污泥热干燥与焚烧特性研究
摘要
随着经济发展、人口增长和城市化进程的加快,以及污水处理率的提高,市政污泥的产生量也越来越大。同时随着我国造纸工业的迅速发展,造纸污泥的产量也不可避免地越来越大。在市政污泥和造纸污泥的产生量不断增加的同时,我国污泥的处理技术和装备却普遍落后,污泥安全处理处置的保障率很低。如果污泥处理不当或不及时,会带来严重的二次污染。因此如何妥善、科学地处理处置污泥己成为目前国内外共同研究的环保课题。
污泥干燥能使污泥显著减容,产品稳定、无臭且无病原生物,干燥处理后的污泥产品用途多,可以用作肥料、土壤改良剂、替代能源等。而焚烧是污泥处置最彻底的一种方法。本文对污泥干燥、热解和焚烧进行了理论、试验和数值模拟研究。
污泥在80～160℃条件下进行了不同干燥温度下、不同污泥饼厚度和不同初始含水率下的等温干燥实验,同时对污泥干燥动力学模型进行拟合,得出污泥干燥的最佳干燥动力学模型。结果表明,干燥温度越高,干燥速率越大,干燥时间越短。污泥饼厚度越厚,干燥速率越小,干燥所需时间越长。污泥初始含水率越小,干燥速率越快,干燥所需时间越短。比较7种干燥模型,其中page和modified page模型比较适合拟合污泥干燥过程。利用page模型验证,实验值和拟合值具有很好的一致性。污泥干燥的扩散系数介于2.03×10-8与8.25×10-8 m2/s之间,活化能为24.364 kJ/mol和指前因子为7.603×10-5m2/s。
利用热分析技术对污泥热解特性进行了研究,探讨不同条件下污泥的热解特性。主要研究了污泥在氮气气氛下和在二氧化碳气氛下的热解特性,同时还研究了污泥在催化剂作用下的热解特性。最后对污泥热解的表观动力学模型及动力学参数进行了研究。结果表明,污泥在氮气气氛下热解过程中有三个明显的失重峰:第一个失重阶段约在200～490℃区间内,第二个失重阶段约在490～650℃区间内,第三个失重阶段约在650～920℃区间内。催化剂对污泥热解活化能影响的大小排序为:MnO2>Al2O3>MgO>Fe2O3>CuO>CaO。当0.1≤α≤0.9时,污泥氮气气氛下热解过程用FWO方法和KAS方法计算的平均表观活化能分别为102.4kJ/mol和88.7kJ/mol。
利用热分析技术对污泥与煤及生物质混合燃烧特性进行了研究。探讨不同条件下污泥与煤及生物质的混合特性。主要研究了污泥与煤、污泥与秸秆和污泥与垃圾的混合燃烧特性,同时研究了污泥在催化剂作用下的燃烧特性和污泥在不同氧气浓度下的燃烧特性。最后对污泥与煤及生物质混合燃烧动力学模型及参数进行了研究。结果表明,污泥、煤、秸秆和垃圾四种试样中,秸秆的可燃性和综合燃烧性能最好,煤的可燃性最差,污泥的综合燃烧性能最差。污泥催化燃烧的可燃性指数大小排序为:污泥+MgO>污泥+MnO2>污泥+Fe2O3>污泥>污泥+Al2O3>污泥+CuO,综合燃烧指数大小排序为:污泥+MgO>污泥+MnO2>污泥+Fe2O3>污泥+Al2O3>污泥+CuO>污泥。污泥在O2/N2气氛不同氧气浓度下燃烧,可燃指数和综合燃烧指数最大的工况为氧气浓度60vol%。污泥在O2/CO2气氛不同氧气浓度下燃烧,可燃指数和综合燃烧指数最大的工况为氧气浓度80vol%,说明氧气浓度影响可燃性和燃烧性能。
在自制的流化床干燥塔里面进行了造纸污泥的干燥试验。分析了流化床干燥塔的空塔、喷水、污泥干燥等试验过程。结果表明,造纸污泥是高水份、低热值的固体废弃物,本身是负热值的燃料,如果不干燥或者加辅助燃烧,污泥不能维持其自燃。经过半干化后污泥的低位发热值可以提高到3000～5000kJ/kg,相当于褐煤的热值。半干化后的污泥可以当燃料使用。污泥流化床干燥实验进行不够顺利分析其原因可能有以下几方面原因造成:污泥喷入不够均匀,使得干化效果不好。喷射污泥入射角过大使得污泥挂壁严重影响实验效果。鼓风机不匹配,送风量不够,流化效果不好。布风板布风效果不好。利用商业CFD软件FLUENT6.2对污泥的流化床干燥和焚烧过程进行了数值模拟。
通过分析干燥数值模拟可以得出以下结论:当入口烟气的温度为433.15 K时,预测的烟气出口温度约为420.94K,温度变化的趋势和实验结果较为吻合;运用CFD对三种不同的运行工况进行计算,分别是入口温度为413.15 K, 423.15 K和433.15 K,预测结果表明干燥效果收入口烟气温度的影响,入口烟气温度越高,干燥效果越好,三种工况出口烟气水分质量百分含量分别为:1.66%, 2.02%和2.35%。通过分析燃烧数值模拟可以得出以下结论: CFB炉膛模拟预测结果表明造纸污泥与煤混燃过程在床层底部燃烧剧烈,最高温度在密相区约为1400K;预测结果表明造纸污泥从返料口进入炉膛时,炉膛最高温度约为1396.3K,平均温度为1109.6K,炉膛出口平均温度为996.8K;数学模型预测结果表明当混入15%的造纸污泥时,炉膛出口烟气平均温度最高为1000.8K。
With the economic development, population increase, urbanization propulsion, improvement of the disposal rate of sewage, production of sewage sludge has been increasing rapidly. While treatment technology and equipment of municipal wastewater in China are generally behind production increase, and the protection of safe treatment and disposal of sludge is very low. Sludge will result in serious secondary pollution for human and environment if not be prompt handled properly. Therefore, the properly scientific treatment and disposal of sludge has become an attractive subject of environmental protection at home and abroad.
