植物残茬添加后土壤氧化亚氮释放影响因子研究
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摘要
近年来,氧化亚氮(N2O)的温室效应及其对臭氧层的破坏作用作为重要的生态环境问题正逐步被社会所关注。农业土壤是人类活动产生的N2O的主要来源,其中土壤水分条件、碳氮管理、土壤性质等因素对硝化过程和反硝化过程的影响将决定N2O的释放。因此,对参与上述过程的影响因子的调控将很可能成为减少全球N2O释放的有效方法。本论文通过室内培养实验的方法对土壤水分、植物残茬碳氮比、土壤理化性质、土壤碳添加量以及土壤氧气(O2)含量等控制因子及其交互作用与土壤N2O释放的关系进行研究,探讨各因子在硝化过程和反硝化过程中的控制机理,为农业生产中合理调控和管理水分、养分,减少N2O释放提供理论依据。具体研究结果如下：
1、土壤水分状况和植物残茬碳氮比对土壤N2O释放影响显著。在好氧环境下,添加植物残茬的处理相比对照土壤N2O释放显著增加。而在氧气受限条件下,添加植物残茬的处理相比对照土壤N2O释放显著降低。土壤净氮矿化量受到加入土壤的植物残茬碳氮比影响,低碳氮比(～15：1)时土壤矿化氮显著高于对照处理,高碳氮比时则显著低于对照处理。根据上述结果我们认为硝化过程中硝化细菌在与土壤异养微生物竞争铵态氮的过程中具有优势。反硝化过程中碳氮比对于N2O的影响则主要基于对有效氮源浓度的控制。
2、土壤理化性质对土壤N2O的释放影响显著。在60%WFPS条件下土壤N2O释放范围为75到972ng N g-1,与土壤粘粒含量和铵态氮含量呈显著正相关(r=0.91,P<0.01;r=0.82,P<0.01)；在90%WFPS条件下土壤N2O释放范围为76到8842ng N g-1,土壤pH和有机质含量是影响N2O释放的重要因子。当土壤有机碳含量大于2.5%时可能会导致在90%WFPS下土壤O2含量升高,进而影响N2O的释放。
3、在氧气受限条件下不同性质土壤中高碳氮比植物残茬的加入能显著抑制N2O的产生。在9个供试土壤中加入百慕大草和小麦残茬后,N2O的释放在两种水分条件下差异显著。在60%WFPS下,百慕大草残茬显著增加土壤N2O的释放,但是小麦残茬则未见影响。在90%WFPS条件下,土壤N2O的释放因为小麦残茬的加入而受到抑制,但是百慕大草残茬则对其没有影响。
4、土壤O2含量对土壤N2O的释放影响显著。土壤碳源的加入降低土壤O2浓度,进而影响硝化过程和反硝化过程中的N2O释放。在40%WFPS条件下,土壤碳源的加入显著降低O2含量,并导致N2O释放量的降低。当水分条件为70%WFPS且硝态氮浓度处于较高水平时,土壤N2O的释放量与碳添加量呈显著正相关。另外,土壤碳源的添加导致土壤O2含量下降,并且碳添加量与O2含量呈显著负相关。由于02的作用,土壤N20释放量占土壤N2和N20释放总量的比例随着碳添加量的增高而降低。
5、系统整合了加入植物残茬后N2O释放的相关文献数据,对其控制因子进行了较为全面的统计。结果表明各因子对加入植物残茬后土壤N2O释放影响显著：(1)植物残茬碳氮比与植物残茬添加后土壤N2O释放响应值(以下简称土壤N2O响应值)呈显著负相关；(2)氮源添加量与土壤N2O响应值呈显著正相关；(3)土壤水分(孔隙含水量)的最大正效应出现在60%-80%WFPS条件下,当WFPS大于80%时响应值与零值差异不显著；(4)粘粒含量小于10%的土壤N2O响应值显著小于粘粒含量大于10%的土壤N2O响应值。(5)当pH在5.8-6.4时,土壤N2O响应值最大,而当pH>7.8和pH<5.8时,响应值皆显著下降。另外,我们还进一步证实加入植物残茬后土壤呼吸响应值和土壤N2O释放的响应值呈极显著正相关。并且,关于上述影响因子的灵敏度分析表明残茬碳氮比、水分条件(WFPS)和pH对土壤N2O响应值的影响最为显著。
In the context of global warming and ozone depletion, there is increasing concern over the emission of the greenhouse gas N2O. Agriculture, mainly arable soil, is the main source of the total anthropogenic N2O emission. N2O from the arable soil is produced by the nitrification and denitrification, which are regulated by many factors, such as soil water content, carbon and nitrogen sources, soil texture, and soil pH. In this study we examined the effects of those impact factors on N2O production under different soil moisture conditions. While understanding the control mechanism of N2O production, better managements can be applied on the arable soil and lead to a low N2O emission. The main results are listed as follows:
1. Soil N2O production was significantly affected by soil water-filled pore space (WFPS) and plant residue C:N ratios. At aerobic conditions, soil amendments of plant materials, regardless of their C:N ratios, all enhanced soil N2O production. At oxygen-limited conditions, the N2O production was inhibited by the addition of plant residue regardless of C:N ratios. However, net N mineralization was dependent on plant material C:N ratios, being significantly higher or lower than the control for C:N ratios-15and C:N ratios>44, respectively. Such inconsistent responses indicated that nitrifiers mediating nitrification and therefore byproduct N2O production could strongly compete with heterotrophic microbes for NH4+. However, the N2O production from denitrification was mainly affected by the available N concentration.
