小兴安岭北麓晚中生代浅成热液金矿系统的岩浆流体作用与金成矿研究
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摘要
研究区位于黑龙江省中部小兴安岭北麓，地处兴蒙造山带东部、松辽盆地/松嫩地块北缘，位于兴安地块、佳木斯地块之间，是一个经历了古亚洲洋演化、兴蒙造山和蒙古-鄂霍茨克板块作用、太平洋板块俯冲作用叠加的复合构造区。多期、复杂的地质作用形成了超常富集的金及多金属成矿系统，尤以浅成热液金矿成矿最为发育。继上世纪五十年代末发现团结沟大型浅成热液金矿床以来，近年来又发现了东安和三道湾子大中型浅成热液金矿床，以及高松山、富强、平顶山、马连和杜家河等中小型浅成热液金矿床，使得本区成为我国乃至世界经济地质学家关注和研究的热点。为了深入揭示该区浅成热液金矿床的成矿规律，本论文在前人研究成果的基础上，选择重要和具有代表性的三道湾子、东安和团结沟浅成热液金矿床的矿床地质特征、成矿流体、矿床地球化学和成矿年代学进行了系统的研究，取得的主要成果和进展如下。
1.通过矿床地质和矿相学研究，进一步认证三道湾子碲金矿床为浅成热液低硫化型碲金矿床，矿体呈脉状和透镜状产出，赋矿围岩为塔木兰沟组火山岩，成矿过程可划分为白色石英-黄铁矿、灰白色石英-多金属硫化物、深灰色石英-金-碲化物和晚期碳酸盐四个阶段。东安银金矿床为浅成热液低硫化型银金矿床，矿体多呈脉状，赋矿围岩为流纹斑岩、细粒碱长花岗岩和中粗粒碱长花岗岩，其成矿阶段划分为石英-黄铁矿、白色硅化-冰长石、灰白色硅化-冰长石和玉髓状石英-萤石四个阶段。团结沟锑银金矿床为浅成热液低硫化型锑银金矿床，矿体多呈脉状、扁豆状产于花岗杂岩体内部及与黑龙江岩群的接触带内，赋矿围岩有斜长花岗斑岩、花岗闪长岩和花岗斑岩，矿化阶段可划分为脉状石英-自形黄铁矿、黄铁矿-白铁矿-灰黑色玉髓状石英、细粒状黄铁矿和碳酸盐阶段。
2.矿床的矿物流体包裹体研究揭示，三道湾子、东安和团结沟金矿床的流体包裹体以气液两相包裹体为主，纯液相包裹体和纯气相包裹体次之。其中，三道湾子碲金矿床流体包裹体的均一温度峰值集中在350~320℃、310~290℃、280~250℃和240~200℃，盐度依次为1.39~5.09%NaCleq、1.39~4.32%NaCleq、1.56~5.09%NaCleq和1.22~4.63%NaCleq；东安银金矿床流体包裹体的均一温度峰值集中在360~310℃、300~270℃、250~210℃和190~170℃，盐度依次为4.01~6.14%NaCleq、2.89~6.14%NaCleq、0.70~4.32%NaCleq和2.06~3.21%NaCleq；团结沟锑银金矿床流体包裹体的均一温度主要集中在360~280℃、270~230℃、220~190℃和180~150℃，盐度依次为0.70~9.99%NaCleq、1.22~6.58%NaCleq、1.22~4.79%NaCleq和0.35~4.32%NaCleq。
3.流体包裹体的气相成分和群体包裹体的氢氧同位素特征揭示，三道湾子碲金矿床的初始流体为含CO_2和少量CH4的H_2O-NaCl岩浆流体，成矿阶段CO_2逃逸，使流体转化为贫CO_2的还原性岩浆流体，成矿晚期伴随着大气降水的不断加入，流体接近循环天水；东安银金矿床的初始流体为中高温、低盐度H_2O-NaCl岩浆流体，成矿阶段流体为以大气降水为主的含少量CO_2和H_2的H_2O-NaCl流体，到成矿晚阶段则有大气降水的混入，流体接近于循环天水；团结沟锑银金矿床的初始流体为含CO_2的H_2O-NaCl岩浆流体，成矿阶段为含少量C2H_2、C2H4和C2H6等烃类的H_2O-NaCl岩浆流体，晚期则有大气降水的混入。
4.成岩成矿时代和成矿地质条件研究显示，三道湾子碲金矿床的成矿发生在118.9~125.3Ma之间，东安银金矿床的成矿在109.7~105.14Ma之间，团结沟锑银金矿床成矿在102.07±0.84Ma之后或102~100Ma之间；前者与成矿密切相关的岩浆热事件是塔木兰沟组准铝质、高钾钙碱性、钾质火山岩和准铝质、钙碱性、钠质辉绿玢岩脉有关，东安银金矿床成矿与准铝质-过铝质、高钾钙碱性、钾质-高钾质宁远村组火山岩有关，后者成矿与准铝质-过铝质、高钾钙碱性、钾质-高钾质宁远村组火山岩和过铝质、钙碱性-高钾钙碱性、钾质花岗杂岩有关。
5.通过与成矿密切相关的火山岩、浅成岩的地质地球化学研究，揭示研究区内与成矿相关的火成岩的稀土和微量元素具有富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素、亏损高场强元素的特征，铕负异常不明显。Sr-Nd和Lu-Hf同位素研究表明，三道湾子碲金矿床与成矿有关的塔木兰沟组火山岩的母熔体可能来自于古亚洲洋和/或蒙古-鄂霍次克洋闭合时，俯冲板片流体交代的富集大陆岩石圈地幔减压熔融的产物，而低（~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr）i和正εNd（t）值表明塔木兰沟组火山岩源区有亏损软流圈地幔的参与；东安银金矿床与成矿相关的宁远村组火山岩可能为安山质岩浆的最终分异产物，推测安山质母岩浆来自于下地壳的部分熔融；团结沟锑银金矿床与成矿有关的花岗杂岩来源于俯冲产生的岩浆与下地壳相互作用的产物。
