金矿床形成没有直接的成因联系。阿斯哈金矿闪长岩属高钾钙碱性岩石,具壳幔混合特征,形成于洋壳俯冲环境,岩石结晶年龄为232.6Ma,其可能仅作为赋矿围岩为成矿提供空间。阿斯哈金矿花岗斑岩属高钾钙碱性过铝质花岗岩,岩浆侵位于228.5Ma,略晚于阿斯哈闪长岩,产于碰撞造山晚期向造山后伸展的力学性质转换期,其侵位不仅可能为成矿提供热动力,还有可能提供部分成矿物质。成矿年代学研究得出：果洛龙洼和阿斯哈金矿形成于210～232Ma,属印支期。
4.在成矿地质背景、典型矿床地质-地球化学特征深度剖析的基础上,揭示了矿床的成矿机理：
沟里金矿集区金矿床的成矿物质主要来自下地壳,并萃取了所流经岩石或赋矿围岩中的部分成矿物质。成矿流体以岩浆水为主,并混入了部分大气降水。成矿流体为H2O-CO2-NaCl-CH4±N2体系,并含有N2、CH4及Cl-、SO42-、NO3-、F-等还原性气体和阴离子。
金主要以硫氢络合物的形式迁移,果洛龙洼金矿床中的Au可能以一种比较单一的AuHS(H2S)30、Au(HS)2-或硫代硫酸盐络合物如Au(S2O3)]-、[Au(S2O3)]3-的形式运移,阿斯哈金矿床中的Au的以Au(AsS2)0、Au(AsS3)2-及Au(Sb2S4)等络合物形式运移。流体不混溶(沸腾作用)是主要沉淀机制,成矿流体的主要驱动力为印支期的构造热事件。
在晚华力西期一印支期(约210-232Ma),研究区强烈的俯冲及碰撞造山运动,不但形成了一系列区域性大断裂、大型剪切带及次一级的褶皱和断裂—裂隙控矿构造,而且还促使了成矿流体的活化迁移和成矿物质的富集。由于研究区内大型韧性剪切带往往经历由韧性向韧—脆性和脆性构造环境的转变,在此过程中,大量各类中—酸性岩浆经过同熔或重熔作用生成及上侵定位且伴随深部流体向上运移,在向上运移的过程中与变质水及大气降水等其它来源流体汇合,在流体运移过程当中,不断萃取围岩、侵入岩中的成矿物质,当携带大量成矿物质的流体进入有利的构造部位时,由于构造环境及温度、压力等物理化学条件的改变,流体的不混溶性、不同性质流体的混合及水—岩反应等因素的共同作用,最终促使金物质的沉淀,从而形成金矿床。
5.在对成矿地质背景、两个典型金矿床地质—地球化学特征和岩浆岩岩石学、地球化学和成岩成矿年代学分析的基础上,通过比较矿床学研究,以详实的证据重新厘定了研究区的金矿床成因类型为造山过程中形成的、与印支期中—酸性岩浆岩有关的热液脉型金矿床,属造山型金矿床。并构建了切合本地实际的构造演化与金矿床成矿模式。
Eastern Kunlun orogenic belt, located in the northeastern margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, is an important part of the Central Orogenic belt. Its complex geological evolutionary history contributed the study area with rich mineral resources, gold, salt and copper polymetallic minerals. Gouli gold metallogenic district is in the east of Eastern Kunlun orogenic belt, at present, some gold deposits have been found in this region such as Guoluolongwa gold deposit (large), Asiha deposit (medium), Annage gold deposit (medium), Walega gold deposit (small) and Dalijigetang gold point, and it shows there are the potential of super large gold fields in the study area. In this paper, based on the collection and sorting out the previous data, starting from some aspects of the typical gold deposit in Gouli gold metallogenic district:the ore-forming geological background, geological characteristics of the deposit, and combined with the structural evolution history in the study area, taking trace and rare earth elements, fluid inclusions, isotope geochemical (S, Pb, H-O), Magmatic rock's petrology and geochemistry, diagenesis and mineralization chronology as research methods, This paper analysed that Guoluolongwa and Asiha gold deposits'geological features, metallogenic material source, property of mineralizing fluid, origin and evolution, ore-forming processes and the migration direction of the ore-forming fluid, metallogenic epoch and preliminary determined the genetic type of ore deposit, established a practical metallogenic model. The main results are as follows:
1. The study on the regional metallogenic background shows that the Gouli gold metallogenic district, with complex tectonic features, intensive magmatism, mostly metamorphism and deformation, has the geological conditions for the formation of superlarge gold deposits. The Kunlun orogenic movement and the medium-acid magma in Indosinian played an important role in ore controlling factors of regional gold deposits.