2. N2O production was affected by the soil properties. For un-amended soils, N2O production ranged from75to972ng N g-1at60%WFPS and76to8842ng N g'1at90%WFPS during the60day incubation. It was positively correlated with clay fraction (r=0.91,P<0.01) and NH4+-N concentration (r=0.82, P<0.01) at60%WFPS and appeared to be negatively associated with soil pH at90%WFPS. When soil organic C content was more than2.5%, O2availability was greater than expected with90%WFPS, suggesting that soil organic matter could regulate soil N2O emission indirectly through an effect on soil aeration.
3. N2O production was inhibited by the addition of high C:N ratio plant residue in9different soils at O2-limited condition. Under60%and90%WFPS, the addition of bermuda grass and wheat straw led to different N2O production. At60%WFPS, soil N2O production was enhanced by the addition of grass clippings, but unaffected by wheat straw. At90%WFPS, however, soil N2O production was inhibited by the addition of wheat straw, but unaffected by glass clippings.
4. N2O production was affected by the addition of carbon due to the decrease of O2concentration. At40%WFPS, the O2concentration was decreased significantly after the addition of carbon source, which led to a decrease of N2O emission from the soil. But NH4+concentration had no significant effect on N2O production. At70%WFPS, while the NO3-concentration was extremely high in the soil, significant positive correlation was observed between soil N2O production and carbon addition. Also, the O2concentration decreased following the addition of soil carbon addition, and significant negative correlation was observed. Due to the effect of O2, the ratio of N2O/(N2O+N2) decreased while the carbon addition increasing.
5. A meta-analysis was conducted to elucidate the effects of residue incorporation to soil N2O emission. It was concluded that (1) N2O effect size was negatively correlated with plant residue C:N ratio;(2) N2O effect size was positively correlated with total N input;(3) the highest effect size was observed in C:N ratio between60%and80%, when WFPS was above, negative effect size was observed;(4) the effect size of clay content≤10%was significantly lower than that of clay content above10%;(5) The effect size of soil pH5.8-6.4was significantly higher than those of pH below5.8and above7.8. Furthermore, There was a strong positive relationship between effect sizes of N2O and CO2emission after residue addition. Based on the sensitive index analysis, we found that the C:N ratio, WFPS and soil pH had the overalleffect compare to other factors on N2O production after plant residue addition.
1、土壤水分状况和植物残茬碳氮比对土壤N2O释放影响显著。在好氧环境下,添加植物残茬的处理相比对照土壤N2O释放显著增加。而在氧气受限条件下,添加植物残茬的处理相比对照土壤N2O释放显著降低。土壤净氮矿化量受到加入土壤的植物残茬碳氮比影响,低碳氮比(～15：1)时土壤矿化氮显著高于对照处理,高碳氮比时则显著低于对照处理。根据上述结果我们认为硝化过程中硝化细菌在与土壤异养微生物竞争铵态氮的过程中具有优势。反硝化过程中碳氮比对于N2O的影响则主要基于对有效氮源浓度的控制。
2、土壤理化性质对土壤N2O的释放影响显著。在60%WFPS条件下土壤N2O释放范围为75到972ng N g-1,与土壤粘粒含量和铵态氮含量呈显著正相关(r=0.91,P<0.01;r=0.82,P<0.01)；在90%WFPS条件下土壤N2O释放范围为76到8842ng N g-1,土壤pH和有机质含量是影响N2O释放的重要因子。当土壤有机碳含量大于2.5%时可能会导致在90%WFPS下土壤O2含量升高,进而影响N2O的释放。
3、在氧气受限条件下不同性质土壤中高碳氮比植物残茬的加入能显著抑制N2O的产生。在9个供试土壤中加入百慕大草和小麦残茬后,N2O的释放在两种水分条件下差异显著。在60%WFPS下,百慕大草残茬显著增加土壤N2O的释放,但是小麦残茬则未见影响。在90%WFPS条件下,土壤N2O的释放因为小麦残茬的加入而受到抑制,但是百慕大草残茬则对其没有影响。
4、土壤O2含量对土壤N2O的释放影响显著。土壤碳源的加入降低土壤O2浓度,进而影响硝化过程和反硝化过程中的N2O释放。在40%WFPS条件下,土壤碳源的加入显著降低O2含量,并导致N2O释放量的降低。当水分条件为70%WFPS且硝态氮浓度处于较高水平时,土壤N2O的释放量与碳添加量呈显著正相关。另外,土壤碳源的添加导致土壤O2含量下降,并且碳添加量与O2含量呈显著负相关。由于02的作用,土壤N20释放量占土壤N2和N20释放总量的比例随着碳添加量的增高而降低。
5、系统整合了加入植物残茬后N2O释放的相关文献数据,对其控制因子进行了较为全面的统计。结果表明各因子对加入植物残茬后土壤N2O释放影响显著：(1)植物残茬碳氮比与植物残茬添加后土壤N2O释放响应值(以下简称土壤N2O响应值)呈显著负相关；(2)氮源添加量与土壤N2O响应值呈显著正相关；(3)土壤水分(孔隙含水量)的最大正效应出现在60%-80%WFPS条件下,当WFPS大于80%时响应值与零值差异不显著；(4)粘粒含量小于10%的土壤N2O响应值显著小于粘粒含量大于10%的土壤N2O响应值。(5)当pH在5.8-6.4时,土壤N2O响应值最大,而当pH>7.8和pH<5.8时,响应值皆显著下降。另外,我们还进一步证实加入植物残茬后土壤呼吸响应值和土壤N2O释放的响应值呈极显著正相关。并且,关于上述影响因子的灵敏度分析表明残茬碳氮比、水分条件(WFPS)和pH对土壤N2O响应值的影响最为显著。