6.将岩浆作用与流体起源演化相结合，进一步厘定三道湾子碲金矿床的含矿流体库起源于俯冲流体交代改造的富集大陆岩石圈地幔部分熔融产生的钙碱性玄武质岩浆，演化后期在伸展环境下上升，伴随着温压降低导致成矿元素大量卸载，形成脉状和透镜状矿体；东安银金矿床的含矿流体起源于中生代镁铁质下地壳部分熔融产生的岛弧钙碱性岩浆，其诱因是古太平洋板块的俯冲导致岩石圈拆沉，引发软流圈地幔上涌并发生镁铁质下地壳部分熔融，在伸展环境下上升到地壳浅部，与浅部大气降水相混合，物理化学条件发生变化，使成矿流体中金、银溶解度逐渐降低而发生沉淀；团结沟锑银金矿床的含矿流体来源于俯冲作用产生的岩浆流体，其岩浆流体的形成与晚中生代壳幔相互作用密切相关，早阶段岩浆具有岛弧钙碱性火山岩属性，是底侵的软流圈地幔与下地壳相互作用的产物；而晚阶段岩浆则具有岛弧-钙碱性和埃达克质浅成侵入岩属性，是大洋板块俯冲产生的埃达克质岩浆与下地壳物质相互作用的结果，暗示含矿流体库的形成是在上述两阶段岩浆房的幔源岩浆与下地壳物质（岩浆）相互作用，多次岩浆分异或抽提作用后聚集而成，晚白垩世在伸展环境下，含矿流体上升形成了团结沟锑银金矿床。
7.结合东北地区中生代区域动力学背景，认为三道湾子碲金矿床成矿与伊泽奈崎板块北北西向俯冲有关，成矿热动源为俯冲板片流体交代的富集大陆岩石圈地幔减压部分熔融产生的玄武质岩浆；东安银金矿床的形成与伊泽奈崎板块向欧亚板块的俯冲由北北西转变为北西向有关，其热动源为下地壳部分熔融产生的安山质岩浆，团结沟锑银金矿床的形成与泽奈崎板块北西向俯冲有关，热动源为中生代底侵的埃达克质岩浆与下地壳相互作用而产生的岩浆。
The Northern Lesser Xing’an Range is located in the middle part of Heilongjiang Province,estern Xing'an Mongolian orogenic Belt, northern rim of Songliao Basin or Songnen Massif, andbetween Xing'an Massif and Jiamusi Massif, which is a complex tectonic region that experiencedevolution of the Paleo-Asian Ocean, orogenesis of the Xing'an Mongolian and close of theMongoian-Okhotsk, as well as subduction of the Passific Plate. The multi-period andcomplicated geological process formed enrichment of supernormal gold and multi-metalmetallogenic system, especially epithermal gold deposit. Since the Tuanjiegou larger epithermalgold deposit was discovered in the late1950s, a number of deposits have been discovered in theregion, including the Dong’an and Sandaowanzi medium-and large-scale epithermal golddeposits, Gaosongshan, Fuqiang, Pingdingshan, Malian and Dujiahe medium-and small-sizedepithermal gold deposits. Epithermal gold deposits have been the focus of hot research topic inthe study area by many economic geologist from China and globally., In order to deeply revealedregularity regularity of epithermal deposits in the study area, combining previous research results,we chose important and representative deposits, such as Sandaowanzi, Dong'an and Tuanjiegouepithermal gold deposits to undertake system study from ore deposit geological characteristics,ore-froming fluids, geochemistry of mineral deposits and metallogenic chronology. The mainadvance achievements from this study area are as followings.