2. The study on the geological characteristics of Guoluolongwa and Asiha gold deposits shows that:
①Guoluolongwa gold deposit is hosted in the Nachitai Group metamorphic rocks, and ore bearing lithology is mainly formed by dynamic metamorphism phyllonite, secondary with green mud quartz phyllite, black hornblende schist, siliceous slate, carbonaceous sericite quartz phyllonite, sericite chlorite phyllite and ash mixed color conglomerate. The deposit is controlled by Kunlun central large fault and NW-trending structure in the mining area, with well developed basic dykes and often accompanied by ore bodies. Orobodies occur as nearly EW, south bending, dip angles between45°～75°differently, and occurrence is consistent with the strata. Ore types are quartz vein type, phyllite type, fracture zone type (oxidation broken fracture zone type, belt type and tectonic altered rock type) and altered rock type. Wall rock alterations are silicification, sericitization, pyritization, chlorite, carbonate rock (calcilization), brass mineralization, kaolin etc. Hydrothermal mineralization periods include four stages:quartz vein silicification stage (Ⅰ), quartz polymetallic sulfide stage (Ⅱ), quartz lean sulphide stage (III) and quartz carbonate (IV).
②Asiha gold deposit is hosted in granite diorite-diorite structure fracture zone, controlled by the Kunlun central lagre fault and NNE and NNW-NW trending fault zone in the mining area. Orobodies occur as nearly NNE and NNW-NW, mostly SE to NE, dip angles generally75°. Ore types are altered rock type and quartz vein type (A few). Wall rock alterations are silicification, sericitization, pyritization, chlorite, carbonate rock (calcilization), brass mineralization, kaolin etc.. Hydrothermal mineralization periods include four stages:quartz pyrite arsenopyirite stage (Ⅰ), quartz polymetallic sulfide stage (Ⅱ), quartz sulfide stage (Ⅲ) and quartz carbonate (Ⅳ).
3. The study on the geochemical characteristics of Guoluolongwa and Asiha gold deposits shows that:
①The metallogenic elements analysis shows:The varied strata and intrusive rock have varied Au content, lower than that of the crustal abundance or similar rocks, namely common dilution, which may provide part of the metal ore. In addition, the factor and cluster analysis show that the different assemblages indicate the diversity of mineralization.
②The study on rare earth elements shows:Medium-acid magmatic rock (diorite), acidic magmatic rocks (granite porphyry), Nachitai group metamorphic rocks, ores and gold-bearing pyrite, rare earth elements possess the characters of LREE enrichment and negative Eu anomalies and their distribution patterns are similar. Therefore, Guoluolongwa and Asiha gold deposits may underwent similar mineralization processes with same ore-forming materials source.
③The fluid inclusion petrography, microthermometry and component analysis results show that:Fluid inclusions in quartz crystals are well developed in the mineralization period and can be classified into aqueous two-phase, CO2-rich three-phase inclusions and CO2-pure single-phase inclusions. The ore-forming fluids of main mineralizing stage belonged to the H2O-CO2-NaCl-CH4±N2system of medium-high temperature (130～425.6℃), medium-low salinity(1.83to20.1lwt%NaCl.eqv), low density (0.14-1.03g.cm3) which suggests the origin of ore-forming fluid is related with medium-high temperature and medium-low salinity fluids system.
④The hydrogen, oxygen isotope test results indicates that:the8D value of water in the ore's quartz is from-117.7%o to-59.6%o,518OV-SMOW of11.3～19.1‰, calculated hydrothermal fluid result of δ18OH2o2.7～10.7‰. It indicates that the ore-forming fluid is dominated by magmatic water, and mixed with meteoric water.
⑤The sulfur isotope test results show that:The δ34S value of the sulfide in Guoluolongwa gold deposit is range from-5.95%o to+5.23%o, and is range from+5.0%o to+7.66%o in Asiha deposit. The sulfur in ore-forming fluids is dominantly acidic magma sulfur and is mixed with seawater's sulfur.
