国际私法法经济学分析评述
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摘要
国际私法是一门非常特殊的法学领域,法经济学是一门新兴的经济学的分支学科,它对很多法律部门的法律现象都有自己独到的见解和分析。虽然法经济学的历史最早可以追溯到18世纪,但是它进入国际私法领域的时间相对较晚。本文在明确界定了什么是法经济学及其基本领域的基础上,细细梳理了国际私法法经济学分析近半个世纪的发展历程,并根据研究内容和方法的不同将国际私法法经济学的发展划分为不同的阶段。笔者收集了大量的大陆法系和英美法系关于国际私法法经济学研究的相关文献,对其内容进行深入细致的分析和比较。并据此得出国际私法法经济学研究的若干结论。希望能够为这一领域的研究人员的未来研究搭建一个基本理论的平台,因为不可否认的是,直到目前,这个领域仍然是缺少相关研究的。同时,也希望能够起到抛砖引玉的作用,为国际私法理论的进一步深化和在经济日益全球化的今天,更好的解读国际私法这个调整涉外民商事关系的法律学科尽一份微薄之力。
Law and economics is a branch of economics. It originated of the field of economics and grew up also in this field. It is a manifestation of the idea of economics which influence the other fields of social science. Although there are a lot of people opposite the phenomena of“the empire of economics”, it is an inevitable trance. In the development of economics, it obviously has relationship with the others disciplines, and what’s more, it will influence their theories. The reason is clear, the theory of economics is comprehensive and nobody can live without it.
Private international law is a very difficult discipline. The theory of economics has influences this field very late. The first article of law and economics of private international law is conflict law and federal system written by Professor Baxter. In the following 50 years, lots of scholars joined in this field. Although we have gained many working papers and some success, this discipline give us the impression of confusion. In the whole, this is a discipline which lack of reflection and thinking. The author try to find out the rule of development of law and economics of private international law; how many steps that it can be divided; what kind of problems that it has met during its history; Law and economics of private international law is very young and as its first period of development. The author hopes that we can synthesize all the work that we have done in this field and supply a support of theory for the further studying.
The people who firstly used these methods of economics to the problems of law were the economists. Later this idea came into law school from the school of economics. Many law workers hope that they can use the ideas of economics to resolve the puzzles of law or to explain the phenomena of law. But, the templar usually has different thinking from that of economists. We must accept that the deeper thought comes from the economics, but both of them have limit. On hand, the economist paid more attention to the fields which connect with the market, such as contract, torts, anti-dumpling, and so on. On the other hand, the economist lack of the systematic theory of law to support their explanations. With the development of economic, a lot of traditional field also need to be well explain with the method of economics, such as marriage, heritage. Actually, the limit of legist is mortal, because the knowledge of economics is so difficult that it has the disharmonious phenomena when the legist applied this method on the problems of law.
The private international law is a very special field of law, comprehensive, complicated and rough-and-tumble. As we have already said, the method of economics affected this discipline very late. The private international law has also many branches, for example, contract, torts, marriage, ect. Not only this special problem lack of explain by the theory of economics, but also the field as a whole lack of introduction from this point of view. All the people in this field accept that the first person who expressed his affection for method of economic was Professor Baxter at 1963 whose article is choice of law and federal system. After that, many scholars joined in this movement. So far, the history of law and economics of private international law has totally been about 50 years, but, it still gives us an impression of confusion. The scholars study individually, they think little about the other person’s work and the whole situation of this field. This is partly because the features of these two disciplines. The author in this article tries to find out the phases of his history, it has still a lot of problems, and what are these problems. Although the private international law has developed almost 50 years, it is still at a stage of elementary. So the author hopes that we can supply a background of theory of law and economics of private international law to the future study through our effort.
But we should know that law and economics is the branch which uses the methods of economics. First of all, we should be familiar with the theory of economics. Otherwise, what we will work in this field will lack the base. This is a problem that we face now. All the people who study the law and economics of private international law are legist but no economist. They have no systematic knowledge of economics. So they can not draw the very compelling conclusion when they use the method of economics. Some people think that the law and economics of private international law is founded on the faith of the method of economics but not a base of science. The author wants to judge of the law and economics of private international law from the point of view of basal theory of economics. I think that the basic knowledge is very important.
I want to divide this thesis into six parts. In the first part, I will introduce why I want to write this kind of article and where the inspiration comes. The second part, I want to explain the basal theories of economics which have been always used in private international law. The third part we introduce the history of development of law and economics of private international law. The forth part, we will find out the main content of law and economics of private international law. In fact, the coming of the methods of economics does not bring a new way to resolve the conflict of laws between the different countries. The scholars simply use the economical method to discuss the problems which we have discussed for a long time. Maybe they can give a new look. The fifth part is concerning the differences between the common law and civil law on law and economics of private international law. The last part, we draw some conclusion from the study of law and economics of private international law.
This article is a very basic study of law and economics and the application the method of economics on private international law. The basic study of law and economics of private international law can help us to improve the ability of study and clarify the direction of study. This is very important for the discipline.
Law and economics is a branch of economics. It originated of the field of economics and grew up also in this field. It is a manifestation of the idea of economics which influence the other fields of social science. Although there are a lot of people opposite the phenomena of“the empire of economics”, it is an inevitable trance. In the development of economics, it obviously has relationship with the others disciplines, and what’s more, it will influence their theories. The reason is clear, the theory of economics is comprehensive and nobody can live without it.
Private international law is a very difficult discipline. The theory of economics has influences this field very late. The first article of law and economics of private international law is conflict law and federal system written by Professor Baxter. In the following 50 years, lots of scholars joined in this field. Although we have gained many working papers and some success, this discipline give us the impression of confusion. In the whole, this is a discipline which lack of reflection and thinking. The author try to find out the rule of development of law and economics of private international law; how many steps that it can be divided; what kind of problems that it has met during its history; Law and economics of private international law is very young and as its first period of development. The author hopes that we can synthesize all the work that we have done in this field and supply a support of theory for the further studying.
The people who firstly used these methods of economics to the problems of law were the economists. Later this idea came into law school from the school of economics. Many law workers hope that they can use the ideas of economics to resolve the puzzles of law or to explain the phenomena of law. But, the templar usually has different thinking from that of economists. We must accept that the deeper thought comes from the economics, but both of them have limit. On hand, the economist paid more attention to the fields which connect with the market, such as contract, torts, anti-dumpling, and so on. On the other hand, the economist lack of the systematic theory of law to support their explanations. With the development of economic, a lot of traditional field also need to be well explain with the method of economics, such as marriage, heritage. Actually, the limit of legist is mortal, because the knowledge of economics is so difficult that it has the disharmonious phenomena when the legist applied this method on the problems of law.
The private international law is a very special field of law, comprehensive, complicated and rough-and-tumble. As we have already said, the method of economics affected this discipline very late. The private international law has also many branches, for example, contract, torts, marriage, ect. Not only this special problem lack of explain by the theory of economics, but also the field as a whole lack of introduction from this point of view. All the people in this field accept that the first person who expressed his affection for method of economic was Professor Baxter at 1963 whose article is choice of law and federal system. After that, many scholars joined in this movement. So far, the history of law and economics of private international law has totally been about 50 years, but, it still gives us an impression of confusion. The scholars study individually, they think little about the other person’s work and the whole situation of this field. This is partly because the features of these two disciplines. The author in this article tries to find out the phases of his history, it has still a lot of problems, and what are these problems. Although the private international law has developed almost 50 years, it is still at a stage of elementary. So the author hopes that we can supply a background of theory of law and economics of private international law to the future study through our effort.
But we should know that law and economics is the branch which uses the methods of economics. First of all, we should be familiar with the theory of economics. Otherwise, what we will work in this field will lack the base. This is a problem that we face now. All the people who study the law and economics of private international law are legist but no economist. They have no systematic knowledge of economics. So they can not draw the very compelling conclusion when they use the method of economics. Some people think that the law and economics of private international law is founded on the faith of the method of economics but not a base of science. The author wants to judge of the law and economics of private international law from the point of view of basal theory of economics. I think that the basic knowledge is very important.
