橡胶集料混凝土的耐久性能及在桥面铺装上的应用研究
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摘要
橡胶集料混凝土作为一种新型水泥混凝土材料具有重量轻、韧性高、变形大、阻尼高、抗冲击性强、干缩性小、导热低、吸声性好的突出特点,弥补了传统水泥混凝土的诸多缺陷,成为了当今混凝土材料学科新的生长点。天津大学朱涵教授及其课题组研究发现橡胶集料混凝土还表现出高抗渗性和低氯离子渗透性的宏观现象。因此,对橡胶集料混凝土耐久性的分析和研究对于扩大橡胶集料混凝土的应用范围,解决工程实际问题,延长混凝土结构使用寿命具非常重要的意义。
本文主要针对橡胶集料混凝土的抗渗性、氯离子渗透性、抗盐冻性以及氯盐侵蚀环境下橡胶集料混凝土内钢筋锈蚀性机理进行研究;同时,橡胶集料混凝土的特点使得其作为桥面铺装材料具有很大优势,结合工程实际,本文对用于桥面铺装的橡胶集料混凝土性能进行了研究。所采用的研究方法、主要结论及成果总结如下:
(1)通过对橡胶集料表面物理化学性能的研究发现橡胶集料混凝土产生高抗渗性的根本原因在于橡胶集料这种非极性材料的引入降低了混凝土毛细孔压力,进而阻碍了混凝土中水分的渗流。本文首次对橡胶的水接触角测定发现该接触角介于80?~116?,且接触角大小受橡胶品种及表面粗糙程度的影响,由此计算的毛细孔压力可降至普通混凝土的38%~80%。对5个橡胶集料掺量下的14个配比的试验研究发现橡胶集料混凝土渗透性很低。
(2)分析了橡胶集料混凝土氯离子渗透性机理,建立了干湿交替区域橡胶集料混凝土的氯离子渗透模型,分析了电场对橡胶集料混凝土氯离子渗透的加速作用,用ASTM C1202-97直流电量法研究了橡胶集料混凝土的氯离子渗透性。结果表明,干湿交替区域橡胶集料混凝土的氯离子渗透模型实质上是非饱和状态下混凝土中液相渗流和氯离子扩散的耦合;电场作用下橡胶集料混凝土氯离子渗透性主要受电迁作用支配;试验结果表明橡胶集料混凝土氯离子渗透性属于或接近“很低”范畴,且掺入1mm~2mm橡胶集料的氯离子渗透性低于掺4mm~6mm橡胶集料的混凝土。
(3)针对氯盐侵蚀环境下橡胶集料混凝土中钢筋的锈蚀性进行研究,采用电化学加速锈蚀方法,对0.45和0.55两种水灰比下四个橡胶集料掺量下(0 ~150kg/m~3)的钢筋混凝土梁进行了锈蚀试验,测试了试件在3.5%NaCl溶液中5d、10d两个周期下的钢筋失重率和混凝土裂缝宽度,测试了锈蚀后混凝土梁的受弯性能,得到了锈蚀前后不同橡胶集料掺量下的承载力、挠度和破坏形态。结果表明,掺入橡胶集料能够降低混凝土内钢筋的失重率,且随着掺量的增加,失重率降低幅度增大,橡胶集料混凝土梁的裂缝宽度和表面锈斑面积都小于普通混凝土;受弯试验结果表明橡胶集料混凝土与钢筋之间的粘结强度较高;荷载-位移曲线表明随着橡胶集料的增加承载力损失基本呈降低趋势,150kg/m~3掺量的橡胶集料混凝土小于5%;破坏过程表现出很好的延性。
(4)利用有限元方法对橡胶集料混凝土的毛细孔冻胀应力进行计算,考虑液相为0~20%浓度NaCl溶液,并对0~150kg/m~3橡胶集料掺量的混凝土进行盐冻试验。结果表明,橡胶集料混凝土中水泥石的拉应力平均值低于普通混凝土,且随着NaCl浓度提高,降幅增大,其中纯水、10%、20%NaCl浓度下分别下降了67.7%,、68.3%和72.4%;橡胶集料产生的拉应力值较低,小于0.5MPa,本文认为产生这种现象的根本原因在于橡胶本身产生了很大的弹性变形,吸纳了孔溶液结冰所产生的体积膨胀,降低了冻结过程对水泥石的损伤;试验结果表面随着橡胶集料掺量的增加剥落量降低,当橡胶掺量达到120kg/m~3以上时,剥落量变化不大。
(5)首次将橡胶集料混凝土应用于桥面铺装工程中,对橡胶集料混凝土的压、弯性能和冲击韧性进行了试验分析,结果表明单轴受压下橡胶集料混凝土表现出很高的压缩变形,弯曲开裂应变可达到260×10~(-6)～640×10~(-6),大大的超过了普通混凝土,冲击破坏次数是普通混凝土的1倍以上;在天津某桥梁桥面上设计并建造了一段7m×24m,厚度为120mm的橡胶集料混凝土桥面铺装试验段,结果表明橡胶集料混凝土用于桥面值得进一步推广。
The use of crumb rubber in Portland Cement Concrete (Crumb Rubber Concrete, CRC) has been the growing point of the concrete material research field in the last few years. It has been reported that putting crumb rubber in concrete mixtures compensates the deficiencies of plain concrete and results in low density and plastic shrinkage, significant increase of ductility and toughness, very high damping ratio, and extremely good thermal and sound properties. Recently, Prof. Han Zhu and his research panel in Tianjin University discovered that CRC has the properties of low permeability and low chloride penetration. Therefore, the study on the issue of the durability of CRC is of great importance concerning resolving engineering problem, securing construction quality, enlonging structure’s service life, and promoting the application of CRC.