In the context of global warming and ozone depletion, there is increasing concern over the emission of the greenhouse gas N2O. Agriculture, mainly arable soil, is the main source of the total anthropogenic N2O emission. N2O from the arable soil is produced by the nitrification and denitrification, which are regulated by many factors, such as soil water content, carbon and nitrogen sources, soil texture, and soil pH. In this study we examined the effects of those impact factors on N2O production under different soil moisture conditions. While understanding the control mechanism of N2O production, better managements can be applied on the arable soil and lead to a low N2O emission. The main results are listed as follows:
1. Soil N2O production was significantly affected by soil water-filled pore space (WFPS) and plant residue C:N ratios. At aerobic conditions, soil amendments of plant materials, regardless of their C:N ratios, all enhanced soil N2O production. At oxygen-limited conditions, the N2O production was inhibited by the addition of plant residue regardless of C:N ratios. However, net N mineralization was dependent on plant material C:N ratios, being significantly higher or lower than the control for C:N ratios-15and C:N ratios>44, respectively. Such inconsistent responses indicated that nitrifiers mediating nitrification and therefore byproduct N2O production could strongly compete with heterotrophic microbes for NH4+. However, the N2O production from denitrification was mainly affected by the available N concentration.
2. N2O production was affected by the soil properties. For un-amended soils, N2O production ranged from75to972ng N g-1at60%WFPS and76to8842ng N g'1at90%WFPS during the60day incubation. It was positively correlated with clay fraction (r=0.91,P<0.01) and NH4+-N concentration (r=0.82, P<0.01) at60%WFPS and appeared to be negatively associated with soil pH at90%WFPS. When soil organic C content was more than2.5%, O2availability was greater than expected with90%WFPS, suggesting that soil organic matter could regulate soil N2O emission indirectly through an effect on soil aeration.
3. N2O production was inhibited by the addition of high C:N ratio plant residue in9different soils at O2-limited condition. Under60%and90%WFPS, the addition of bermuda grass and wheat straw led to different N2O production. At60%WFPS, soil N2O production was enhanced by the addition of grass clippings, but unaffected by wheat straw. At90%WFPS, however, soil N2O production was inhibited by the addition of wheat straw, but unaffected by glass clippings.
4. N2O production was affected by the addition of carbon due to the decrease of O2concentration. At40%WFPS, the O2concentration was decreased significantly after the addition of carbon source, which led to a decrease of N2O emission from the soil. But NH4+concentration had no significant effect on N2O production. At70%WFPS, while the NO3-concentration was extremely high in the soil, significant positive correlation was observed between soil N2O production and carbon addition. Also, the O2concentration decreased following the addition of soil carbon addition, and significant negative correlation was observed. Due to the effect of O2, the ratio of N2O/(N2O+N2) decreased while the carbon addition increasing.
5. A meta-analysis was conducted to elucidate the effects of residue incorporation to soil N2O emission. It was concluded that (1) N2O effect size was negatively correlated with plant residue C:N ratio;(2) N2O effect size was positively correlated with total N input;(3) the highest effect size was observed in C:N ratio between60%and80%, when WFPS was above, negative effect size was observed;(4) the effect size of clay content≤10%was significantly lower than that of clay content above10%;(5) The effect size of soil pH5.8-6.4was significantly higher than those of pH below5.8and above7.8. Furthermore, There was a strong positive relationship between effect sizes of N2O and CO2emission after residue addition. Based on the sensitive index analysis, we found that the C:N ratio, WFPS and soil pH had the overalleffect compare to other factors on N2O production after plant residue addition.
引文
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