1. According to research on geology of ore deposit and mineralography, we further indicatethat the Sandaowanzi Te-Au deposit is a low-sulphidation epithermal Te-Au deposit. Theorebodies for Sandaowanzi Te-Au deposit occurs as veined and lenticular bodies, and are hostedby the Tamulangou group volcanics. Four stages of mineralization have been identified, rangingfrom white quartz-pyrite, through gray quartz-polymetallic-sulfide and dark gray quartz-gold-telluride, to a final carbonate stage. The Dong'an Ag-Au deposit is alow-sulphidation Ag-Au deposit. Orebodies mainly occurs as veined bodies, and hosted byrhyolite porphyry, fine-grained alkali granite and middle-to coarse-grained alkali granite.Ore-forming processes within the deposit can be divided into four mineralization stages:quartz-pyrite, white silicification-adularia, offwhite silicification-adularia and chalcedonicquartz-fluorite. The Tuanjiegou Sb-Ag-Au deposit is a low-sulphidation epithermal Sb-Ag-Audeposit. Orebodies occurs as veined and lenticular bodies, and are hosted within an apophysis ofthe granite complex, with some mineralization within a contact zone between the graniteporphyry apophysis and rocks of the Heilongjiang Group. The main orebearing wall-rocks arerocks of plagioclase granite porphyry, granodiorite and granite porphyry. Four stages ofmineralization have been identified, ranging from an early veiny quartz–euhedral pyrite stage,through pyrite–marcasite–gray–black chalcedonic quartz and fine granular pyrite stages, to afinal carbonate stage.
2. The mineral fluid inclusions reveal that fluid inclusions from the Sandaowanzi, Dong'anand Tuanjiegou gold deposits mainly are aqueous two-phase inclusions, with minor pure liquidinclusions and pure volatile inclusions. Fluid inclusions form the Sandaowanzi Te-Au depositmainly are aqueous two-phase inclusions, with minor pure liquid inclusions and pure volatileinclusions. The homogenization temperature for the Sandaowanzi Te-Au deposit is range from350~320℃, through310~290℃and280~250℃, to240~200℃. Salinities is in order of1.39~5.09%NaCleq,1.39~4.32%NaCleq,1.56~5.09%NaCleq and1.22~4.63%NaCleq.The homogenization temperature for the Dong'an Ag-Au deposit are range from360~310℃,through300~270℃and250~210℃, to190~170℃, and salinities is in order of4.01~6.14%NaCleq,2.89~6.14%NaCleq,0.70~4.32%NaCleq and2.06~3.21%NaCleq. Thehomogenization temperature for the Tuanjiegou Sb-Ag-Au deposit are range from360~280℃,270~230℃,220~190℃and180~150℃, and salinities is in order of0.70~9.99%NaCleq,1.22~6.58%NaCleq,1.22~4.79%NaCleq and0.35~4.32%NaCleq.