⑥The lead isotope of the ore and sulfide test results in Guoluolongwa and Asiha gold deposits show that:The samples'206Pb/204Pb,207Pb/204Pb and208Pb/204Pb are separately between18.057-18.235,15.524-15.605and37.901-38.321, typical for radiogenic plumbum. In the Zartman R E and Doe B R (1981) plumbum structure diagrams, all samples fall into the mantle evolution and the evolution of an orogenic belt line, and by the evolution of orogenic side of the line, which show that the ore-forming fluids in the plumbum is mainly originated from the ancient crust.
⑦Petrology, geochemistry and geochronology of magmatic rock study shows that:Formed in the416.2Ma, Guoluolongwa gold deposit basic dykes belong to the altered strong alkaline basalt series, produced in the proto Tethys ocean subtractive subduction background, and no direct genetic link to Guoluolongwa gold deposit. Asiha gold deposit diorite belongs to high potassium calc alkaline rocks, with crust and mantle mixing characteristics, produced in the oceanic crust subduction environment, rock crystallization age of232.6Ma, which may provide space for ore-forming only as the ore bearing rock. Asiha gold deposit granite porphyry belongs to high potassium calc alkaline peraluminous granite, magma emplaced in the228.5Ma, a little later than Asiha diorite, produced in the mechanical properties transition of late collisional orogenic, orogenic stretch back. Its emplacement may not only provide heat power for mineralization, but also can provide some ore-forming materials. Study on metallogenic chronology shows that:Guoluolongwa and Asiha gold deposits were formed in the210-232Ma, belonging to the Indo Chinese epoch.
4. Based on the analysis of ore-forming geological background, geological and geochemical characteristics of typical deposits, reveals the deposit mineralization mechanism:
The gold deposits'ore-forming materials of Gouli gold metallogenic district is mainly from the lower crust, also extracting some ore-forming materials from flowing through rock and ore-bearing country rock. The ore-forming fluid is dominated by magmatic water and is partly mixed with meteoric water. The ore-forming fluids belong to the H2O-CO2-NaCl-CH4±N2system, containing N2, CH4and Cl-, SO42-, F,-NO3reducing gas and anion.
Gold migrates often in the form of sulfur hydrogen complexes.The Au in Guoluolongwa gold deposit transports in the form of single AuHS(H2S)30, Au(HS)2-or thiosulfate complexes, such as [Au(S2O3)]-,[Au(S2O3)]3-.The Au in Asiha gold deposit is in Au(AsS2)0, Au(AsS3)2-and Au(Sb2S4) and other complex forms. Fluid immiscibility (boiling) is the main precipitation mechanism of ore-forming fluid, and the main driving force is the Indosinian tectonic thermal events.
From late Variscan to Indosinian (about210-232Ma), the strong subduction and collision orogenic effect in the study area, not only formed a series of regional faults, large shear zones, folds and faults-fractured level ore control structure, but also promoted the enrichment of ore-forming fluid migration and activation metallogenic material.The large ductile shear zone often changed from toughness to ductile brittle and brittle tectonic environment in the study area, in this process, a large number of various medium acidic magma underwent emplacement generated with the melting or anatexis and accompanied by deep fluid migration, in the process of migration, extracting metamorphic water and atmospheric precipitation and other sources of fluid confluence continuously. When the fluid carrying a lot of ore-forming material intruded into the favorable tectonic area, due to tectonic environment and temperature, pressure and the physical and chemical conditions changed, fluid immiscibility, mixed different properties of fluid and water rock reaction and other factors, prompted the gold material deposition and formed gold deposits.
5.On the basis of the analysis of the metallogenic geological background, two typical gold deposits geological-geochemical characteristics, magma petrology, geochemistry and geochronology, through a comparative study of mineral deposit, with detailed evidence, determined the genetic type of gold deposit in the study area are hydrothermal vein type gold deposit in acid formation in the orogenic process, and Indosinian intermediate magmatic rocks related, belongs to the orogenic type gold deposit. Meanwhile, tectonic evolution and metallogenic model of gold deposit in line with local realities are established.