I want to divide this thesis into six parts. In the first part, I will introduce why I want to write this kind of article and where the inspiration comes. The second part, I want to explain the basal theories of economics which have been always used in private international law. The third part we introduce the history of development of law and economics of private international law. The forth part, we will find out the main content of law and economics of private international law. In fact, the coming of the methods of economics does not bring a new way to resolve the conflict of laws between the different countries. The scholars simply use the economical method to discuss the problems which we have discussed for a long time. Maybe they can give a new look. The fifth part is concerning the differences between the common law and civil law on law and economics of private international law. The last part, we draw some conclusion from the study of law and economics of private international law.
This article is a very basic study of law and economics and the application the method of economics on private international law. The basic study of law and economics of private international law can help us to improve the ability of study and clarify the direction of study. This is very important for the discipline.
引文
2德国的国际私法学家康恩曾经说过,国际私法是一个从书名页起就存在争议的学科,法经济学也是如此,它具有很多名称,例如:法律经济学、法和经济学、法经济学、法律的经济分析等等。不同的名称其实代表着对这门学科范围、内容和性质等的不同理解。
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12http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%8F%E9%99%A2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&variant=zh-cn
13http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8D%E5%95%86%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&variant=zh-cn
14http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8D%E5%95%86%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&variant=zh-cn
15http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6&variant=zh-cn
16http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE&variant=zh-cn
17http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6&variant=zh-cn
18对应于早期的,俗称:第一代新古典派经济学(Neoclassical Economics)对应于始于20世纪70年代的俗称:新古典派经济学第二代(New Classical Economics)对20世纪80年代以后发展起来的一个新流派即:新兴古典经济学(New Classical Economics)以及20世纪末开始的第四次“整合”。
19http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E8%88%88%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE&variant=zh-cn
20http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6&variant=zh-cn
21http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%AF%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&variant=zh-cn
22http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE&variant=zh-cn
23http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%8A%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%93%A5%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE&variant=zh-cn
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93 Erin Ann O’Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. Conflict of Laws and Choice of Law[A]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW & ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000: 631-660.
94 Erin Ann O’Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. Conflict of Laws and Choice of Law[A]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW & ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000: 631-660.
95 Erin Ann O’Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. Conflict of Laws and Choice of Law[A]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW& ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000: 631-660.
96 Erin Ann O’Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. Conflict of Laws and Choice of Law[A]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW & ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000: 631-660.
97 Erin Ann O’Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. Conflict of Laws and Choice of Law[A]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW & ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000: 631-660.
98 Erin Ann O’Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. Conflict of Laws and Choice of Law[A]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW & ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000: 631-660.
99 Erin Ann O’Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. Conflict of Laws and Choice of Law[A]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW & ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000: 631-660.
100 Erin Ann O’Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. Conflict of Laws and Choice of Law[A]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW & ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000: 631-660.
101 Erin Ann O’Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. Conflict of Laws and Choice of Law[A]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW & ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000: 631-660.
102 Robert A.Leflar. Conflicts Law:More on Choice-Influencing Considerations[J]. California Law Review,1966 (54): 978.
103 Michael E. Solimine. An Economic and Empirical Analysis of Choice of Law [J]. Georgia Law Review, 1984 (24): 49.
104 Priest, George and Klein, Benjamin. The Selection of Disputes for Litigation[J]. Journal of Legal Studies, 1984 (13): 1.
105 Patrick J. Borchers. The Choice-of-Law Revolution: An Empirical Study[J]. Washington and Lee Law Review, 1992 (49): 357-84.
106 Erin Ann O’Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. Conflict of Laws and Choice of Law[A]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW & ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000: 631-660.
107 Stuart E. Thiel. Choice of Law and the Home-Court Advantage: Evidence[J]. American Law and Economics Review, 2000 (2): 291-317.
108 Caldeira. The Transmission of Legal Precedent: A Study of State Supreme Courts[J]. AM. POL. SCI. REV, 1985(79): 178.
109 Canon and Baum. Patterns of Adoption of Tort Law Innovations: An Application of Diffusion Theory to Judicial Doctrines[J]. AM. POL. SCI. REV, 1981 (75): 975-976.
110 Joel P.Trachtman. Economic Analysis of International Law[J]. Yale J.Int’l L, 1999 (24): 687. and Joe P.Trachtman. Economic Analysis of Prescriptive Jurisdiction and choice of Law[J]. Va.J.Int’l L, 2001(42): 231.
111 Andrew Guzman. Choice of Law: New Foundations[J]. Geo.L.J, 2002 (90): 883.
112朱莉.国际私法的经济分析[D].长春:吉林大学经济学院,2007: 43.
113 Paul B. Stephan. The Political Economy of Choice of Law[J]. Geo. L.J, 2002 (90): 957.
114 Michael E. Solimine. An Economic and Empirical Analysis of Choice of Law[J]. Georgia Law Review, 1984 (24): 53.
115 McConnell. A Choice-of-Law Approach to Products-Liability Reform[A]. W. Olson. NEW DIRECTIONS IN LIABILITY LAW[C]. New York: Academy of Political Science, 1988: 90-101.
116 Michael E. Solimine. An Economic and Empirical Analysis of Choice of Law[J]. Georgia Law Review, 1984 (24): 63.
117 Michael E. Solimine. An Economic and Empirical Analysis of Choice of Law[J]. Georgia Law Review, 1984 (24): 65.
118 Paul B. Stephan. The Political Economy of Choice of Law[J]. Geo. L.J, 2002 (90): 962.
119 Kramer, Larry. Rethinking Choice of Law[J]. Columbia Law Review, 1990 (90): 277-345.
120 Kramer, Larry. Rethinking Choice of Law[J]. Columbia Law Review, 1990 (90): 277-345.
121 Erin A. O'Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. From Politics to Efficiency in Choice of Law[J]. U. Chi. L. Rev, 2000 (67): 1151-1231.
122 Erin A. O'Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. From Politics to Efficiency in Choice of Law[J]. U. Chi. L. Rev, 2000 (67): 1151-1231.
123 Erin O'Hara. Social Constraint or Implicit Collusion?: Toward a Game Theoretic Analysis of Stare Decisis[J]. Seton Hall L Rev, 1993 (24): 736, 746, 767.
124 Charles M. Tiebout. A Pure Theory of Local Expenditures[J]. J Pol Econ, 1956 (64): 416.
125 Erin A. O'Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. From Politics to Efficiency in Choice of Law[J]. U. Chi. L. Rev, 2000 (67): 1151-1231.
126 Erin A. O'Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. From Politics to Efficiency in Choice of Law[J]. U. Chi. L. Rev, 2000 (67): 1151-1231.
127 Erin A. O'Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. From Politics to Efficiency in Choice of Law[J]. U. Chi. L. Rev, 2000(67): 1151-1231.
128 Erin A. O'Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. From Politics to Efficiency in Choice of Law[J]. U. Chi. L. Rev, 2000 (67): 1151-1231.
129 Erin A. O'Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. From Politics to Efficiency in Choice of Law[J]. U. Chi. L. Rev, 2000 (67): 1151-1231.
130 Eugene F. Scoles and Peter Hay. Conflict of Laws [M]. St Paul, Minnesota: West Publishing Co., 1984: 57.
131 Michael J. Whincop and Mary Keyes. The Market Tort in Private International Law[J]. Nw J Intl L & Bus, 1999 (19): 215.
132 Paul H. Rubin. Courts and the Tort-Contract Boundary in Product Liability[A]. Buckley. The Fall and Rise of Freedom of Contract[C]. Durham : Duke University Press, 1999: 119.
133 William F. Baxter. Choice of Law and the Federal System[J]. Stanford Law Review, 1963 (16): 4-22.
134 Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws§145.
135 Restatement (First) of Conflict of Laws§§378-79.
136 Robby Alden. Modernizing the Situs Rule in Real Property Conflicts[J]. Tex L Rev, 1987 (65): 585.
137 William F. Baxter. Choice of Law and the Federal System[J]. Stanford Law Review, 1963 (16): 4-22.
138 Michael A. Heller. The Boundaries of Private Property[J]. Yale L J, 1999 (108): 1163.
139 Micheal J.Whincop&Mary Keyes. Policy and Pragmatism in the Conflict of Laws[M]. Dartmouth: Publishing Company, 2001: 78-80.