3. Gas phase composition for fluid inclusions, and Hydrogen and oxygen isotopecharacteristics for group inclusions indicate that the initial ore-forming fluid for the SandaowanziTe-Au deposit is H_2O-NaCl magmatic fluid of CO_2-bearing and minor CH4. The fluid translateinto reduced magmatic fluid of CO_2-poor after CO_2escaping in the ore-forming stage. Theore-forming fluid approximates recycled water with continous influxing of meteoric waters inthe late ore-forming stage. The initial ore-forming fluid for the Dong'an Ag-Au deposit ischaracterized by medium to high temperature, low salinity H_2O-NaCl magmatic fluid, and minorCO_2and H_2-bearing H_2O-NaCl magmatic fluid in the metallogenic stage, however, ore-forming fluid approximates recycled water with continous influxing of meteoric waters. The initialore-forming fluid for the Tuanjiegou Sb-Ag-Au deposit is characterized by CO_2-bearingH_2O-NaCl magmatic fluid, and minor hydrocarbon-bering (such as C2H_2, C2H4and C2H6)H_2O-NaCl magmatic fluid in the metallogenic stage, however, influxing of meteoric waters inthe late ore-forming stage.
4. Study on diagenetic and metallogenetic epoch, and geological setting show thatmetallogenesis of the Sandaowanzi Te-Au deposit formed at118.9~125.3Ma, Dong'an Ag-Audeposit fromed at109.7~105.14Ma, Tuanjiegou Sb-Ag-Au deposit formed at102~100Ma orafter102.07±0.84Ma. Related magmato-thermal event for the Sandaowanzi Te-Au deposit isclosely related to quasi-aluminous, high-K calc-alkaline and potassium volcanics, as well asquasi-aluminous, calc-alkaline and sodium diabase porphyrite. Related magmato-thermal eventfor the Dong'an Ag-Au deposit is closely related to quasi-aluminous to peraluminous, high-Kcalc-alkaline and potassium to high potassium Ningyuancun group volcanics. Relatedmagmato-thermal event for the Tuanjiegou Sb-Ag-Au deposit is closely related toquasi-aluminous to peraluminous, high-K calc-alkaline and potassium to high potassiumNingyuancun gourp volcanics, as well as peraluminous, calc-to high-K calc-alikaline andpotassium granite complex.
5. According to study on geochemistry for volcanics and hypabyssal rocks that areassociated with the formation of the deposit, showing that rare earth and rare elements forigneous rock that is closely related to ore-forming is characterized by enrichment in light rareearth elements (LREE), large ion lithophile elements (LREE), depletion in high field-strengthelement (HFSE) and Nb depletion is not obvious. Researh on Sr-Nd and Lu-Hf isotope show thatmelt of the Tamulangou group volcanics are associated with the formation of SandaowanziTe-Au deposit was possibly derived from decompression melting of an enriched continentallithospheric mantle, which had been previously metasomatized by fluids derived from subductedslabs, during the closure of the paleo-Asian and/or Mongolia-Okhotsk Oceans. Moreover,However, low (~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)iand positive εNd(t) values suggest that depleted asthenospheric mantlehad been involved in the sources of the Tamulangou volcanics. The Ningyuancun groupvolcanics are associated with the formationg of Dong'an Ag-Au deposit were derived from thedifferentiation end-product of andesitic magmas. The granite complex are associated with theformationg of Tuanjiegou Sb-Ag-Au deposit were derived from end-product of interactionbetween magma related subduction and lower mafic crust.
6. Combing with magmatism and fluid evolution, we further confirm that ore-forming fluidis derived from calc-alkaline basaltic magma formed by partial melting of an enriched continental lithospheric mantle, which had been previously metasomatized by fluids derivedfrom subducted slabs. In the late evolution stage under stretching environment, mgma descentwith reducing of temperature and pressure and unload ore-forming elements, and then formedveined and lenticular orebodies. The ore-forming fluid for Dong'an Ag-Au deposit is derivedfrom arc calc-alkaline magma formed by partial melt of lower mafic crust, and incentive islithosphere delamination caused by subduction of the Pacific Palte, which triggered upwelling ofasthenosphere and occurred partial melting of lower mafic crust. In the late evolution stage understretching environment, mgma descent to crust at shallow levels and mix with meteoritic water.After that, solubility of Au and Ag in the ore-forming fluid is gradually dropped and precipitatedwith variation of physical and chemical conditions. The ore-forming fluid for the TuanjiegouSb-Ag-Au deposit is derived from subduction-derived magmatic fluid, which is closely related tocrust-matle interaction in the Mesozoic. The earlier stage magma is characterized by arccalc-alkaline volcanics, which is end-product of interaction of underplated asthenosphere andlow crust, while the late stage magma is characterized by arc calc-alkaline and adakite-likehypabyssal intrusive rock, which is end-product of interaction of adakite-like magma and lowcrust. The mineralizing fluids that formed the Tuanjiegou gold deposit were exsolved frommagmas that formed during both of these stages, with the deposit forming after fluids ascendedthrough the crust in the Late Cretaceous.