1.对区域成矿地质背景研究表明,沟里金矿集区内构造形迹复杂,岩浆作用强烈,变形变质广泛,具备形成大型—特大型金矿床的地质条件,其中昆仑造山运动和印支期的中—酸性岩浆是区域金矿床的重要控矿因素。
2.对果洛龙洼和阿斯哈金矿床地质特征研究表明：
①果洛龙洼金矿床矿体产于纳赤台群变质岩中,赋矿岩性主要为动力变质作用形成的千糜岩,次为绿泥石英千枚岩、灰黑色角闪片岩、硅质板岩、含炭绢云石英千糜岩、绢云母绿泥石千枚岩及凝灰杂色砾岩等。受昆中断裂及矿区内EW向的构造的控制,矿区内基性岩脉发育,常与矿体空间相伴。矿体走向近EW,向南倾,倾角陡、缓变化大,多在45°～75°之间,产状与地层基本一致。矿石类型有石英脉型、千枚岩型、破碎带型(氧化破碎带型和构造破碎带型)及蚀变岩型。围岩蚀变有硅化、绢云母化、黄铁矿化、绿泥石化、碳酸岩化(方解石化)、黄铜矿化、高岭土化等。热液成矿期包括石英脉硅化阶段(Ⅰ)、石英—多金属硫化物阶段(Ⅱ)、石英—贫硫化物阶段(Ⅲ)和石英—碳酸盐(Ⅳ)4个阶段。
②阿斯哈金矿床矿体产于花岗岩闪长岩—闪长岩体的构造破碎带中,受昆中断裂及矿区内NNE向及NNW-NW向断裂带的控制。矿体走向NNE向及NNW-NW向,倾向多为SE至NE向,倾角一般在75°左右。矿石类型有构造蚀变岩型和石英脉型(少量),围岩蚀变有硅化、绢云母化、黄铁矿化、绿泥石化、碳酸岩化(方解石化)、黄铜矿化、高岭土化等。热液成矿期包括石英-黄铁矿-毒砂阶段(Ⅰ)、石英-多金属硫化物阶段(Ⅱ)、石英-贫硫化物阶段(Ⅲ)和石英-碳酸盐(Ⅳ)4个阶段。
3.对果洛龙洼和阿斯哈金矿床地球化学特征的研究表明：
①成矿元素分析显示：不同时代地层及各类侵入岩Au含量各不相同,均低于地壳丰度值或同类岩石,即普遍发生贫化,可能为成矿提供部分金属。此外,因子和聚类分析显示不同元素组合特征,表明成矿存在多样性。
②稀土元素研究表明：中-酸性岩浆岩(闪长岩)、酸性岩浆岩(花岗斑岩)、纳赤台群变质岩、矿石及含金蕙铁矿中,稀土元素具有轻稀土富集和Eu负异常特征,它们的配分模式也相似，果洛龙洼和阿斯哈金矿床可能经历了相似的成矿过程,其可能具有相同的成矿物质来源。
③流体包裹体岩相学、显微测温及成分分析结果表明：成矿期石英流体包裹体十分发育,主要有气液两相、富CO2三相、纯CO2单相三种类型。成矿流体为一套中高温(130～425.6℃)、中低盐度(1.83～20.1lwt%NaCl.eqv)、低密度(0.14～1.03g.cm3)的H2O-CO2-NaCl-CH4±N2体系,暗示成矿流体来源于中高温、中低盐度的流体体系。
④氢、氧同位素测试结果表明：矿石石英中水的6D值为-117.7～-59.6‰,δ18Ov-SMOW为11.3～19.1‰,计算获得的热液流体的δ18OH20为2.7-10.7‰。表明成矿流体中的水以岩浆水为主,并混入大气降水。
⑤S同位素测试结果表明：果洛龙洼金矿硫化物634s值为-5.95‰～+5.23‰,阿斯哈金矿硫化物634S值为+5.0‰～+7.6‰,成矿流体中硫以酸性岩浆硫为主,并混入海水硫。
⑥果洛龙洼和阿斯哈金矿床矿石和硫化物Pb同位素测试结果表明：样品的的208pb/204pb、207Pb/204PPb及208Pb/204Pb分别介于18.057～18.235、15.524～15.605及37.901～38.321之间,为典型的放射性成因铅。在Zartman R E and Doe B R(1981)的铅构造图解上,所有样品均落入地幔演化线与造山带演化线之间,且靠经造山带演化线一侧,表明成矿流体中的铅主要来源于古老的地壳。
⑦岩浆岩岩石学、地球化学和年代学研究表明：果洛龙洼金矿基性岩脉属于蚀变较强的碱性玄武岩系,形成于416.2Ma,产于原特提斯洋消减俯冲作用背景下,与果洛龙洼金矿床形成没有直接的成因联系。阿斯哈金矿闪长岩属高钾钙碱性岩石,具壳幔混合特征,形成于洋壳俯冲环境,岩石结晶年龄为232.6Ma,其可能仅作为赋矿围岩为成矿提供空间。阿斯哈金矿花岗斑岩属高钾钙碱性过铝质花岗岩,岩浆侵位于228.5Ma,略晚于阿斯哈闪长岩,产于碰撞造山晚期向造山后伸展的力学性质转换期,其侵位不仅可能为成矿提供热动力,还有可能提供部分成矿物质。成矿年代学研究得出：果洛龙洼和阿斯哈金矿形成于210～232Ma,属印支期。
4.在成矿地质背景、典型矿床地质-地球化学特征深度剖析的基础上,揭示了矿床的成矿机理：
沟里金矿集区金矿床的成矿物质主要来自下地壳,并萃取了所流经岩石或赋矿围岩中的部分成矿物质。成矿流体以岩浆水为主,并混入了部分大气降水。成矿流体为H2O-CO2-NaCl-CH4±N2体系,并含有N2、CH4及Cl-、SO42-、NO3-、F-等还原性气体和阴离子。
金主要以硫氢络合物的形式迁移,果洛龙洼金矿床中的Au可能以一种比较单一的AuHS(H2S)30、Au(HS)2-或硫代硫酸盐络合物如Au(S2O3)]-、[Au(S2O3)]3-的形式运移,阿斯哈金矿床中的Au的以Au(AsS2)0、Au(AsS3)2-及Au(Sb2S4)等络合物形式运移。流体不混溶(沸腾作用)是主要沉淀机制,成矿流体的主要驱动力为印支期的构造热事件。