140 Micheal J.Whincop&Mary Keyes. Policy and Pragmatism in the Conflict of Laws[M]. Dartmouth: Publishing Company, 2001: 78-80.
141 Micheal J.Whincop&Mary Keyes. Policy and Pragmatism in the Conflict of Laws[M]. Dartmouth: Publishing Company, 2001: 36.
142 Micheal J.Whincop&Mary Keyes. Policy and Pragmatism in the Conflict of Laws[M]. Dartmouth: PublishingCompany, 2001: 25.
143 Micheal J.Whincop&Mary Keyes. Policy and Pragmatism in the Conflict of Laws[M]. Dartmouth: Publishing Company, 2001: 26-30.
144 Micheal J.Whincop&Mary Keyes. Policy and Pragmatism in the Conflict of Laws[M]. Dartmouth: Publishing Company, 2001: 44.
145 Parisi, Francesco and Larry E. Ribstein. Choice of Law[A]. Peter Newman. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and the Law[C]. London: Macmillan, 1998: 32.
146吉林大学的王彦志先生在他对这本书的书评中提到的,但是尚未出版,笔者有幸先睹为快。
147 Michael E. Solimine. The Law and Economics of Conflict of Laws[J]. American Law and Economics Review, 2002 (4): 208-226.
148他们大多数接受了Les Brilmayer的理论,认为现代的理论(以国家利益为核心)是不可避免的倾向于法院地法,过多的保护民事侵权行为的原告和导致挑选法院。
149之前主要是Baxter(1963)和Posner(1998)著作中表现出调整国家利益的观点.See Richard A. Posner. Economic Analysis of Law[M]. New York: Aspen Law & Business. Richman, 1998.
150 Allen, William A.and Erin A. O'Hara. Second Generation Law and Economics of Conflict of Laws: Baxter's Comparative Impairment[J]. Stanford Law Review, 1999 (51): 1011.
151 Joe P.Trachtman. Economic Analysis of Prescriptive Jurisdiction and choice of Law[J]. Va.J.Int’l L, 2001 (42): 231.
152 Woodward, William J., Jr.. Contractual Choice of Law: Legislative Choice in an Era of Party Autonomy[J]. SMU Law Review, 2000 (54): 697-783.
153 Michael E. Solimine. The Law and Economics of Conflict of Laws[J]. American Law and Economics Review, 2002 (4): 208-226.
154 Horatia Muir Watt. Aspectséconomiques du droit international privé[J]. Receuil des Cours, 2004: 25-382.
155 Jürgen Basedow. An economic analysis of private international law[M]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006.
156 Christian Kirchner. An Economic Analysis of Choice of Law and Choice-of-Forum Clauses [EB/OL]. http://www.rewi.hu-berlin.de/jura/ls/knr/.
157 Hans-Bernd Sch?fer and Katrin Lantermann. Jurisdiction and Choice of Law in Economic Perspective. German Working Papers in Law and Economics[EB/OL]. http://www.bepress.com/gwp/default/vol2005/iss1/art1. Hans-Bernd Sch?fer. Efficient Third Party Liability of Auditors in Tort Law and in Contract Law. German Working Papers in Law and Economics[EB/OL]. http://www.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1087&context=gwp.
158 Shozo Ota. Choice of Law and Economic Analysis: A Methodological Introduction[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 3– 14.
159 KAGAMI Kazuaki. The Systematic Choice of Legal Rules for Private International Law [A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 15-32.
160 Michael E. Solimine. The Law and Economics of Conflict of Laws[J]. American Law and Economics Review, 2002 (4): 208-226.
161 G. Kegel. The Crisis of the Conflict of Laws[J]. RCADI, 1964 (t112): 91.
162 J. H. Merryman. The Public Law- Private Law Distinction in European and American law[J]. Forum of Public Law, 1968 (17): 3.
163 H. Batiffol. Aspects philosophiques du droit international privé[M]. Paris: Dalloz, 2002: 110.
164 M.A. Frison-Roche. Définition du droit de la régulationéconomique[D]. Paris: Cahier droit des affaires, 2004: 126.
165 Horatia Muir Watt. Aspectséconomiques du droit international privé[J]. Receuil des Cours, 2004: 25-382.
166 Horatia Muir Watt. Aspectséconomiques du droit international privé[J]. Receuil des Cours, 2004: 25-382.
167 Horatia Muir Watt. Aspectséconomiques du droit international privé[J]. Receuil des Cours, 2004: 25-382.
168 Horatia Muir Watt. Choice of Law in Integrated and Interconnected Markets: A Matter of Political Economy [EB/OL]. http://www.ejcl.org/73/art73-4.html.
169 Hans-Bernd Sch?fer and Katrin Lantermann. Jurisdiction and Choice of Law in Economic Perspective. German Working Papers in Law and Economics[EB/OL]. http://www.bepress.com/gwp/default/vol2005/iss1/art1.
170 Andrew Guzman. Choice of Law: New Foundations[J]. Geo.L.J, 2002 (90): 833-940.
171 ECJ 05.03.1996– Cases C-46/93 and C-48/93 (Brasserie du Pêcheur SA, The Queen ./. Federal Republic of Germany, Secretary of State for Transport, Ex parte: Factortame Ltd. And others) E.C.R. I-1029 (1996).
172 ECJ 09.03.1999 and ECJ 05.11.2002.
173 Hans-Bernd Sch?fer, Efficient Third Party Liability of Auditors in Tort Law and in Contract Law ,German Working Papers in Law and Economics[EB/OL]. http://www.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1087&context=gwp.
174 Andrew Guzman. Choice of Law: New Foundations[J]. Geo.L.J, 2002 (90): 883-940.
175 Hans-Bernd Sch?fer/Katrin Lantermann: Choice of Law from an Economic Perspective[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 87-119.
176 Jürgen Basedow. Lex Mercatoria and the Private International Law of Contracts in Economic Perspective[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 57-71.
177 Jürgen Basedow. Lex Mercatoria and the Private International Law of Contracts in Economic Perspective[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 57-71.
178 Barton S. Selden. Les mercatoria in European and US trade practice: Time to take a closer look: Golden Gate [J]. Univ. School of Law Annual Survey of Int’l & comp, 1995 (2): 111,119.
179 Marcel Fontaine, Filip de Ly. Droit des contrats internationaux– analyse et rédaction de clauses [M]. Paris: FORUM EUROPEEN DE LA COMMUNICATION, 1989: 675-676.
180 Jürgen Basedow. Lex Mercatoria and the Private International Law of Contracts in Economic Perspective[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 57-71.
181 International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT), UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts 2004(2004).
182 See the 3rd recital of the preamble of the UNIDROIT Principles.
183 Jürgen Basedow. Lex Mercatoria and the Private International Law of Contracts in Economic Perspective[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 57-71.
184 See the annual collection of German judgments on private international law: Die deutsche Rechtssprechung auf dem Gebiete des internationalen Privatrechts, published by Mohr Siebeck.
185 Kazuaki Kagami. The Systematic Choice of Legal Rules for Private International Law[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 15-32.
186 Kazuaki Kagami. The Systematic Choice of Legal Rules for Private International Law[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 15-32.
187 Milton Friedman. The Methodology of Positive Economics[A]. Milton Friedman. Essays in Positive Economics [C]. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 1953: 3-43.
188 Kazuaki Kagami. The Systematic Choice of Legal Rules for Private International Law[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 15-32.
189 Kazuaki Kagami. The Systematic Choice of Legal Rules for Private International Law[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 15-32.
190 Kazuaki Kagami. The Systematic Choice of Legal Rules for Private International Law[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 15-32.
191 Kazuaki Kagami. The Systematic Choice of Legal Rules for Private International Law[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 15-32.
192 Souichirou Kozuka. The Economic Implications of Uniformity in Law[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 73-84.
193 Souichirou Kozuka. The Economic Implications of Uniformity in Law[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 73-84.