Sludge drying can significantly reduce capacity, and its product is stable, odorless and non-pathogenic. Sludge product after drying is used as fertilizer, soil conditioner, alternate energy and so on. And the incineration of sludge disposal is the most thorough method. In this paper, sludge drying, pyrolysis and incineration are studied by theoretical analysis, experimental and numerical simulation.
Paper sludge is carried out by isothermal drying experiment in the temperatures range of 80~160℃under the conditions of the different drying temperatures, different thicknesses and different initial sludge cake moisture content. The kinetic models of sludge drying are fitted to find the best sludge drying kinetic model. The results showes that the higher drying temperature is, the faster drying rate is, and the shorter drying time is. The thicker sludge cake is, the slower the drying rate is, and the longer drying time is. The smaller the initial moisture content is, the faster drying rate is, and the shorter drying time is. Among seven different kinds of drying model, Page and Modified page model are suitable for fitting sludge drying process. Tested by the Page model, the experimental and fitted values have a good consistency. The diffusion coefficient of dry sludge ranges from2.03×10-8 to 8.25×10-8 m2/s, with the average values of 24.364 kJ/mol and the pre-exponential factor of 7.603×10?5m 2 /s.
The pyrolysis characteristics of sludge are studied by thermogravimetric analysis to explore variations of sludge pyrolysis characteristics under different conditions. This study is focused on pyrolysis characteristics in nitrogen atmosphere and carbon dioxide atmosphere, and it also studies catalytic pyrolysis of sludge. Finally, the apparent kinetic models and kinetic parameters of sludge pyrolysis are studied. The results showed that sewage sludge pyrolysis in nitrogen atmosphere has three distinct weight loss peaks: the first phase at temperature range of 200~490℃, the second phase at temperature range of 490~650℃, the first three stages at temperature range of 650~ 920℃. According to the activation energy, the catalytic importance sequence for sludge pyrolysis is described as: MnO2> Al2O3> MgO> Fe2O3> CuO> CaO. The activation energy is practically constant in the range of 0.2~0.9, with the average values of 102.4 kJ/mol and 88.7kJ/mol calculated by FWO and KAS methods, respectively.
