混合垃圾机械生物预处理燃烧和填埋特性研究
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摘要
作为发展中国家,中国的城市生活垃圾管理水平较低,基础设施较为落后。多数城市产生的垃圾采取混合收集方式,厨余组分含量相对较高,导致混合垃圾具有含水率高、热值低和有机组分含量大的特点。混合垃圾填埋产生渗滤液和填埋气造成长期环境污染,给有限的土地资源带来沉重压力。混合垃圾热值低、含水率高的特点影响垃圾焚烧的经济性,并导致严重的环境污染。机械生物预处理(MBP)能够通过利用生物降解产生的生物反应热促进水分蒸发,降低含水率并提高热值,是填埋和焚烧的理想预处理技术,因而在一些发达国家得到了推广应用。
本研究对中国典型城市垃圾管理情况进行了系统的调查研究,对原生垃圾及典型组分的理化性质进行了分析,确定MBP处理过程的影响因素和特性,研究了MBP处理对垃圾的燃烧特性和填埋特性的影响,提出了一种适用于中国混合垃圾的基于MBP的处理工艺,并在普兰店市和皮口镇得到了应用。本论文围绕以上内容,主要开展了以下几方面工作：
(1)对大连市中心城区和周边中小城市的垃圾收集、运输、转运、处理和最终处置情况进行了调查研究。调研结果表明：大连市全域的垃圾目前仍采取填埋方式,中小城市普遍采用的垃圾简易填埋和露天堆放的方式对周边环境造成严重污染；对各区域的垃圾进行了取样,分析了容重、组分、含水率、可燃物和不可燃物组分、低位热值(LHV)等理化特性；混合垃圾厨余含量高(>50%)、高含水率(50.7%-56.9%)和低LHV(3310-4129kJ/kg)的特点表明不适宜直接进行填埋或焚烧处理；对垃圾典型组分(塑料、橡胶、纺织物、纸类、木竹、厨余、植物和灰土)和混合垃圾的工业分析、元素分析、总挥发性固体(TVS)、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TKN)和碳氮比(C/N)进行了测定。
(2)采用自制的4套MBP反应器用于MBP反应过程影响因素的研究。结果表明可燃组分(塑料、橡胶、纺织物、木竹和纸类)增加物料孔隙率并降低厨余含水率；MBP过程物料产生渗滤液的COD明显低于原生垃圾直接填埋的渗滤液；MBP反应过程的初期、中期和后期适宜通风量分别为2.7×10-3,0.081,3.6×10-3Nm3/min·m3；混合垃圾的适宜初始粒径为5cm；机械搅拌不仅促进可生物降解组分粒径的减小,同时导致物料温度的显著下降,反应中期为避免生物反应热过多散失应停止机械搅拌；物料高度在反应期间逐渐减少并导致热量散失增加,对物料的及时补充可使物料温度显著升高；对比压缩预处理和堆酵预处理,对混合垃圾MBP处理过程参数变化进行了较为系统的研究。
(3)对混合垃圾和MBP处理后垃圾的燃烧特性进行了研究。MBP处理过程(12d)垃圾物料含水率从61.2%降至11.3%,LHV从4862kJ/kg升至12843kJ/kg;可生物降解组分粒径在0-9d期间迅速减小,粒径小于7mm的组分具有高灰分(54.6%)、低LHV值(5505kJ/kg)的特点而不适宜进行焚烧处理；对垃圾初始物料和MBP处理后的物料进行非等温微量热重分析,应用Coats-Redfern法拟合获得反应动力学参数；通过对表观活化能、含水率、热值、粒径分布、理论空气量、烟气量、理论燃烧温度数据分析,研究了MBP处理对混合垃圾燃烧特性的影响。
(4)对混合垃圾、MBP处理后垃圾和堆肥产品的填埋特性进行了研究。MBP处理后垃圾和堆肥产品的质量相对于混合垃圾大大减小；MBP处理后垃圾和堆肥产品在封闭填埋阶段无渗滤液产生；对降水作用下三种物料填埋产生的渗滤液COD、NH4+-N、 pH、EC和色度等特性进行了测定；与混合垃圾相(?)(COD:6,276～18,326mg/L, NH4+-N:332～621mg/L),MBP处理后垃圾和堆肥产品的渗滤液COD (1,757～9,874mg/L)和NH4+-N (22～154mg/L)均明显下降。
(5)根据中国混合收集垃圾特性和MBP实验结果,提出了一项基于MBP的混合收集垃圾综合处理技术,并在普兰店市生活垃圾处理厂和皮口生活垃圾减量化及资源化转运中心取得了应用。
China as a developing country has a relatively poor infrastructure and low level of MSW management. The MSW generated in most cities is collected without separation and contains a relatively high proportion of food waste. As a result, the MSW is typically characterized by high moisture content, low heating value and high organic portions. Pressure on limited land resources and long-term environmental pollution such as leachate and landfill gas emissions accompany mixed MSW landfills. The low heating value and high moisture content of mixed MSW affects the economic applicability of incineration and may cause serious pollution in the environment. Mechanical-biological pretreatment (MBP), which could enhance evaporation of moisture and improve heating value by air ventilation and heat generated by biodegradation, has been regarded as a good pretreatment prior to landfill and incineration. Currently MBP facilities are in operation in some developed countries.