194 Arthur S. Hartkamp. Modernisation and Harmonisation of Contract Law: Objectives, Methods and Scope: Uniform[J]. L. Rev, 2003 (8): 81-82.
195 International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading of 25 August 1924, 120 L.N.T.S.187.
196 Montreal Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air of 28 May 1999, S. Treaty Doc. No. 106-45 (2000)
197 Warsaw Convention for the Unification of Certain Tules for International Carriage by Air of 12 October 1929, 137 L.N.T.S.11.
198 Souichirou Kozuka. The Economic Implications of Uniformity in Law[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 73-84.
199 Souichirou Kozuka. The Economic Implications of Uniformity in Law[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 73-84.
200 Souichirou Kozuka. The Economic Implications of Uniformity in Law[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 73-84.
201 Shozo Ota. Choice of Law and Economic Analysis: A Methodological Introduction[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 3-14.
202 Shozo Ota. Choice of Law and Economic Analysis: A Methodological Introduction[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 3-14.
203 Shozo Ota. Choice of Law and Economic Analysis: A Methodological Introduction[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 3-14.
204 Shozo Ota. Choice of Law and Economic Analysis: A Methodological Introduction[A]. Jürgen Basedow andToshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 3-14.
205法律冲突的解决方法传统上被认为只有两种,冲突法的解决方法和统一实体法的解决方法。
206 William F. Baxter. Choice of Law and the Federal System[J]. Stanford Law Review, 1963 (16): 1-42.
206 William F. Baxter. Choice of Law and the Federal System[J]. Stanford Law Review, 1963 (16): 1-42.
208 Erin Ann O’Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. Conflict of Laws and Choice of Law[A]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW & ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000: 631-660.
209 Erin A. O'Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. From Politics to Efficiency in Choice of Law[J]. U. Chi. L. Rev, 2000 (67): 1151-1231.
210 Solimine & Walker. Constitutional Litigation in Federal and State Courts: An Empirical Analysis of Judicial Parity[J]. HASTINGS CONST. L.Q, 1983 (10): 213, 249.
211 Lea. Brilmayer. Interest Analysis and the Myth of Legislative Intent[J]. Michigan Law Review, 1980 (78): 392-431.
212 Lea. Brilmayer. Interest Analysis and the Myth of Legislative Intent[J]. Michigan Law Review, 1980 (78): 392-431.
213 Lea. Brilmayer. Interest Analysis and the Myth of Legislative Intent[J]. Michigan Law Review, 1980 (78): 392-431.
214 Hans-Bernd Sch?fer. Legal Rules and Standards: German Working Papers in Law and Economics[EB/OL]. www.bepress.com/gwp/default/vol2002iss1/art2;
215政府利益在这里沿用的是政府利益分析说的用法,这个学说主要是针对美国州际冲突的情况,但是法律选择同样可以发生在而且是绝大多数发生在国际层面,这个时候政府利益学派主张的就是国家利益,因此在这里把这两个情况放在一起说明。
216 Micheal J.Whincop&Mary Keyes. Policy and Pragmatism in the Conflict of Laws[M]. Dartmouth: Publishing Company, 2001: 10.
217 Paul B. Stephan. The Political Economy of Choice of Law[J]. Geo. L.J, 2002 (90): 957.
218 KAGAMI Kazuaki. The Systematic Choice of Legal Rules for Private International Law[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 15-32.
219持这种主张的学者还有Trachtman,William Woodward,Richman Reynolds,Stephan等。
220 Lea. Brilmayer. Interest Analysis and the Myth of Legislative Intent[J]. Michigan Law Review, 1980 (78): 392-431.
221 Hans-Bernd Sch?fer and Katrin Lantermann. Jurisdiction and Choice of Law in Economic Perspective. German Working Papers in Law and Economics[EB/OL]. http://www.bepress.com/gwp/default/vol2005/iss1/art1.
222 Micheal J.Whincop&Mary Keyes. Policy and Pragmatism in the Conflict of Laws[M]. Dartmouth: Publishing Company, 2001: 71.
223 William F. Baxter. Choice of Law and the Federal System[J]. Stanford Law Review, 1963 (16): 1-42.
224 Joel P.Trachtman. Economic Analysis of International Law[J]. Yale J.Int’l L, 1999 (24): 687. & Joe P.Trachtman. Economic Analysis of Prescriptive Jurisdiction and choice of Law[J]. Va.J.Int’l L, 2001(42): 231.
225合作均衡是指博弈中参与人之间相互作用,并达成了一个具有约束力的协议,实施以追求共同的收益最大化策略所达成的状态。
226 Kramer, Larry. Rethinking Choice of Law[J]. Columbia Law Review, 1990 (90): 277-345.
227也有学者认为欧盟这个证据的说服力不是很强。美国已经进入至少两个合作的制度,一个是欧盟和司法部之间的执行协议,用来分享信息和咨询,但是没有阐述具体的标准,另一个是北美自由贸易区,它的章程中规定组建一个类似WTO的制度。但是上述两个协议都没有分配管辖权,这两个协议都是不得罪人的,没有做出任何反对,但是对于增加国际合作来导致更有力的竞争的法律也没有什么作用。两者也都提供不出对于Guzman所要求的能够导致更加有效率的制度的合作真正的支持。
228 Andrew Guzman. Choice of Law: New Foundations[J]. Geo.L.J, 2002 (90): 883-940.
229 Shozo Ota. Choice of Law and Economic Analysis: A Methodological Introduction[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 3-14.
230 Kramer, Larry. Rethinking Choice of Law[J]. Columbia Law Review, 1990 (90): 277-345.
231 Jürgen Basedow. Lex Mercatoria and the Private International Law of Contracts in Economic Perspective[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 57-71.
232 Micheal J.Whincop&Mary Keyes. Policy and Pragmatism in the Conflict of Laws[M]. Dartmouth: Publishing Company, 2001: 101.
233 Micheal J.Whincop&Mary Keyes. Policy and Pragmatism in the Conflict of Laws[M]. Dartmouth: Publishing Company, 2001: 110.
234选择法院地法的成本和收益,执行当事人选择的成本和收益。这些理论详细的论述在法经济学百科全书中。
235 Ralf Michaels: Two Economists, Three Opinions? Economic Models for Private International Law– Cross-Border Torts as Example[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 143 -184.
236 Andrew Guzman. Choice of Law:New Foundations[J]. Geo.L.J, 2002 (90): 883-940.
237 Patrick J. Borchers. The Choice-of-Law Revolution: An Empirical Study[J]. Washington and Lee Law Review, 1992 (49): 357-84.
238 Michael E. Solimine. An Economic and Empirical Analysis of Choice of Law[J]. Georgia Law Review, 1984 (24): 49.
239 Patrick J. Borchers. The Choice-of-Law Revolution: An Empirical Study[J]. Washington and Lee Law Review, 1992 (49): 357.
240 Stuart E. Thiel. Choice of Law and the Home-Court Advantage: Evidence[J]. American Law and Economics Review, 2000 (2): 291-317.
241 Shozo Ota. Choice of Law and Economic Analysis: A Methodological Introduction[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 3-14.
242 William F. Baxter. Choice of Law and the Federal System[J]. Stanford Law Review, 1963 (16): 1-42.
243理查德·A·波斯纳.法律的经济分析[M].蒋兆康,林毅夫译.北京:中国大百科全书出版社, 1997:764-765.
244孔令杰.冲突法的经济分析[D].武汉:武汉大学法学院, 2005:7.
245朱莉.国际私法的经济分析[D].长春:吉林大学经济学院, 2007: 40.
246 Nuno Garoupa, Thomas S. Ulen. The Market for Legal Innovation: Law and Economics in Europe and the United states[J]. Alabama Law Review, 2008(59): 1555-1633.
247 Nuno Garoupa, Thomas S. Ulen. The Market for Legal Innovation: Law and Economics in Europe and the United states[J]. Alabama Law Review, 2008(59): 1555-1633.
248潘天群.博弈行为中的演绎与归纳推理及其问题[J].自然辩证法研究, 2003(3): 39-43.
249 Paul H. Rubin. Judge- Made Law[J]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW & ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000: 543-558.