在晚华力西期一印支期(约210-232Ma),研究区强烈的俯冲及碰撞造山运动,不但形成了一系列区域性大断裂、大型剪切带及次一级的褶皱和断裂—裂隙控矿构造,而且还促使了成矿流体的活化迁移和成矿物质的富集。由于研究区内大型韧性剪切带往往经历由韧性向韧—脆性和脆性构造环境的转变,在此过程中,大量各类中—酸性岩浆经过同熔或重熔作用生成及上侵定位且伴随深部流体向上运移,在向上运移的过程中与变质水及大气降水等其它来源流体汇合,在流体运移过程当中,不断萃取围岩、侵入岩中的成矿物质,当携带大量成矿物质的流体进入有利的构造部位时,由于构造环境及温度、压力等物理化学条件的改变,流体的不混溶性、不同性质流体的混合及水—岩反应等因素的共同作用,最终促使金物质的沉淀,从而形成金矿床。
5.在对成矿地质背景、两个典型金矿床地质—地球化学特征和岩浆岩岩石学、地球化学和成岩成矿年代学分析的基础上,通过比较矿床学研究,以详实的证据重新厘定了研究区的金矿床成因类型为造山过程中形成的、与印支期中—酸性岩浆岩有关的热液脉型金矿床,属造山型金矿床。并构建了切合本地实际的构造演化与金矿床成矿模式。
Eastern Kunlun orogenic belt, located in the northeastern margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, is an important part of the Central Orogenic belt. Its complex geological evolutionary history contributed the study area with rich mineral resources, gold, salt and copper polymetallic minerals. Gouli gold metallogenic district is in the east of Eastern Kunlun orogenic belt, at present, some gold deposits have been found in this region such as Guoluolongwa gold deposit (large), Asiha deposit (medium), Annage gold deposit (medium), Walega gold deposit (small) and Dalijigetang gold point, and it shows there are the potential of super large gold fields in the study area. In this paper, based on the collection and sorting out the previous data, starting from some aspects of the typical gold deposit in Gouli gold metallogenic district:the ore-forming geological background, geological characteristics of the deposit, and combined with the structural evolution history in the study area, taking trace and rare earth elements, fluid inclusions, isotope geochemical (S, Pb, H-O), Magmatic rock's petrology and geochemistry, diagenesis and mineralization chronology as research methods, This paper analysed that Guoluolongwa and Asiha gold deposits'geological features, metallogenic material source, property of mineralizing fluid, origin and evolution, ore-forming processes and the migration direction of the ore-forming fluid, metallogenic epoch and preliminary determined the genetic type of ore deposit, established a practical metallogenic model. The main results are as follows:
1. The study on the regional metallogenic background shows that the Gouli gold metallogenic district, with complex tectonic features, intensive magmatism, mostly metamorphism and deformation, has the geological conditions for the formation of superlarge gold deposits. The Kunlun orogenic movement and the medium-acid magma in Indosinian played an important role in ore controlling factors of regional gold deposits.