In this work, status of municipal solid waste management in typical cities of China was investigated systematically. Characteristics of raw MSW and typical components of MSW were analyzed. Influencing factors and characteristics of MBP process were identified. Combustion properties and landfill behaviour of MSW after MBP process were studied. A treatment technology based on MBP suitable for mixed MSW generated in China was put forward. The technology had been applied in Pulandian city and Pikou town. In this dissertation, the following several parts of work have been done:
(1) The study investigated the status of MSW collection, transfer, transportation, treatment and final disposal in urban district of Dalian and its surrounding small and medium-sized towns. Landfill (sanitary landfill and simple landfill) was the main MSW diposal method in the whole area of Dalian. Simple landfill yard and open dump in small and medium-sized towns led to serious pollution problems such as leachate and flue gas produced by spontaneous combustion process. MSW samples were collected from waste containers of different regions. The physical chemistry analysis including bulk density, composition, moisture content, combustible and incombustible fractions, and lower heating value (LHV) was carried out. The high proportion of food waste (>50%) and moisture content (50.7%-56.9%) and low LHV (3310-4129kJ/kg) indicated the mixed MSW was not suitable for landfill or incineration directly. The ultimate analysis, proximate analysis, total volatile solids (TVS), total organic carbon (TOC), total Kjeldhal Nitrogen (TKN) and C/N ratio of typical components (plastic, rubber, textile, paper, wood, food waste, plant and ash) and mixed MSW were measured.
(2) In this study, four MBP reactors were operated in order to specify the influence factors of MBP process. The results showed that combustible components (plastic, rubber, textile, wood, paper) improved porosity and reduced moisture of the food waste. The MBP process of mixed MSW had a minimum COD, compared to untreated MSW in landfills. The feasible air-inflow rates at different stages (earlier, middle, later) were2.7×10-3,0.081,3.6×10-3Nm3/min·m3respectively. The intial particle size of mixed MSW that was suitable for MBP process was5cm. Mechanical agitation could not only reduce the particle size of biodegradable components effectively, but also reduce the material temperature obviously. At middle stage, mechanical agitation should be stopped in order to maintain the heat generated by biodegradation. The height of MSW could be reduced gradually in the MBP process and the heat loss increased. The temperature increased rapidly accompanied by supplementary MSW material. Compared to compression and fermentation pretreatment, the MBP process parameters of mixed MSW had been systematically studied.
(3) Combustion properties of mixed MSW, mechanical-biological pretreated MSW (MBP MSW) were studied. Compared to compression and fermentation pretreatment, the moisture content of MSW dropped from61.2%to11.3%within12days of MBP process. The LHV increased from4862kJ/kg to12843kJ/kg. The particle size of biodegradable components sharply reduced during the period of9days. The material particle size of less than7mm was characterized with high ash content (54.6%) and low LHV (5505kJ/kg) and was not suitable for incineration. The kinetic characteristics of non-isothermal thermo gravimetric analysis of initial MSW and pretreated MSW was studied and kinetic parameters were obtained by Coats-Redfern method. The analysis results of moisture content, LHV, particle size distribution, apparent activation energy, theoretical air volume, combustion flue gas volume, theoretical combustion temperature indicated that MBP had a significant influence on combustion properties of mixed MSW.
(4) Landfill behaviours of mixed MSW, mechanical-biological pretreated MSW (MBP MSW) and compost were studied. The weights of MBP MSW and compost was much lower than mixed MSW. There was no leachate generated in the MBP MSW and compost landfill reactor at the closed landfill stage. The characteristics (COD, NH4+-N, pH, EC, colority) of leachate generated in different material landfill after precipitation were determined. Compared to leachate generated in untreated MSW landfills (COD:6,276-18,326mg/L; NH4+-N:332～621mg/L), the leachte generated in the pretreated MSW landfill had a minimum COD (1,757～9,874mg/L) and NH4+-N (22～154mg/L) value.