7. Combing with Mesozoic regional dynamics background, considering that the formationof Sandaowanzi Te-Au deposit is related to subduction of the Izanagi plate towards NNWtrending, and its metallogenic thermal source is basaltic magma derived from partial melting ofan enriched continental lithospheric mantle, which had been previously metasomatized by fluidsderived from subducted slabs. The formation of Dong'an Ag-Au deposit is closely related tosubduction of the Izanagi plate from NNW trending to NW trending, and its metallogenicthermal source is andesitic magma derived from partial melting of low crust. The formation ofthe Tuanjiegou Sb-Ag-Au deposit is associated with subduction of the Izanagi plate towards NWtrending, and its metallogenic thermal source is magma derived from interaction of adakite-likemagma and low crust.
1.通过矿床地质和矿相学研究，进一步认证三道湾子碲金矿床为浅成热液低硫化型碲金矿床，矿体呈脉状和透镜状产出，赋矿围岩为塔木兰沟组火山岩，成矿过程可划分为白色石英-黄铁矿、灰白色石英-多金属硫化物、深灰色石英-金-碲化物和晚期碳酸盐四个阶段。东安银金矿床为浅成热液低硫化型银金矿床，矿体多呈脉状，赋矿围岩为流纹斑岩、细粒碱长花岗岩和中粗粒碱长花岗岩，其成矿阶段划分为石英-黄铁矿、白色硅化-冰长石、灰白色硅化-冰长石和玉髓状石英-萤石四个阶段。团结沟锑银金矿床为浅成热液低硫化型锑银金矿床，矿体多呈脉状、扁豆状产于花岗杂岩体内部及与黑龙江岩群的接触带内，赋矿围岩有斜长花岗斑岩、花岗闪长岩和花岗斑岩，矿化阶段可划分为脉状石英-自形黄铁矿、黄铁矿-白铁矿-灰黑色玉髓状石英、细粒状黄铁矿和碳酸盐阶段。
2.矿床的矿物流体包裹体研究揭示，三道湾子、东安和团结沟金矿床的流体包裹体以气液两相包裹体为主，纯液相包裹体和纯气相包裹体次之。其中，三道湾子碲金矿床流体包裹体的均一温度峰值集中在350~320℃、310~290℃、280~250℃和240~200℃，盐度依次为1.39~5.09%NaCleq、1.39~4.32%NaCleq、1.56~5.09%NaCleq和1.22~4.63%NaCleq；东安银金矿床流体包裹体的均一温度峰值集中在360~310℃、300~270℃、250~210℃和190~170℃，盐度依次为4.01~6.14%NaCleq、2.89~6.14%NaCleq、0.70~4.32%NaCleq和2.06~3.21%NaCleq；团结沟锑银金矿床流体包裹体的均一温度主要集中在360~280℃、270~230℃、220~190℃和180~150℃，盐度依次为0.70~9.99%NaCleq、1.22~6.58%NaCleq、1.22~4.79%NaCleq和0.35~4.32%NaCleq。
3.流体包裹体的气相成分和群体包裹体的氢氧同位素特征揭示，三道湾子碲金矿床的初始流体为含CO_2和少量CH4的H_2O-NaCl岩浆流体，成矿阶段CO_2逃逸，使流体转化为贫CO_2的还原性岩浆流体，成矿晚期伴随着大气降水的不断加入，流体接近循环天水；东安银金矿床的初始流体为中高温、低盐度H_2O-NaCl岩浆流体，成矿阶段流体为以大气降水为主的含少量CO_2和H_2的H_2O-NaCl流体，到成矿晚阶段则有大气降水的混入，流体接近于循环天水；团结沟锑银金矿床的初始流体为含CO_2的H_2O-NaCl岩浆流体，成矿阶段为含少量C2H_2、C2H4和C2H6等烃类的H_2O-NaCl岩浆流体，晚期则有大气降水的混入。
4.成岩成矿时代和成矿地质条件研究显示，三道湾子碲金矿床的成矿发生在118.9~125.3Ma之间，东安银金矿床的成矿在109.7~105.14Ma之间，团结沟锑银金矿床成矿在102.07±0.84Ma之后或102~100Ma之间；前者与成矿密切相关的岩浆热事件是塔木兰沟组准铝质、高钾钙碱性、钾质火山岩和准铝质、钙碱性、钠质辉绿玢岩脉有关，东安银金矿床成矿与准铝质-过铝质、高钾钙碱性、钾质-高钾质宁远村组火山岩有关，后者成矿与准铝质-过铝质、高钾钙碱性、钾质-高钾质宁远村组火山岩和过铝质、钙碱性-高钾钙碱性、钾质花岗杂岩有关。