The co-combustion behaviour of sewage sludge with biomass and coal are carried out in a thermogravimetric analyzer under different conditions. The study is also focused on co-combustion characteristics of sewage sludge with coal, sludge with straw and sewage sludge with waste. The catalytic combustion characteristics and the influence of oxygen concentrations are also studied. Finally, sewage sludge and coal and biomass co-combustion kinetic model and parameters are studied. The results show that: Among four kinds of samples, namely, sludge, coal, straw and garbage, the integrated combustion properties and combustibility of straw are the best, and the combustibility of coal is worst and the integrated combustion properties of sludge is worst. According to combustible index, the sequence for catalytic combustion of sludge is described as: sludge +MgO>sludge +MnO2>sludge +Fe2O3>sludge>sludge +Al2O3>sludge +CuO. While according to integrated combustion index, the sequence is described as: sludge +MgO>sludge +MnO2>sludge +Fe2O3>sludge +Al2O3>sludge +CuO>sludge. When sludge combusts in O2/N2 with different oxygen concentrations, the combustible index and integrated combustion index reach maximum at 60vol%. When sludge combusts in O2/CO2 with different oxygen concentrations, the combustible index and integrated combustion index reach maximum at 80vol%. These results show that oxygen concentration have effect on the integrated combustion properties and combustibility.
Drying of paper sludge is tested in the self-made fluidized bed drying tower to analyze the experimental process of empty tower, fountain and sludge drying. The results show that paper sludge is a kind of solid waste having features of high-moisture, low heat value. If not is dried, or add auxiliary combustion, sewage sludge can not maintain the self-ignition, due to its negative caloric value. After semi-dry, the low calorific value of sludge can reach up to 3000~5000kJ/kg, equivalent to that of lignite, so it can be used as fuel. Sludge fluidized bed drying experiment carried out unfavorably is caused by following reasons: Uniform sludge spraying has a bad effect on drying. Spray angle is too large making the sludge wall. Blower does not match making the air supply not enough. Grid plate does not work well.
Commercial CFD software FLUENT6.2 was used to simulate drying and incineration process of sludge in fluidized bed. The results show that when the flue gas inlet temperature is 433.15 K, the predicted gas outlet temperature is about 420.94, the temperature various trend is good agree with experimental data. Three kinds of operational conditions was modeled by CFD, the temperature is 413.15, 423.15 and 433.15 respectively, the predictions indicate that the effect of drying was influenced by the flue gas inlet temperature, the high inlet temperature is, the more water was evaporated, the mass percent of H2O is 1.66%, 2.02% and 2.35%. The predicted results of CFB furnace show that the co-combustion of paper sludge/coal is initially intensively at the bottom of bed; the temperature reaches its maximum in the dense-phase zone, around 1400K. The predictions indicate that paper sludge spout into furnace from the recycle inlet can increase the furnace maximum temperature (1396.3K), area-weighted average temperature (1109.6K) and the furnace gas outlet area-weighted average temperature(996.8K). The mathematical modeling predicts that 15 mass% paper sludge co-combustion is the highest temperature at the flue gas outlet, it is 1000.8K.
污泥干燥能使污泥显著减容,产品稳定、无臭且无病原生物,干燥处理后的污泥产品用途多,可以用作肥料、土壤改良剂、替代能源等。而焚烧是污泥处置最彻底的一种方法。本文对污泥干燥、热解和焚烧进行了理论、试验和数值模拟研究。