This paper focuses on the properties of the permeability under hydraulic pressure, penetration of chloride ions, salt scaling, and steel bar corrosion in salt enviroment of CRC. Moreover, for the purpose of using CRC as bridge deck pavement, a series of material performance have been discussed in the article. The research methods, conclusions, and findings are generalized as follow:
(1)The surface physical chemistry theory is adopted to analyze the mechanism of permeability of CRC under hydraulic pressure. Result shows that due to the extremely low polarity and the hydrophobic rough surface, the capillary pressure in concrete is decreased. For the first time, the rubber-water contact angle is experimentally measured, results demonstrated that the contact angle is of 80°-116°, and the angle is influenced by the rubber varieties and the scale of surface roughness. The incorporated rubber decreases the capillary pressure by 38% to 80% compared to the plain concrete. Fourteen groups of specimens, containing five levels of crumb rubber proportion, are tested. Results indicate that all CRC specimens exhibit low permeability.
(2)The penetration model of chloride ions into CRC under wetting-drying cycle is established. The mechanism of electro-accelerated penetration is analyzed. CRC specimens are tested using ASTM C1202-97 rapid testing method. Results show that the penetration process is the coupling of pore solution infiltration and the chloride ions diffusion. The electro-accelerated penetration is dominated by electro-migration. Test results indicate that the dielectric flux of CRC is at the round of 1000C, which means a“very low”penetration according to ASTM C1202-97. And the CRC specimens incorporate 1mm~2mm crumb rubber exhibit better penetration resistance than those with 4mm~6mm rubber, which are approximately the same to the controlled group.
(3)The electrochemical acceleration method is adopted to investigate the corrosion property of reinforced crumb rubber concrete (CRC). Two levels of water cement ratio were chosen, and a total of 24 beams, which contained four levels of crumb rubber from 0~150kg/m~3 were tested. The weight loss and spalling crack width were measured after the exposure of 5 and 10 days of current flow. To investigate the bearing capacity, deflection, and failure model of CRC beams that had been corroded, the four-point bending test was carried out. Results showed that putting crumb rubber into concrete mixture advanced the steel bar corrosion resistance, and minimized the corrosion while the crumb rubber volume proportion increases. The rust stains area and spalling crack width of CRC beams were much smaller than the controlled group. The shear failure was obsreved in four-point bending test. CRC beams exhibited high bond strength and large ductility. The load-deflection curves presented that CRC beams got lesser bearing capacity loss compared to the controlled group.
(4)The FEM is adopted to calculate the stress and strain of pore wall, which is compressed by the spalling of 0~20% NaCl pore solution. The scaling of CRC, 0 ~150kg/m~3 rubber, is experimentally investigated. Results demonstrate that the mean values of stress of C-S-H pore wall of CRC are lower than that of the controlled group. The stress decreases 67.7%, 68.3%, and 72.4% respectively by pure water, 10%, 20% NaCl pore solution. However, the stress of rubber is no more than 0.5MPa. The reason for the pressure relief is the rubber yield large elastic deformation, which releases the expansion of pore solution, and reduces the damage of C-S-H. Test results show that the scaling mass decreases when increasing the rubber content. The scaling mass presents consistence while rubber content exceeding 120 kg/m~3.