(5) According to the characteristics of mixed MSW generated in China and the MBP experimental results, an integrated treatment technology of mixed MSW based on MBP was put forward. The technology had been applied to Pulandian MSW treatement plant and Pikou MSW reduction and resource transfer center.
本研究对中国典型城市垃圾管理情况进行了系统的调查研究,对原生垃圾及典型组分的理化性质进行了分析,确定MBP处理过程的影响因素和特性,研究了MBP处理对垃圾的燃烧特性和填埋特性的影响,提出了一种适用于中国混合垃圾的基于MBP的处理工艺,并在普兰店市和皮口镇得到了应用。本论文围绕以上内容,主要开展了以下几方面工作：
(1)对大连市中心城区和周边中小城市的垃圾收集、运输、转运、处理和最终处置情况进行了调查研究。调研结果表明：大连市全域的垃圾目前仍采取填埋方式,中小城市普遍采用的垃圾简易填埋和露天堆放的方式对周边环境造成严重污染；对各区域的垃圾进行了取样,分析了容重、组分、含水率、可燃物和不可燃物组分、低位热值(LHV)等理化特性；混合垃圾厨余含量高(>50%)、高含水率(50.7%-56.9%)和低LHV(3310-4129kJ/kg)的特点表明不适宜直接进行填埋或焚烧处理；对垃圾典型组分(塑料、橡胶、纺织物、纸类、木竹、厨余、植物和灰土)和混合垃圾的工业分析、元素分析、总挥发性固体(TVS)、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TKN)和碳氮比(C/N)进行了测定。
(2)采用自制的4套MBP反应器用于MBP反应过程影响因素的研究。结果表明可燃组分(塑料、橡胶、纺织物、木竹和纸类)增加物料孔隙率并降低厨余含水率；MBP过程物料产生渗滤液的COD明显低于原生垃圾直接填埋的渗滤液；MBP反应过程的初期、中期和后期适宜通风量分别为2.7×10-3,0.081,3.6×10-3Nm3/min·m3；混合垃圾的适宜初始粒径为5cm；机械搅拌不仅促进可生物降解组分粒径的减小,同时导致物料温度的显著下降,反应中期为避免生物反应热过多散失应停止机械搅拌；物料高度在反应期间逐渐减少并导致热量散失增加,对物料的及时补充可使物料温度显著升高；对比压缩预处理和堆酵预处理,对混合垃圾MBP处理过程参数变化进行了较为系统的研究。
(3)对混合垃圾和MBP处理后垃圾的燃烧特性进行了研究。MBP处理过程(12d)垃圾物料含水率从61.2%降至11.3%,LHV从4862kJ/kg升至12843kJ/kg;可生物降解组分粒径在0-9d期间迅速减小,粒径小于7mm的组分具有高灰分(54.6%)、低LHV值(5505kJ/kg)的特点而不适宜进行焚烧处理；对垃圾初始物料和MBP处理后的物料进行非等温微量热重分析,应用Coats-Redfern法拟合获得反应动力学参数；通过对表观活化能、含水率、热值、粒径分布、理论空气量、烟气量、理论燃烧温度数据分析,研究了MBP处理对混合垃圾燃烧特性的影响。
(4)对混合垃圾、MBP处理后垃圾和堆肥产品的填埋特性进行了研究。MBP处理后垃圾和堆肥产品的质量相对于混合垃圾大大减小；MBP处理后垃圾和堆肥产品在封闭填埋阶段无渗滤液产生；对降水作用下三种物料填埋产生的渗滤液COD、NH4+-N、 pH、EC和色度等特性进行了测定；与混合垃圾相(?)(COD:6,276～18,326mg/L, NH4+-N:332～621mg/L),MBP处理后垃圾和堆肥产品的渗滤液COD (1,757～9,874mg/L)和NH4+-N (22～154mg/L)均明显下降。
(5)根据中国混合收集垃圾特性和MBP实验结果,提出了一项基于MBP的混合收集垃圾综合处理技术,并在普兰店市生活垃圾处理厂和皮口生活垃圾减量化及资源化转运中心取得了应用。
China as a developing country has a relatively poor infrastructure and low level of MSW management. The MSW generated in most cities is collected without separation and contains a relatively high proportion of food waste. As a result, the MSW is typically characterized by high moisture content, low heating value and high organic portions. Pressure on limited land resources and long-term environmental pollution such as leachate and landfill gas emissions accompany mixed MSW landfills. The low heating value and high moisture content of mixed MSW affects the economic applicability of incineration and may cause serious pollution in the environment. Mechanical-biological pretreatment (MBP), which could enhance evaporation of moisture and improve heating value by air ventilation and heat generated by biodegradation, has been regarded as a good pretreatment prior to landfill and incineration. Currently MBP facilities are in operation in some developed countries.