250 Nuno Garoupa, Thomas S. Ulen. The Market for Legal Innovation: Law and Economics in Europe and the United states[J]. Alabama Law Review, 2008(59): 1555-1633.
251 J.H. Merryman, D.S. Clark. Comparative law: Western European and Latin American Legal Systems[M]. Charlottesville: The Michie Co., Law Publishers, 1978: 29.
252 Lionel Montagné. Law and Economics in France[J]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW & ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000: 150-159.
253 Lionel Montagné. Law and Economics in France[J]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW & ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000: 150-159.
254 Nuno Garoupa, Thomas S. Ulen. The Market for Legal Innovation: Law and Economics in Europe and the United states[J]. Alabama Law Review, 2008(59): 1555-1633.
255 Nuno Garoupa, Thomas S. Ulen. The Market for Legal Innovation: Law and Economics in Europe and the United states[J]. Alabama Law Review, 2008(59): 1555-1633.
256 Nuno Garoupa, Thomas S. Ulen. The Market for Legal Innovation: Law and Economics in Europe and the United states[J]. Alabama Law Review, 2008(59): 1555-1633.
257 Nuno Garoupa, Thomas S. Ulen. The Market for Legal Innovation: Law and Economics in Europe and the United states[J]. Alabama Law Review, 2008(59): 1555-1633.
258张乃根.法经济学——经济学视野里的的法律现象[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社, 2003: 11.
259 Heico Kerkmeester. Methodology: General[J]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW & ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000: 383-403.
260 Richard A. Posner. Economic Analysis of Law[M]. Boston: Little Brown, 1992: 538.
261 Rudi W. Holzhauer, Rob Teijl. Law and economics in the Netherlands[J]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW & ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000: 146-149.
262 Frédérick Charet. Law and Eonomics in Quebec[M]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW & ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000: 318-327.
263 Nuno Garoupa, Thomas S. Ulen. The Market for Legal Innovation: Law and Economics in Europe and the United states[J]. Alabama Law Review, 2008(59): 1555-1633.
264 Paul H. Rubin. Judge- Made Law[J]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW & ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000: 543.
265 Tullock, Gordon. Trials on Trial: The Pure Theory of Legal Procedure[M]. New York: Columbia University Press, 1980: 477.
266 Mario J. Rizzo. Can There be a Principle of Explanation in Common Law Decisions? Comment on Priest[J]. Journal of Legal Studies, 1980 (9): 423-427.
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12http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%8F%E9%99%A2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&variant=zh-cn
13http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8D%E5%95%86%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&variant=zh-cn
14http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8D%E5%95%86%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&variant=zh-cn
15http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6&variant=zh-cn
16http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE&variant=zh-cn
17http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6&variant=zh-cn
18对应于早期的,俗称:第一代新古典派经济学(Neoclassical Economics)对应于始于20世纪70年代的俗称:新古典派经济学第二代(New Classical Economics)对20世纪80年代以后发展起来的一个新流派即:新兴古典经济学(New Classical Economics)以及20世纪末开始的第四次“整合”。
19http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E8%88%88%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE&variant=zh-cn
20http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6&variant=zh-cn
21http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%AF%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&variant=zh-cn
22http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE&variant=zh-cn
23http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%8A%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%93%A5%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE&variant=zh-cn
24 http://baike.baidu.com/view/538470.htm
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35 Beccaria, Cesare and Bellamy, Richard. On Crimes and Punishments and Other Writings[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995: 65.
36 Bentham, Jeremy. An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation[M]. NewYork: Hafner, 1948: 87.
37 Pearson, Heath. Origins of Law and Economics - The Economists’New Science of Law[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997: 1830-1930.
38 Pearson, Heath. Origins of Law and Economics - The Economists’New Science of Law[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997: 1830-1930.
39 Pearson, Heath. Origins of Law and Economics - The Economists’New Science of Law[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997: 1830-1930.
40 Blaug, Mark. The Methodology of Economics or How Economists Explain[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980: 56.
41 Ronald H. Coase. The New Institutional Economics[J]. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 1984 (140): 229-231.
42 Pearson, Heath. Origins of Law and Economics - The Economists’New Science of Law[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997: 1830-1930.
43 Duxbury, Neil. Patterns of American Jurisprudence[M]. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995: 98.
44 Reder, Manfred. Chicago School[A]. Eatwell, John, Milgate, Murray and Newman, Peter. The New Palgrave - The World of Economics[C]. New York: W.W. Norton, 1987: 40-50.
45 Duxbury, Neil. Patterns of American Jurisprudence[M]. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995: 418.
46 Richard A. Posner. The Economic Approach to Law[J]. Texas Law Review, 1975 (53): 757-782.
47 Gary S. Becker. The Economics of Discrimination[M]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957: 123.
48 Gary S. Becker. The Economic Approach to Human Behavior[M]. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1976: 8.
49 Richard A. Posner. The Law and Economics Movement[J]. American Economic Review, 1987 (77): 1-13.
50 Black, Duncan. The Theory of Committees and Elections[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1958: 231.
51 Ejan Mackaay. History of Law and Economics[A]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW & ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000: 65-117.
52 Ronald H. Coase. The Problem of Social Cost[J]. Journal of Law and Economics, 1960 (3): 1-44.
53 Armen A. Alchian. Some Economics of Property Rights[M]. Indianapolis: Liberty Press, 1971: 127-149.
54 Calabresi, Guido. Some Thoughts on Risk-Distribution and the Law of Torts[J]. Yale Law Journal, 1961 (70): 499-553.
55 Ejan Mackaay. History of Law and Economics[A]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW & ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000: 65-117.
56 Richard A. Epstein. Law and Economics: Its Glorious Past and Cloudy Future[J]. University of Chicago Law Review, 1997 (64): 1167-1174.
57 Schmid, A. Allen. The Economics of Property Rights: A Review Article[A]. Warr J. Samuels. The Chicago School of Political Economy[C]. East Lansing, Mich: Association of Evolutionary Economics and Michigan State University, 1976: 469-479.
58 Ejan Mackaay. History of Law and Economics[A]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW & ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000: 65-117.
59 Duxbury, Neil. Patterns of American Jurisprudence[M]. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995: 291.
60 Leo. Editor’s Foreword[J]. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 1985(1): 3-4.
61 Ejan Mackaay. School[A]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW & ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000:402-415.
62尼古拉斯·麦考罗,斯蒂文·G·曼德姆.经济学与法律:从波斯纳到后现代主义[M].朱慧等译,北京:法律出版社, 2005: 76.
63蒋自强,史晋川.当代西方经济学流派[M].上海:复旦大学出版社, 2001: 34.
64 Wemer Z Hirsch. Law and Economics: An introductory Analysis[M]. New York: Academic Press, 1999:324.
65 Ejan Mackaay. School[A]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW & ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000: 402-415.
66 Ejan Mackaay. School[A]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW & ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000: 402-415.
67 Minda, Gary. The Law and Economics and Critical Legal Studies Movements in America Law[A]. Mercuro, Nicholas. Law and Economics[C]. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989: 87-122.
68 Ejan Mackaay. School[A]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW & ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000: 402-415.
69 Ejan Mackaay. School[A]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW & ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000: 402-415.
70 De Geest, Gerrit. Economic Analysis of Contract and Quasi-Contract Law - An Inquiry into the Scientific Merit of the Economic Analysis of Law[M]. Antwerpen: Maklu Uitgevers, 1995: 435.
71 Richard A. Posner. Social Norms, Social Meaning, and Economic Analysis of Law: A Comment[J]. Journal of Legal Studies, 1995 (27): 553-565.
72罗伯特·库特,托马斯·尤伦.法经济学[M].上海:上海财经大学出版社, 2002: 386.
73张雄.市场经济中的非理性世界[M].上海:立信会计出版社, 1995: 290.
74丹尼尔·贝尔.当代西方社会科学[M].范岱年等译.北京:社会科学文献出版社, 1988: 99.
75汪翔.理性预期宏观经济学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社, 1989: 2.