污泥在80～160℃条件下进行了不同干燥温度下、不同污泥饼厚度和不同初始含水率下的等温干燥实验,同时对污泥干燥动力学模型进行拟合,得出污泥干燥的最佳干燥动力学模型。结果表明,干燥温度越高,干燥速率越大,干燥时间越短。污泥饼厚度越厚,干燥速率越小,干燥所需时间越长。污泥初始含水率越小,干燥速率越快,干燥所需时间越短。比较7种干燥模型,其中page和modified page模型比较适合拟合污泥干燥过程。利用page模型验证,实验值和拟合值具有很好的一致性。污泥干燥的扩散系数介于2.03×10-8与8.25×10-8 m2/s之间,活化能为24.364 kJ/mol和指前因子为7.603×10-5m2/s。
利用热分析技术对污泥热解特性进行了研究,探讨不同条件下污泥的热解特性。主要研究了污泥在氮气气氛下和在二氧化碳气氛下的热解特性,同时还研究了污泥在催化剂作用下的热解特性。最后对污泥热解的表观动力学模型及动力学参数进行了研究。结果表明,污泥在氮气气氛下热解过程中有三个明显的失重峰:第一个失重阶段约在200～490℃区间内,第二个失重阶段约在490～650℃区间内,第三个失重阶段约在650～920℃区间内。催化剂对污泥热解活化能影响的大小排序为:MnO2>Al2O3>MgO>Fe2O3>CuO>CaO。当0.1≤α≤0.9时,污泥氮气气氛下热解过程用FWO方法和KAS方法计算的平均表观活化能分别为102.4kJ/mol和88.7kJ/mol。
利用热分析技术对污泥与煤及生物质混合燃烧特性进行了研究。探讨不同条件下污泥与煤及生物质的混合特性。主要研究了污泥与煤、污泥与秸秆和污泥与垃圾的混合燃烧特性,同时研究了污泥在催化剂作用下的燃烧特性和污泥在不同氧气浓度下的燃烧特性。最后对污泥与煤及生物质混合燃烧动力学模型及参数进行了研究。结果表明,污泥、煤、秸秆和垃圾四种试样中,秸秆的可燃性和综合燃烧性能最好,煤的可燃性最差,污泥的综合燃烧性能最差。污泥催化燃烧的可燃性指数大小排序为:污泥+MgO>污泥+MnO2>污泥+Fe2O3>污泥>污泥+Al2O3>污泥+CuO,综合燃烧指数大小排序为:污泥+MgO>污泥+MnO2>污泥+Fe2O3>污泥+Al2O3>污泥+CuO>污泥。污泥在O2/N2气氛不同氧气浓度下燃烧,可燃指数和综合燃烧指数最大的工况为氧气浓度60vol%。污泥在O2/CO2气氛不同氧气浓度下燃烧,可燃指数和综合燃烧指数最大的工况为氧气浓度80vol%,说明氧气浓度影响可燃性和燃烧性能。
在自制的流化床干燥塔里面进行了造纸污泥的干燥试验。分析了流化床干燥塔的空塔、喷水、污泥干燥等试验过程。结果表明,造纸污泥是高水份、低热值的固体废弃物,本身是负热值的燃料,如果不干燥或者加辅助燃烧,污泥不能维持其自燃。经过半干化后污泥的低位发热值可以提高到3000～5000kJ/kg,相当于褐煤的热值。半干化后的污泥可以当燃料使用。污泥流化床干燥实验进行不够顺利分析其原因可能有以下几方面原因造成:污泥喷入不够均匀,使得干化效果不好。喷射污泥入射角过大使得污泥挂壁严重影响实验效果。鼓风机不匹配,送风量不够,流化效果不好。布风板布风效果不好。利用商业CFD软件FLUENT6.2对污泥的流化床干燥和焚烧过程进行了数值模拟。
通过分析干燥数值模拟可以得出以下结论:当入口烟气的温度为433.15 K时,预测的烟气出口温度约为420.94K,温度变化的趋势和实验结果较为吻合;运用CFD对三种不同的运行工况进行计算,分别是入口温度为413.15 K, 423.15 K和433.15 K,预测结果表明干燥效果收入口烟气温度的影响,入口烟气温度越高,干燥效果越好,三种工况出口烟气水分质量百分含量分别为:1.66%, 2.02%和2.35%。通过分析燃烧数值模拟可以得出以下结论: CFB炉膛模拟预测结果表明造纸污泥与煤混燃过程在床层底部燃烧剧烈,最高温度在密相区约为1400K;预测结果表明造纸污泥从返料口进入炉膛时,炉膛最高温度约为1396.3K,平均温度为1109.6K,炉膛出口平均温度为996.8K;数学模型预测结果表明当混入15%的造纸污泥时,炉膛出口烟气平均温度最高为1000.8K。
With the economic development, population increase, urbanization propulsion, improvement of the disposal rate of sewage, production of sewage sludge has been increasing rapidly. While treatment technology and equipment of municipal wastewater in China are generally behind production increase, and the protection of safe treatment and disposal of sludge is very low. Sludge will result in serious secondary pollution for human and environment if not be prompt handled properly. Therefore, the properly scientific treatment and disposal of sludge has become an attractive subject of environmental protection at home and abroad.
Sludge drying can significantly reduce capacity, and its product is stable, odorless and non-pathogenic. Sludge product after drying is used as fertilizer, soil conditioner, alternate energy and so on. And the incineration of sludge disposal is the most thorough method. In this paper, sludge drying, pyrolysis and incineration are studied by theoretical analysis, experimental and numerical simulation.
Paper sludge is carried out by isothermal drying experiment in the temperatures range of 80~160℃under the conditions of the different drying temperatures, different thicknesses and different initial sludge cake moisture content. The kinetic models of sludge drying are fitted to find the best sludge drying kinetic model. The results showes that the higher drying temperature is, the faster drying rate is, and the shorter drying time is. The thicker sludge cake is, the slower the drying rate is, and the longer drying time is. The smaller the initial moisture content is, the faster drying rate is, and the shorter drying time is. Among seven different kinds of drying model, Page and Modified page model are suitable for fitting sludge drying process. Tested by the Page model, the experimental and fitted values have a good consistency. The diffusion coefficient of dry sludge ranges from2.03×10-8 to 8.25×10-8 m2/s, with the average values of 24.364 kJ/mol and the pre-exponential factor of 7.603×10?5m 2 /s.