(5)For the first time, CRC is used as bridge deck pavement. The mechanical properties and impact ductility are tested. Results show that CRC exhibits ductile failure, the flexural and impact ductility is highly improved. A 7m×24m, 120mm thick CRC bridge deck test spot is constructed. The performance of the test site proofs that CRC bridge deck deserves further promotion.
本文主要针对橡胶集料混凝土的抗渗性、氯离子渗透性、抗盐冻性以及氯盐侵蚀环境下橡胶集料混凝土内钢筋锈蚀性机理进行研究;同时,橡胶集料混凝土的特点使得其作为桥面铺装材料具有很大优势,结合工程实际,本文对用于桥面铺装的橡胶集料混凝土性能进行了研究。所采用的研究方法、主要结论及成果总结如下:
(1)通过对橡胶集料表面物理化学性能的研究发现橡胶集料混凝土产生高抗渗性的根本原因在于橡胶集料这种非极性材料的引入降低了混凝土毛细孔压力,进而阻碍了混凝土中水分的渗流。本文首次对橡胶的水接触角测定发现该接触角介于80?~116?,且接触角大小受橡胶品种及表面粗糙程度的影响,由此计算的毛细孔压力可降至普通混凝土的38%~80%。对5个橡胶集料掺量下的14个配比的试验研究发现橡胶集料混凝土渗透性很低。
(2)分析了橡胶集料混凝土氯离子渗透性机理,建立了干湿交替区域橡胶集料混凝土的氯离子渗透模型,分析了电场对橡胶集料混凝土氯离子渗透的加速作用,用ASTM C1202-97直流电量法研究了橡胶集料混凝土的氯离子渗透性。结果表明,干湿交替区域橡胶集料混凝土的氯离子渗透模型实质上是非饱和状态下混凝土中液相渗流和氯离子扩散的耦合;电场作用下橡胶集料混凝土氯离子渗透性主要受电迁作用支配;试验结果表明橡胶集料混凝土氯离子渗透性属于或接近“很低”范畴,且掺入1mm~2mm橡胶集料的氯离子渗透性低于掺4mm~6mm橡胶集料的混凝土。
(3)针对氯盐侵蚀环境下橡胶集料混凝土中钢筋的锈蚀性进行研究,采用电化学加速锈蚀方法,对0.45和0.55两种水灰比下四个橡胶集料掺量下(0 ~150kg/m~3)的钢筋混凝土梁进行了锈蚀试验,测试了试件在3.5%NaCl溶液中5d、10d两个周期下的钢筋失重率和混凝土裂缝宽度,测试了锈蚀后混凝土梁的受弯性能,得到了锈蚀前后不同橡胶集料掺量下的承载力、挠度和破坏形态。结果表明,掺入橡胶集料能够降低混凝土内钢筋的失重率,且随着掺量的增加,失重率降低幅度增大,橡胶集料混凝土梁的裂缝宽度和表面锈斑面积都小于普通混凝土;受弯试验结果表明橡胶集料混凝土与钢筋之间的粘结强度较高;荷载-位移曲线表明随着橡胶集料的增加承载力损失基本呈降低趋势,150kg/m~3掺量的橡胶集料混凝土小于5%;破坏过程表现出很好的延性。
(4)利用有限元方法对橡胶集料混凝土的毛细孔冻胀应力进行计算,考虑液相为0~20%浓度NaCl溶液,并对0~150kg/m~3橡胶集料掺量的混凝土进行盐冻试验。结果表明,橡胶集料混凝土中水泥石的拉应力平均值低于普通混凝土,且随着NaCl浓度提高,降幅增大,其中纯水、10%、20%NaCl浓度下分别下降了67.7%,、68.3%和72.4%;橡胶集料产生的拉应力值较低,小于0.5MPa,本文认为产生这种现象的根本原因在于橡胶本身产生了很大的弹性变形,吸纳了孔溶液结冰所产生的体积膨胀,降低了冻结过程对水泥石的损伤;试验结果表面随着橡胶集料掺量的增加剥落量降低,当橡胶掺量达到120kg/m~3以上时,剥落量变化不大。
(5)首次将橡胶集料混凝土应用于桥面铺装工程中,对橡胶集料混凝土的压、弯性能和冲击韧性进行了试验分析,结果表明单轴受压下橡胶集料混凝土表现出很高的压缩变形,弯曲开裂应变可达到260×10~(-6)～640×10~(-6),大大的超过了普通混凝土,冲击破坏次数是普通混凝土的1倍以上;在天津某桥梁桥面上设计并建造了一段7m×24m,厚度为120mm的橡胶集料混凝土桥面铺装试验段,结果表明橡胶集料混凝土用于桥面值得进一步推广。
The use of crumb rubber in Portland Cement Concrete (Crumb Rubber Concrete, CRC) has been the growing point of the concrete material research field in the last few years. It has been reported that putting crumb rubber in concrete mixtures compensates the deficiencies of plain concrete and results in low density and plastic shrinkage, significant increase of ductility and toughness, very high damping ratio, and extremely good thermal and sound properties. Recently, Prof. Han Zhu and his research panel in Tianjin University discovered that CRC has the properties of low permeability and low chloride penetration. Therefore, the study on the issue of the durability of CRC is of great importance concerning resolving engineering problem, securing construction quality, enlonging structure’s service life, and promoting the application of CRC.