In this work, status of municipal solid waste management in typical cities of China was investigated systematically. Characteristics of raw MSW and typical components of MSW were analyzed. Influencing factors and characteristics of MBP process were identified. Combustion properties and landfill behaviour of MSW after MBP process were studied. A treatment technology based on MBP suitable for mixed MSW generated in China was put forward. The technology had been applied in Pulandian city and Pikou town. In this dissertation, the following several parts of work have been done:
(1) The study investigated the status of MSW collection, transfer, transportation, treatment and final disposal in urban district of Dalian and its surrounding small and medium-sized towns. Landfill (sanitary landfill and simple landfill) was the main MSW diposal method in the whole area of Dalian. Simple landfill yard and open dump in small and medium-sized towns led to serious pollution problems such as leachate and flue gas produced by spontaneous combustion process. MSW samples were collected from waste containers of different regions. The physical chemistry analysis including bulk density, composition, moisture content, combustible and incombustible fractions, and lower heating value (LHV) was carried out. The high proportion of food waste (>50%) and moisture content (50.7%-56.9%) and low LHV (3310-4129kJ/kg) indicated the mixed MSW was not suitable for landfill or incineration directly. The ultimate analysis, proximate analysis, total volatile solids (TVS), total organic carbon (TOC), total Kjeldhal Nitrogen (TKN) and C/N ratio of typical components (plastic, rubber, textile, paper, wood, food waste, plant and ash) and mixed MSW were measured.
(2) In this study, four MBP reactors were operated in order to specify the influence factors of MBP process. The results showed that combustible components (plastic, rubber, textile, wood, paper) improved porosity and reduced moisture of the food waste. The MBP process of mixed MSW had a minimum COD, compared to untreated MSW in landfills. The feasible air-inflow rates at different stages (earlier, middle, later) were2.7×10-3,0.081,3.6×10-3Nm3/min·m3respectively. The intial particle size of mixed MSW that was suitable for MBP process was5cm. Mechanical agitation could not only reduce the particle size of biodegradable components effectively, but also reduce the material temperature obviously. At middle stage, mechanical agitation should be stopped in order to maintain the heat generated by biodegradation. The height of MSW could be reduced gradually in the MBP process and the heat loss increased. The temperature increased rapidly accompanied by supplementary MSW material. Compared to compression and fermentation pretreatment, the MBP process parameters of mixed MSW had been systematically studied.
(3) Combustion properties of mixed MSW, mechanical-biological pretreated MSW (MBP MSW) were studied. Compared to compression and fermentation pretreatment, the moisture content of MSW dropped from61.2%to11.3%within12days of MBP process. The LHV increased from4862kJ/kg to12843kJ/kg. The particle size of biodegradable components sharply reduced during the period of9days. The material particle size of less than7mm was characterized with high ash content (54.6%) and low LHV (5505kJ/kg) and was not suitable for incineration. The kinetic characteristics of non-isothermal thermo gravimetric analysis of initial MSW and pretreated MSW was studied and kinetic parameters were obtained by Coats-Redfern method. The analysis results of moisture content, LHV, particle size distribution, apparent activation energy, theoretical air volume, combustion flue gas volume, theoretical combustion temperature indicated that MBP had a significant influence on combustion properties of mixed MSW.
(4) Landfill behaviours of mixed MSW, mechanical-biological pretreated MSW (MBP MSW) and compost were studied. The weights of MBP MSW and compost was much lower than mixed MSW. There was no leachate generated in the MBP MSW and compost landfill reactor at the closed landfill stage. The characteristics (COD, NH4+-N, pH, EC, colority) of leachate generated in different material landfill after precipitation were determined. Compared to leachate generated in untreated MSW landfills (COD:6,276-18,326mg/L; NH4+-N:332～621mg/L), the leachte generated in the pretreated MSW landfill had a minimum COD (1,757～9,874mg/L) and NH4+-N (22～154mg/L) value.
(5) According to the characteristics of mixed MSW generated in China and the MBP experimental results, an integrated treatment technology of mixed MSW based on MBP was put forward. The technology had been applied to Pulandian MSW treatement plant and Pikou MSW reduction and resource transfer center.
引文
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