The pyrolysis characteristics of sludge are studied by thermogravimetric analysis to explore variations of sludge pyrolysis characteristics under different conditions. This study is focused on pyrolysis characteristics in nitrogen atmosphere and carbon dioxide atmosphere, and it also studies catalytic pyrolysis of sludge. Finally, the apparent kinetic models and kinetic parameters of sludge pyrolysis are studied. The results showed that sewage sludge pyrolysis in nitrogen atmosphere has three distinct weight loss peaks: the first phase at temperature range of 200~490℃, the second phase at temperature range of 490~650℃, the first three stages at temperature range of 650~ 920℃. According to the activation energy, the catalytic importance sequence for sludge pyrolysis is described as: MnO2> Al2O3> MgO> Fe2O3> CuO> CaO. The activation energy is practically constant in the range of 0.2~0.9, with the average values of 102.4 kJ/mol and 88.7kJ/mol calculated by FWO and KAS methods, respectively.
The co-combustion behaviour of sewage sludge with biomass and coal are carried out in a thermogravimetric analyzer under different conditions. The study is also focused on co-combustion characteristics of sewage sludge with coal, sludge with straw and sewage sludge with waste. The catalytic combustion characteristics and the influence of oxygen concentrations are also studied. Finally, sewage sludge and coal and biomass co-combustion kinetic model and parameters are studied. The results show that: Among four kinds of samples, namely, sludge, coal, straw and garbage, the integrated combustion properties and combustibility of straw are the best, and the combustibility of coal is worst and the integrated combustion properties of sludge is worst. According to combustible index, the sequence for catalytic combustion of sludge is described as: sludge +MgO>sludge +MnO2>sludge +Fe2O3>sludge>sludge +Al2O3>sludge +CuO. While according to integrated combustion index, the sequence is described as: sludge +MgO>sludge +MnO2>sludge +Fe2O3>sludge +Al2O3>sludge +CuO>sludge. When sludge combusts in O2/N2 with different oxygen concentrations, the combustible index and integrated combustion index reach maximum at 60vol%. When sludge combusts in O2/CO2 with different oxygen concentrations, the combustible index and integrated combustion index reach maximum at 80vol%. These results show that oxygen concentration have effect on the integrated combustion properties and combustibility.
Drying of paper sludge is tested in the self-made fluidized bed drying tower to analyze the experimental process of empty tower, fountain and sludge drying. The results show that paper sludge is a kind of solid waste having features of high-moisture, low heat value. If not is dried, or add auxiliary combustion, sewage sludge can not maintain the self-ignition, due to its negative caloric value. After semi-dry, the low calorific value of sludge can reach up to 3000~5000kJ/kg, equivalent to that of lignite, so it can be used as fuel. Sludge fluidized bed drying experiment carried out unfavorably is caused by following reasons: Uniform sludge spraying has a bad effect on drying. Spray angle is too large making the sludge wall. Blower does not match making the air supply not enough. Grid plate does not work well.
Commercial CFD software FLUENT6.2 was used to simulate drying and incineration process of sludge in fluidized bed. The results show that when the flue gas inlet temperature is 433.15 K, the predicted gas outlet temperature is about 420.94, the temperature various trend is good agree with experimental data. Three kinds of operational conditions was modeled by CFD, the temperature is 413.15, 423.15 and 433.15 respectively, the predictions indicate that the effect of drying was influenced by the flue gas inlet temperature, the high inlet temperature is, the more water was evaporated, the mass percent of H2O is 1.66%, 2.02% and 2.35%. The predicted results of CFB furnace show that the co-combustion of paper sludge/coal is initially intensively at the bottom of bed; the temperature reaches its maximum in the dense-phase zone, around 1400K. The predictions indicate that paper sludge spout into furnace from the recycle inlet can increase the furnace maximum temperature (1396.3K), area-weighted average temperature (1109.6K) and the furnace gas outlet area-weighted average temperature(996.8K). The mathematical modeling predicts that 15 mass% paper sludge co-combustion is the highest temperature at the flue gas outlet, it is 1000.8K.
引文
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