76贝尔认为科尔曼的代表作《社会理论的基础》彻底摆脱了传统的束缚,为社会理论奠定了全新的基础。科尔曼的导师默顿将此书与帕森斯的《社会行动的结构》相提并论,认为科尔曼创建了新的社会行动理论。转引自科尔曼.社会理论基础[M].邓方译.北京:社会科学出版社, 1990: 1.
77霍奇逊.现代制度主义经济学宣言[M].向以斌等译.北京:北京大学出版社, 1993: 121-122, 62-72.
78关于国际私法学科的复杂性与特殊性作者曾撰文叙述过,参见:田洪鋆.国际私法教学方法选择和教学改革初探[J].长春:吉林省教育学院学报,2007(5): 37-39.
79 William F. Baxter. Choice of Law and the Federal System[J]. Stanford Law Review, 1963 (16): 1-42.
80 Kramer, Larry. Rethinking Choice of Law[J]. Columbia Law Review, 1990 (90): 277-345.
81 Michael E. Solimine. The Law and Economics of Conflict of Laws[J]. American Law and Economics Review, 2002 (4): 208-226.
82 Michael E. Solimine. An Economic and Empirical Analysis of Choice of Law[J]. Georgia Law Review, 1984 (24): 49.
83 William F. Baxter. Choice of Law and the Federal System[J]. Stanford Law Review, 1963 (16): 1-42.
84 William F. Baxter. Choice of Law and the Federal System[J]. Stanford Law Review, 1963 (16): 1-42.
85理查德·A·波斯纳.法律的经济分析[M].蒋兆康,林毅夫译.北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1997:764-765.
86 Posner在1999年,名为“Symposium Tribute to William F.Baxter”的研讨会的介绍性发言中指出:“1963年Baxter在其文章中运用非正式的经济分析方法分析了冲突法,这无疑是人类历史上第一次尝试”。See Richard A.Posner. Introduction Baxter Symposium[J]. Stan.L.Rev, 1999 (51): 1007.
87朱莉.国际私法的经济分析[D].长春:吉林大学经济学院,2007: 36.
88 Michael E. Solimine. The Law and Economics of Conflict of Laws[J]. American Law and Economics Review, 2002 (4): 208-226.
89理查德·A·波斯纳.法律的经济分析[M].蒋兆康,林毅夫译.北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1997: 765.
90 Micheal J.Whincop&Mary Keyes. Policy and Pragmatism in the Conflict of Laws[M]. Dartmouth: Publishing Company, 2001: 26.
91 Michael E. Solimine. The Law and Economics of Conflict of Laws[J]. American Law and Economics Review, 2002 (4): 208-226.
92 Erin Ann O’Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. Conflict of Laws and Choice of Law[A]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW & ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000: 631-660.
93 Erin Ann O’Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. Conflict of Laws and Choice of Law[A]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW & ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000: 631-660.
94 Erin Ann O’Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. Conflict of Laws and Choice of Law[A]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW & ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000: 631-660.
95 Erin Ann O’Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. Conflict of Laws and Choice of Law[A]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW& ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000: 631-660.
96 Erin Ann O’Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. Conflict of Laws and Choice of Law[A]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW & ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000: 631-660.
97 Erin Ann O’Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. Conflict of Laws and Choice of Law[A]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW & ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000: 631-660.
98 Erin Ann O’Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. Conflict of Laws and Choice of Law[A]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW & ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000: 631-660.
99 Erin Ann O’Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. Conflict of Laws and Choice of Law[A]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW & ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000: 631-660.
100 Erin Ann O’Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. Conflict of Laws and Choice of Law[A]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW & ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000: 631-660.
101 Erin Ann O’Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. Conflict of Laws and Choice of Law[A]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW & ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000: 631-660.
102 Robert A.Leflar. Conflicts Law:More on Choice-Influencing Considerations[J]. California Law Review,1966 (54): 978.
103 Michael E. Solimine. An Economic and Empirical Analysis of Choice of Law [J]. Georgia Law Review, 1984 (24): 49.
104 Priest, George and Klein, Benjamin. The Selection of Disputes for Litigation[J]. Journal of Legal Studies, 1984 (13): 1.
105 Patrick J. Borchers. The Choice-of-Law Revolution: An Empirical Study[J]. Washington and Lee Law Review, 1992 (49): 357-84.
106 Erin Ann O’Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. Conflict of Laws and Choice of Law[A]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW & ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000: 631-660.
107 Stuart E. Thiel. Choice of Law and the Home-Court Advantage: Evidence[J]. American Law and Economics Review, 2000 (2): 291-317.
108 Caldeira. The Transmission of Legal Precedent: A Study of State Supreme Courts[J]. AM. POL. SCI. REV, 1985(79): 178.
109 Canon and Baum. Patterns of Adoption of Tort Law Innovations: An Application of Diffusion Theory to Judicial Doctrines[J]. AM. POL. SCI. REV, 1981 (75): 975-976.
110 Joel P.Trachtman. Economic Analysis of International Law[J]. Yale J.Int’l L, 1999 (24): 687. and Joe P.Trachtman. Economic Analysis of Prescriptive Jurisdiction and choice of Law[J]. Va.J.Int’l L, 2001(42): 231.
111 Andrew Guzman. Choice of Law: New Foundations[J]. Geo.L.J, 2002 (90): 883.
112朱莉.国际私法的经济分析[D].长春:吉林大学经济学院,2007: 43.
113 Paul B. Stephan. The Political Economy of Choice of Law[J]. Geo. L.J, 2002 (90): 957.
114 Michael E. Solimine. An Economic and Empirical Analysis of Choice of Law[J]. Georgia Law Review, 1984 (24): 53.
115 McConnell. A Choice-of-Law Approach to Products-Liability Reform[A]. W. Olson. NEW DIRECTIONS IN LIABILITY LAW[C]. New York: Academy of Political Science, 1988: 90-101.
116 Michael E. Solimine. An Economic and Empirical Analysis of Choice of Law[J]. Georgia Law Review, 1984 (24): 63.
117 Michael E. Solimine. An Economic and Empirical Analysis of Choice of Law[J]. Georgia Law Review, 1984 (24): 65.
118 Paul B. Stephan. The Political Economy of Choice of Law[J]. Geo. L.J, 2002 (90): 962.
119 Kramer, Larry. Rethinking Choice of Law[J]. Columbia Law Review, 1990 (90): 277-345.
120 Kramer, Larry. Rethinking Choice of Law[J]. Columbia Law Review, 1990 (90): 277-345.
121 Erin A. O'Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. From Politics to Efficiency in Choice of Law[J]. U. Chi. L. Rev, 2000 (67): 1151-1231.
122 Erin A. O'Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. From Politics to Efficiency in Choice of Law[J]. U. Chi. L. Rev, 2000 (67): 1151-1231.
123 Erin O'Hara. Social Constraint or Implicit Collusion?: Toward a Game Theoretic Analysis of Stare Decisis[J]. Seton Hall L Rev, 1993 (24): 736, 746, 767.
124 Charles M. Tiebout. A Pure Theory of Local Expenditures[J]. J Pol Econ, 1956 (64): 416.
125 Erin A. O'Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. From Politics to Efficiency in Choice of Law[J]. U. Chi. L. Rev, 2000 (67): 1151-1231.
126 Erin A. O'Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. From Politics to Efficiency in Choice of Law[J]. U. Chi. L. Rev, 2000 (67): 1151-1231.
127 Erin A. O'Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. From Politics to Efficiency in Choice of Law[J]. U. Chi. L. Rev, 2000(67): 1151-1231.
128 Erin A. O'Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. From Politics to Efficiency in Choice of Law[J]. U. Chi. L. Rev, 2000 (67): 1151-1231.
129 Erin A. O'Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. From Politics to Efficiency in Choice of Law[J]. U. Chi. L. Rev, 2000 (67): 1151-1231.
130 Eugene F. Scoles and Peter Hay. Conflict of Laws [M]. St Paul, Minnesota: West Publishing Co., 1984: 57.
131 Michael J. Whincop and Mary Keyes. The Market Tort in Private International Law[J]. Nw J Intl L & Bus, 1999 (19): 215.