2. The study on the geological characteristics of Guoluolongwa and Asiha gold deposits shows that:
①Guoluolongwa gold deposit is hosted in the Nachitai Group metamorphic rocks, and ore bearing lithology is mainly formed by dynamic metamorphism phyllonite, secondary with green mud quartz phyllite, black hornblende schist, siliceous slate, carbonaceous sericite quartz phyllonite, sericite chlorite phyllite and ash mixed color conglomerate. The deposit is controlled by Kunlun central large fault and NW-trending structure in the mining area, with well developed basic dykes and often accompanied by ore bodies. Orobodies occur as nearly EW, south bending, dip angles between45°～75°differently, and occurrence is consistent with the strata. Ore types are quartz vein type, phyllite type, fracture zone type (oxidation broken fracture zone type, belt type and tectonic altered rock type) and altered rock type. Wall rock alterations are silicification, sericitization, pyritization, chlorite, carbonate rock (calcilization), brass mineralization, kaolin etc. Hydrothermal mineralization periods include four stages:quartz vein silicification stage (Ⅰ), quartz polymetallic sulfide stage (Ⅱ), quartz lean sulphide stage (III) and quartz carbonate (IV).
②Asiha gold deposit is hosted in granite diorite-diorite structure fracture zone, controlled by the Kunlun central lagre fault and NNE and NNW-NW trending fault zone in the mining area. Orobodies occur as nearly NNE and NNW-NW, mostly SE to NE, dip angles generally75°. Ore types are altered rock type and quartz vein type (A few). Wall rock alterations are silicification, sericitization, pyritization, chlorite, carbonate rock (calcilization), brass mineralization, kaolin etc.. Hydrothermal mineralization periods include four stages:quartz pyrite arsenopyirite stage (Ⅰ), quartz polymetallic sulfide stage (Ⅱ), quartz sulfide stage (Ⅲ) and quartz carbonate (Ⅳ).
3. The study on the geochemical characteristics of Guoluolongwa and Asiha gold deposits shows that:
①The metallogenic elements analysis shows:The varied strata and intrusive rock have varied Au content, lower than that of the crustal abundance or similar rocks, namely common dilution, which may provide part of the metal ore. In addition, the factor and cluster analysis show that the different assemblages indicate the diversity of mineralization.
②The study on rare earth elements shows:Medium-acid magmatic rock (diorite), acidic magmatic rocks (granite porphyry), Nachitai group metamorphic rocks, ores and gold-bearing pyrite, rare earth elements possess the characters of LREE enrichment and negative Eu anomalies and their distribution patterns are similar. Therefore, Guoluolongwa and Asiha gold deposits may underwent similar mineralization processes with same ore-forming materials source.
③The fluid inclusion petrography, microthermometry and component analysis results show that:Fluid inclusions in quartz crystals are well developed in the mineralization period and can be classified into aqueous two-phase, CO2-rich three-phase inclusions and CO2-pure single-phase inclusions. The ore-forming fluids of main mineralizing stage belonged to the H2O-CO2-NaCl-CH4±N2system of medium-high temperature (130～425.6℃), medium-low salinity(1.83to20.1lwt%NaCl.eqv), low density (0.14-1.03g.cm3) which suggests the origin of ore-forming fluid is related with medium-high temperature and medium-low salinity fluids system.
④The hydrogen, oxygen isotope test results indicates that:the8D value of water in the ore's quartz is from-117.7%o to-59.6%o,518OV-SMOW of11.3～19.1‰, calculated hydrothermal fluid result of δ18OH2o2.7～10.7‰. It indicates that the ore-forming fluid is dominated by magmatic water, and mixed with meteoric water.