5.通过与成矿密切相关的火山岩、浅成岩的地质地球化学研究，揭示研究区内与成矿相关的火成岩的稀土和微量元素具有富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素、亏损高场强元素的特征，铕负异常不明显。Sr-Nd和Lu-Hf同位素研究表明，三道湾子碲金矿床与成矿有关的塔木兰沟组火山岩的母熔体可能来自于古亚洲洋和/或蒙古-鄂霍次克洋闭合时，俯冲板片流体交代的富集大陆岩石圈地幔减压熔融的产物，而低（~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr）i和正εNd（t）值表明塔木兰沟组火山岩源区有亏损软流圈地幔的参与；东安银金矿床与成矿相关的宁远村组火山岩可能为安山质岩浆的最终分异产物，推测安山质母岩浆来自于下地壳的部分熔融；团结沟锑银金矿床与成矿有关的花岗杂岩来源于俯冲产生的岩浆与下地壳相互作用的产物。
6.将岩浆作用与流体起源演化相结合，进一步厘定三道湾子碲金矿床的含矿流体库起源于俯冲流体交代改造的富集大陆岩石圈地幔部分熔融产生的钙碱性玄武质岩浆，演化后期在伸展环境下上升，伴随着温压降低导致成矿元素大量卸载，形成脉状和透镜状矿体；东安银金矿床的含矿流体起源于中生代镁铁质下地壳部分熔融产生的岛弧钙碱性岩浆，其诱因是古太平洋板块的俯冲导致岩石圈拆沉，引发软流圈地幔上涌并发生镁铁质下地壳部分熔融，在伸展环境下上升到地壳浅部，与浅部大气降水相混合，物理化学条件发生变化，使成矿流体中金、银溶解度逐渐降低而发生沉淀；团结沟锑银金矿床的含矿流体来源于俯冲作用产生的岩浆流体，其岩浆流体的形成与晚中生代壳幔相互作用密切相关，早阶段岩浆具有岛弧钙碱性火山岩属性，是底侵的软流圈地幔与下地壳相互作用的产物；而晚阶段岩浆则具有岛弧-钙碱性和埃达克质浅成侵入岩属性，是大洋板块俯冲产生的埃达克质岩浆与下地壳物质相互作用的结果，暗示含矿流体库的形成是在上述两阶段岩浆房的幔源岩浆与下地壳物质（岩浆）相互作用，多次岩浆分异或抽提作用后聚集而成，晚白垩世在伸展环境下，含矿流体上升形成了团结沟锑银金矿床。
7.结合东北地区中生代区域动力学背景，认为三道湾子碲金矿床成矿与伊泽奈崎板块北北西向俯冲有关，成矿热动源为俯冲板片流体交代的富集大陆岩石圈地幔减压部分熔融产生的玄武质岩浆；东安银金矿床的形成与伊泽奈崎板块向欧亚板块的俯冲由北北西转变为北西向有关，其热动源为下地壳部分熔融产生的安山质岩浆，团结沟锑银金矿床的形成与泽奈崎板块北西向俯冲有关，热动源为中生代底侵的埃达克质岩浆与下地壳相互作用而产生的岩浆。
The Northern Lesser Xing’an Range is located in the middle part of Heilongjiang Province,estern Xing'an Mongolian orogenic Belt, northern rim of Songliao Basin or Songnen Massif, andbetween Xing'an Massif and Jiamusi Massif, which is a complex tectonic region that experiencedevolution of the Paleo-Asian Ocean, orogenesis of the Xing'an Mongolian and close of theMongoian-Okhotsk, as well as subduction of the Passific Plate. The multi-period andcomplicated geological process formed enrichment of supernormal gold and multi-metalmetallogenic system, especially epithermal gold deposit. Since the Tuanjiegou larger epithermalgold deposit was discovered in the late1950s, a number of deposits have been discovered in theregion, including the Dong’an and Sandaowanzi medium-and large-scale epithermal golddeposits, Gaosongshan, Fuqiang, Pingdingshan, Malian and Dujiahe medium-and small-sizedepithermal gold deposits. Epithermal gold deposits have been the focus of hot research topic inthe study area by many economic geologist from China and globally., In order to deeply revealedregularity regularity of epithermal deposits in the study area, combining previous research results,we chose important and representative deposits, such as Sandaowanzi, Dong'an and Tuanjiegouepithermal gold deposits to undertake system study from ore deposit geological characteristics,ore-froming fluids, geochemistry of mineral deposits and metallogenic chronology. The mainadvance achievements from this study area are as followings.