132 Paul H. Rubin. Courts and the Tort-Contract Boundary in Product Liability[A]. Buckley. The Fall and Rise of Freedom of Contract[C]. Durham : Duke University Press, 1999: 119.
133 William F. Baxter. Choice of Law and the Federal System[J]. Stanford Law Review, 1963 (16): 4-22.
134 Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws§145.
135 Restatement (First) of Conflict of Laws§§378-79.
136 Robby Alden. Modernizing the Situs Rule in Real Property Conflicts[J]. Tex L Rev, 1987 (65): 585.
137 William F. Baxter. Choice of Law and the Federal System[J]. Stanford Law Review, 1963 (16): 4-22.
138 Michael A. Heller. The Boundaries of Private Property[J]. Yale L J, 1999 (108): 1163.
139 Micheal J.Whincop&Mary Keyes. Policy and Pragmatism in the Conflict of Laws[M]. Dartmouth: Publishing Company, 2001: 78-80.
140 Micheal J.Whincop&Mary Keyes. Policy and Pragmatism in the Conflict of Laws[M]. Dartmouth: Publishing Company, 2001: 78-80.
141 Micheal J.Whincop&Mary Keyes. Policy and Pragmatism in the Conflict of Laws[M]. Dartmouth: Publishing Company, 2001: 36.
142 Micheal J.Whincop&Mary Keyes. Policy and Pragmatism in the Conflict of Laws[M]. Dartmouth: PublishingCompany, 2001: 25.
143 Micheal J.Whincop&Mary Keyes. Policy and Pragmatism in the Conflict of Laws[M]. Dartmouth: Publishing Company, 2001: 26-30.
144 Micheal J.Whincop&Mary Keyes. Policy and Pragmatism in the Conflict of Laws[M]. Dartmouth: Publishing Company, 2001: 44.
145 Parisi, Francesco and Larry E. Ribstein. Choice of Law[A]. Peter Newman. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and the Law[C]. London: Macmillan, 1998: 32.
146吉林大学的王彦志先生在他对这本书的书评中提到的,但是尚未出版,笔者有幸先睹为快。
147 Michael E. Solimine. The Law and Economics of Conflict of Laws[J]. American Law and Economics Review, 2002 (4): 208-226.
148他们大多数接受了Les Brilmayer的理论,认为现代的理论(以国家利益为核心)是不可避免的倾向于法院地法,过多的保护民事侵权行为的原告和导致挑选法院。
149之前主要是Baxter(1963)和Posner(1998)著作中表现出调整国家利益的观点.See Richard A. Posner. Economic Analysis of Law[M]. New York: Aspen Law & Business. Richman, 1998.
150 Allen, William A.and Erin A. O'Hara. Second Generation Law and Economics of Conflict of Laws: Baxter's Comparative Impairment[J]. Stanford Law Review, 1999 (51): 1011.
151 Joe P.Trachtman. Economic Analysis of Prescriptive Jurisdiction and choice of Law[J]. Va.J.Int’l L, 2001 (42): 231.
152 Woodward, William J., Jr.. Contractual Choice of Law: Legislative Choice in an Era of Party Autonomy[J]. SMU Law Review, 2000 (54): 697-783.
153 Michael E. Solimine. The Law and Economics of Conflict of Laws[J]. American Law and Economics Review, 2002 (4): 208-226.
154 Horatia Muir Watt. Aspectséconomiques du droit international privé[J]. Receuil des Cours, 2004: 25-382.
155 Jürgen Basedow. An economic analysis of private international law[M]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006.
156 Christian Kirchner. An Economic Analysis of Choice of Law and Choice-of-Forum Clauses [EB/OL]. http://www.rewi.hu-berlin.de/jura/ls/knr/.
157 Hans-Bernd Sch?fer and Katrin Lantermann. Jurisdiction and Choice of Law in Economic Perspective. German Working Papers in Law and Economics[EB/OL]. http://www.bepress.com/gwp/default/vol2005/iss1/art1. Hans-Bernd Sch?fer. Efficient Third Party Liability of Auditors in Tort Law and in Contract Law. German Working Papers in Law and Economics[EB/OL]. http://www.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1087&context=gwp.
158 Shozo Ota. Choice of Law and Economic Analysis: A Methodological Introduction[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 3– 14.
159 KAGAMI Kazuaki. The Systematic Choice of Legal Rules for Private International Law [A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 15-32.
160 Michael E. Solimine. The Law and Economics of Conflict of Laws[J]. American Law and Economics Review, 2002 (4): 208-226.
161 G. Kegel. The Crisis of the Conflict of Laws[J]. RCADI, 1964 (t112): 91.
162 J. H. Merryman. The Public Law- Private Law Distinction in European and American law[J]. Forum of Public Law, 1968 (17): 3.
163 H. Batiffol. Aspects philosophiques du droit international privé[M]. Paris: Dalloz, 2002: 110.
164 M.A. Frison-Roche. Définition du droit de la régulationéconomique[D]. Paris: Cahier droit des affaires, 2004: 126.
165 Horatia Muir Watt. Aspectséconomiques du droit international privé[J]. Receuil des Cours, 2004: 25-382.
166 Horatia Muir Watt. Aspectséconomiques du droit international privé[J]. Receuil des Cours, 2004: 25-382.
167 Horatia Muir Watt. Aspectséconomiques du droit international privé[J]. Receuil des Cours, 2004: 25-382.
168 Horatia Muir Watt. Choice of Law in Integrated and Interconnected Markets: A Matter of Political Economy [EB/OL]. http://www.ejcl.org/73/art73-4.html.
169 Hans-Bernd Sch?fer and Katrin Lantermann. Jurisdiction and Choice of Law in Economic Perspective. German Working Papers in Law and Economics[EB/OL]. http://www.bepress.com/gwp/default/vol2005/iss1/art1.
170 Andrew Guzman. Choice of Law: New Foundations[J]. Geo.L.J, 2002 (90): 833-940.
171 ECJ 05.03.1996– Cases C-46/93 and C-48/93 (Brasserie du Pêcheur SA, The Queen ./. Federal Republic of Germany, Secretary of State for Transport, Ex parte: Factortame Ltd. And others) E.C.R. I-1029 (1996).
172 ECJ 09.03.1999 and ECJ 05.11.2002.
173 Hans-Bernd Sch?fer, Efficient Third Party Liability of Auditors in Tort Law and in Contract Law ,German Working Papers in Law and Economics[EB/OL]. http://www.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1087&context=gwp.
174 Andrew Guzman. Choice of Law: New Foundations[J]. Geo.L.J, 2002 (90): 883-940.
175 Hans-Bernd Sch?fer/Katrin Lantermann: Choice of Law from an Economic Perspective[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 87-119.
176 Jürgen Basedow. Lex Mercatoria and the Private International Law of Contracts in Economic Perspective[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 57-71.
177 Jürgen Basedow. Lex Mercatoria and the Private International Law of Contracts in Economic Perspective[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 57-71.
178 Barton S. Selden. Les mercatoria in European and US trade practice: Time to take a closer look: Golden Gate [J]. Univ. School of Law Annual Survey of Int’l & comp, 1995 (2): 111,119.
179 Marcel Fontaine, Filip de Ly. Droit des contrats internationaux– analyse et rédaction de clauses [M]. Paris: FORUM EUROPEEN DE LA COMMUNICATION, 1989: 675-676.
180 Jürgen Basedow. Lex Mercatoria and the Private International Law of Contracts in Economic Perspective[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 57-71.
181 International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT), UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts 2004(2004).
182 See the 3rd recital of the preamble of the UNIDROIT Principles.
183 Jürgen Basedow. Lex Mercatoria and the Private International Law of Contracts in Economic Perspective[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 57-71.
184 See the annual collection of German judgments on private international law: Die deutsche Rechtssprechung auf dem Gebiete des internationalen Privatrechts, published by Mohr Siebeck.
185 Kazuaki Kagami. The Systematic Choice of Legal Rules for Private International Law[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 15-32.
186 Kazuaki Kagami. The Systematic Choice of Legal Rules for Private International Law[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 15-32.
187 Milton Friedman. The Methodology of Positive Economics[A]. Milton Friedman. Essays in Positive Economics [C]. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 1953: 3-43.