⑤The sulfur isotope test results show that:The δ34S value of the sulfide in Guoluolongwa gold deposit is range from-5.95%o to+5.23%o, and is range from+5.0%o to+7.66%o in Asiha deposit. The sulfur in ore-forming fluids is dominantly acidic magma sulfur and is mixed with seawater's sulfur.
⑥The lead isotope of the ore and sulfide test results in Guoluolongwa and Asiha gold deposits show that:The samples'206Pb/204Pb,207Pb/204Pb and208Pb/204Pb are separately between18.057-18.235,15.524-15.605and37.901-38.321, typical for radiogenic plumbum. In the Zartman R E and Doe B R (1981) plumbum structure diagrams, all samples fall into the mantle evolution and the evolution of an orogenic belt line, and by the evolution of orogenic side of the line, which show that the ore-forming fluids in the plumbum is mainly originated from the ancient crust.
⑦Petrology, geochemistry and geochronology of magmatic rock study shows that:Formed in the416.2Ma, Guoluolongwa gold deposit basic dykes belong to the altered strong alkaline basalt series, produced in the proto Tethys ocean subtractive subduction background, and no direct genetic link to Guoluolongwa gold deposit. Asiha gold deposit diorite belongs to high potassium calc alkaline rocks, with crust and mantle mixing characteristics, produced in the oceanic crust subduction environment, rock crystallization age of232.6Ma, which may provide space for ore-forming only as the ore bearing rock. Asiha gold deposit granite porphyry belongs to high potassium calc alkaline peraluminous granite, magma emplaced in the228.5Ma, a little later than Asiha diorite, produced in the mechanical properties transition of late collisional orogenic, orogenic stretch back. Its emplacement may not only provide heat power for mineralization, but also can provide some ore-forming materials. Study on metallogenic chronology shows that:Guoluolongwa and Asiha gold deposits were formed in the210-232Ma, belonging to the Indo Chinese epoch.
4. Based on the analysis of ore-forming geological background, geological and geochemical characteristics of typical deposits, reveals the deposit mineralization mechanism:
The gold deposits'ore-forming materials of Gouli gold metallogenic district is mainly from the lower crust, also extracting some ore-forming materials from flowing through rock and ore-bearing country rock. The ore-forming fluid is dominated by magmatic water and is partly mixed with meteoric water. The ore-forming fluids belong to the H2O-CO2-NaCl-CH4±N2system, containing N2, CH4and Cl-, SO42-, F,-NO3reducing gas and anion.
Gold migrates often in the form of sulfur hydrogen complexes.The Au in Guoluolongwa gold deposit transports in the form of single AuHS(H2S)30, Au(HS)2-or thiosulfate complexes, such as [Au(S2O3)]-,[Au(S2O3)]3-.The Au in Asiha gold deposit is in Au(AsS2)0, Au(AsS3)2-and Au(Sb2S4) and other complex forms. Fluid immiscibility (boiling) is the main precipitation mechanism of ore-forming fluid, and the main driving force is the Indosinian tectonic thermal events.
From late Variscan to Indosinian (about210-232Ma), the strong subduction and collision orogenic effect in the study area, not only formed a series of regional faults, large shear zones, folds and faults-fractured level ore control structure, but also promoted the enrichment of ore-forming fluid migration and activation metallogenic material.The large ductile shear zone often changed from toughness to ductile brittle and brittle tectonic environment in the study area, in this process, a large number of various medium acidic magma underwent emplacement generated with the melting or anatexis and accompanied by deep fluid migration, in the process of migration, extracting metamorphic water and atmospheric precipitation and other sources of fluid confluence continuously. When the fluid carrying a lot of ore-forming material intruded into the favorable tectonic area, due to tectonic environment and temperature, pressure and the physical and chemical conditions changed, fluid immiscibility, mixed different properties of fluid and water rock reaction and other factors, prompted the gold material deposition and formed gold deposits.
5.On the basis of the analysis of the metallogenic geological background, two typical gold deposits geological-geochemical characteristics, magma petrology, geochemistry and geochronology, through a comparative study of mineral deposit, with detailed evidence, determined the genetic type of gold deposit in the study area are hydrothermal vein type gold deposit in acid formation in the orogenic process, and Indosinian intermediate magmatic rocks related, belongs to the orogenic type gold deposit. Meanwhile, tectonic evolution and metallogenic model of gold deposit in line with local realities are established.
引文
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