This paper focuses on the properties of the permeability under hydraulic pressure, penetration of chloride ions, salt scaling, and steel bar corrosion in salt enviroment of CRC. Moreover, for the purpose of using CRC as bridge deck pavement, a series of material performance have been discussed in the article. The research methods, conclusions, and findings are generalized as follow:
(1)The surface physical chemistry theory is adopted to analyze the mechanism of permeability of CRC under hydraulic pressure. Result shows that due to the extremely low polarity and the hydrophobic rough surface, the capillary pressure in concrete is decreased. For the first time, the rubber-water contact angle is experimentally measured, results demonstrated that the contact angle is of 80°-116°, and the angle is influenced by the rubber varieties and the scale of surface roughness. The incorporated rubber decreases the capillary pressure by 38% to 80% compared to the plain concrete. Fourteen groups of specimens, containing five levels of crumb rubber proportion, are tested. Results indicate that all CRC specimens exhibit low permeability.
(2)The penetration model of chloride ions into CRC under wetting-drying cycle is established. The mechanism of electro-accelerated penetration is analyzed. CRC specimens are tested using ASTM C1202-97 rapid testing method. Results show that the penetration process is the coupling of pore solution infiltration and the chloride ions diffusion. The electro-accelerated penetration is dominated by electro-migration. Test results indicate that the dielectric flux of CRC is at the round of 1000C, which means a“very low”penetration according to ASTM C1202-97. And the CRC specimens incorporate 1mm~2mm crumb rubber exhibit better penetration resistance than those with 4mm~6mm rubber, which are approximately the same to the controlled group.
(3)The electrochemical acceleration method is adopted to investigate the corrosion property of reinforced crumb rubber concrete (CRC). Two levels of water cement ratio were chosen, and a total of 24 beams, which contained four levels of crumb rubber from 0~150kg/m~3 were tested. The weight loss and spalling crack width were measured after the exposure of 5 and 10 days of current flow. To investigate the bearing capacity, deflection, and failure model of CRC beams that had been corroded, the four-point bending test was carried out. Results showed that putting crumb rubber into concrete mixture advanced the steel bar corrosion resistance, and minimized the corrosion while the crumb rubber volume proportion increases. The rust stains area and spalling crack width of CRC beams were much smaller than the controlled group. The shear failure was obsreved in four-point bending test. CRC beams exhibited high bond strength and large ductility. The load-deflection curves presented that CRC beams got lesser bearing capacity loss compared to the controlled group.
(4)The FEM is adopted to calculate the stress and strain of pore wall, which is compressed by the spalling of 0~20% NaCl pore solution. The scaling of CRC, 0 ~150kg/m~3 rubber, is experimentally investigated. Results demonstrate that the mean values of stress of C-S-H pore wall of CRC are lower than that of the controlled group. The stress decreases 67.7%, 68.3%, and 72.4% respectively by pure water, 10%, 20% NaCl pore solution. However, the stress of rubber is no more than 0.5MPa. The reason for the pressure relief is the rubber yield large elastic deformation, which releases the expansion of pore solution, and reduces the damage of C-S-H. Test results show that the scaling mass decreases when increasing the rubber content. The scaling mass presents consistence while rubber content exceeding 120 kg/m~3.
(5)For the first time, CRC is used as bridge deck pavement. The mechanical properties and impact ductility are tested. Results show that CRC exhibits ductile failure, the flexural and impact ductility is highly improved. A 7m×24m, 120mm thick CRC bridge deck test spot is constructed. The performance of the test site proofs that CRC bridge deck deserves further promotion.
引文
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