188 Kazuaki Kagami. The Systematic Choice of Legal Rules for Private International Law[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 15-32.
189 Kazuaki Kagami. The Systematic Choice of Legal Rules for Private International Law[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 15-32.
190 Kazuaki Kagami. The Systematic Choice of Legal Rules for Private International Law[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 15-32.
191 Kazuaki Kagami. The Systematic Choice of Legal Rules for Private International Law[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 15-32.
192 Souichirou Kozuka. The Economic Implications of Uniformity in Law[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 73-84.
193 Souichirou Kozuka. The Economic Implications of Uniformity in Law[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 73-84.
194 Arthur S. Hartkamp. Modernisation and Harmonisation of Contract Law: Objectives, Methods and Scope: Uniform[J]. L. Rev, 2003 (8): 81-82.
195 International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading of 25 August 1924, 120 L.N.T.S.187.
196 Montreal Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air of 28 May 1999, S. Treaty Doc. No. 106-45 (2000)
197 Warsaw Convention for the Unification of Certain Tules for International Carriage by Air of 12 October 1929, 137 L.N.T.S.11.
198 Souichirou Kozuka. The Economic Implications of Uniformity in Law[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 73-84.
199 Souichirou Kozuka. The Economic Implications of Uniformity in Law[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 73-84.
200 Souichirou Kozuka. The Economic Implications of Uniformity in Law[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 73-84.
201 Shozo Ota. Choice of Law and Economic Analysis: A Methodological Introduction[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 3-14.
202 Shozo Ota. Choice of Law and Economic Analysis: A Methodological Introduction[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 3-14.
203 Shozo Ota. Choice of Law and Economic Analysis: A Methodological Introduction[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 3-14.
204 Shozo Ota. Choice of Law and Economic Analysis: A Methodological Introduction[A]. Jürgen Basedow andToshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 3-14.
205法律冲突的解决方法传统上被认为只有两种,冲突法的解决方法和统一实体法的解决方法。
206 William F. Baxter. Choice of Law and the Federal System[J]. Stanford Law Review, 1963 (16): 1-42.
206 William F. Baxter. Choice of Law and the Federal System[J]. Stanford Law Review, 1963 (16): 1-42.
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209 Erin A. O'Hara and Larry E. Ribstein. From Politics to Efficiency in Choice of Law[J]. U. Chi. L. Rev, 2000 (67): 1151-1231.
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212 Lea. Brilmayer. Interest Analysis and the Myth of Legislative Intent[J]. Michigan Law Review, 1980 (78): 392-431.
213 Lea. Brilmayer. Interest Analysis and the Myth of Legislative Intent[J]. Michigan Law Review, 1980 (78): 392-431.
214 Hans-Bernd Sch?fer. Legal Rules and Standards: German Working Papers in Law and Economics[EB/OL]. www.bepress.com/gwp/default/vol2002iss1/art2;
215政府利益在这里沿用的是政府利益分析说的用法,这个学说主要是针对美国州际冲突的情况,但是法律选择同样可以发生在而且是绝大多数发生在国际层面,这个时候政府利益学派主张的就是国家利益,因此在这里把这两个情况放在一起说明。
216 Micheal J.Whincop&Mary Keyes. Policy and Pragmatism in the Conflict of Laws[M]. Dartmouth: Publishing Company, 2001: 10.
217 Paul B. Stephan. The Political Economy of Choice of Law[J]. Geo. L.J, 2002 (90): 957.
218 KAGAMI Kazuaki. The Systematic Choice of Legal Rules for Private International Law[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 15-32.
219持这种主张的学者还有Trachtman,William Woodward,Richman Reynolds,Stephan等。
220 Lea. Brilmayer. Interest Analysis and the Myth of Legislative Intent[J]. Michigan Law Review, 1980 (78): 392-431.
221 Hans-Bernd Sch?fer and Katrin Lantermann. Jurisdiction and Choice of Law in Economic Perspective. German Working Papers in Law and Economics[EB/OL]. http://www.bepress.com/gwp/default/vol2005/iss1/art1.
222 Micheal J.Whincop&Mary Keyes. Policy and Pragmatism in the Conflict of Laws[M]. Dartmouth: Publishing Company, 2001: 71.
223 William F. Baxter. Choice of Law and the Federal System[J]. Stanford Law Review, 1963 (16): 1-42.
224 Joel P.Trachtman. Economic Analysis of International Law[J]. Yale J.Int’l L, 1999 (24): 687. & Joe P.Trachtman. Economic Analysis of Prescriptive Jurisdiction and choice of Law[J]. Va.J.Int’l L, 2001(42): 231.
225合作均衡是指博弈中参与人之间相互作用,并达成了一个具有约束力的协议,实施以追求共同的收益最大化策略所达成的状态。
226 Kramer, Larry. Rethinking Choice of Law[J]. Columbia Law Review, 1990 (90): 277-345.
227也有学者认为欧盟这个证据的说服力不是很强。美国已经进入至少两个合作的制度,一个是欧盟和司法部之间的执行协议,用来分享信息和咨询,但是没有阐述具体的标准,另一个是北美自由贸易区,它的章程中规定组建一个类似WTO的制度。但是上述两个协议都没有分配管辖权,这两个协议都是不得罪人的,没有做出任何反对,但是对于增加国际合作来导致更有力的竞争的法律也没有什么作用。两者也都提供不出对于Guzman所要求的能够导致更加有效率的制度的合作真正的支持。
228 Andrew Guzman. Choice of Law: New Foundations[J]. Geo.L.J, 2002 (90): 883-940.
229 Shozo Ota. Choice of Law and Economic Analysis: A Methodological Introduction[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 3-14.
230 Kramer, Larry. Rethinking Choice of Law[J]. Columbia Law Review, 1990 (90): 277-345.
231 Jürgen Basedow. Lex Mercatoria and the Private International Law of Contracts in Economic Perspective[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 57-71.
232 Micheal J.Whincop&Mary Keyes. Policy and Pragmatism in the Conflict of Laws[M]. Dartmouth: Publishing Company, 2001: 101.
233 Micheal J.Whincop&Mary Keyes. Policy and Pragmatism in the Conflict of Laws[M]. Dartmouth: Publishing Company, 2001: 110.
234选择法院地法的成本和收益,执行当事人选择的成本和收益。这些理论详细的论述在法经济学百科全书中。
235 Ralf Michaels: Two Economists, Three Opinions? Economic Models for Private International Law– Cross-Border Torts as Example[A]. Jürgen Basedow and Toshiyuki Kono. An Economic Analysis of Private International Law[C]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006: 143 -184.
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242 William F. Baxter. Choice of Law and the Federal System[J]. Stanford Law Review, 1963 (16): 1-42.
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245朱莉.国际私法的经济分析[D].长春:吉林大学经济学院, 2007: 40.
246 Nuno Garoupa, Thomas S. Ulen. The Market for Legal Innovation: Law and Economics in Europe and the United states[J]. Alabama Law Review, 2008(59): 1555-1633.
247 Nuno Garoupa, Thomas S. Ulen. The Market for Legal Innovation: Law and Economics in Europe and the United states[J]. Alabama Law Review, 2008(59): 1555-1633.
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254 Nuno Garoupa, Thomas S. Ulen. The Market for Legal Innovation: Law and Economics in Europe and the United states[J]. Alabama Law Review, 2008(59): 1555-1633.
255 Nuno Garoupa, Thomas S. Ulen. The Market for Legal Innovation: Law and Economics in Europe and the United states[J]. Alabama Law Review, 2008(59): 1555-1633.
256 Nuno Garoupa, Thomas S. Ulen. The Market for Legal Innovation: Law and Economics in Europe and the United states[J]. Alabama Law Review, 2008(59): 1555-1633.
257 Nuno Garoupa, Thomas S. Ulen. The Market for Legal Innovation: Law and Economics in Europe and the United states[J]. Alabama Law Review, 2008(59): 1555-1633.
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264 Paul H. Rubin. Judge- Made Law[J]. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW & ECONOMICS[C]. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000: 543.
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