1. According to research on geology of ore deposit and mineralography, we further indicatethat the Sandaowanzi Te-Au deposit is a low-sulphidation epithermal Te-Au deposit. Theorebodies for Sandaowanzi Te-Au deposit occurs as veined and lenticular bodies, and are hostedby the Tamulangou group volcanics. Four stages of mineralization have been identified, rangingfrom white quartz-pyrite, through gray quartz-polymetallic-sulfide and dark gray quartz-gold-telluride, to a final carbonate stage. The Dong'an Ag-Au deposit is alow-sulphidation Ag-Au deposit. Orebodies mainly occurs as veined bodies, and hosted byrhyolite porphyry, fine-grained alkali granite and middle-to coarse-grained alkali granite.Ore-forming processes within the deposit can be divided into four mineralization stages:quartz-pyrite, white silicification-adularia, offwhite silicification-adularia and chalcedonicquartz-fluorite. The Tuanjiegou Sb-Ag-Au deposit is a low-sulphidation epithermal Sb-Ag-Audeposit. Orebodies occurs as veined and lenticular bodies, and are hosted within an apophysis ofthe granite complex, with some mineralization within a contact zone between the graniteporphyry apophysis and rocks of the Heilongjiang Group. The main orebearing wall-rocks arerocks of plagioclase granite porphyry, granodiorite and granite porphyry. Four stages ofmineralization have been identified, ranging from an early veiny quartz–euhedral pyrite stage,through pyrite–marcasite–gray–black chalcedonic quartz and fine granular pyrite stages, to afinal carbonate stage.
2. The mineral fluid inclusions reveal that fluid inclusions from the Sandaowanzi, Dong'anand Tuanjiegou gold deposits mainly are aqueous two-phase inclusions, with minor pure liquidinclusions and pure volatile inclusions. Fluid inclusions form the Sandaowanzi Te-Au depositmainly are aqueous two-phase inclusions, with minor pure liquid inclusions and pure volatileinclusions. The homogenization temperature for the Sandaowanzi Te-Au deposit is range from350~320℃, through310~290℃and280~250℃, to240~200℃. Salinities is in order of1.39~5.09%NaCleq,1.39~4.32%NaCleq,1.56~5.09%NaCleq and1.22~4.63%NaCleq.The homogenization temperature for the Dong'an Ag-Au deposit are range from360~310℃,through300~270℃and250~210℃, to190~170℃, and salinities is in order of4.01~6.14%NaCleq,2.89~6.14%NaCleq,0.70~4.32%NaCleq and2.06~3.21%NaCleq. Thehomogenization temperature for the Tuanjiegou Sb-Ag-Au deposit are range from360~280℃,270~230℃,220~190℃and180~150℃, and salinities is in order of0.70~9.99%NaCleq,1.22~6.58%NaCleq,1.22~4.79%NaCleq and0.35~4.32%NaCleq.
3. Gas phase composition for fluid inclusions, and Hydrogen and oxygen isotopecharacteristics for group inclusions indicate that the initial ore-forming fluid for the SandaowanziTe-Au deposit is H_2O-NaCl magmatic fluid of CO_2-bearing and minor CH4. The fluid translateinto reduced magmatic fluid of CO_2-poor after CO_2escaping in the ore-forming stage. Theore-forming fluid approximates recycled water with continous influxing of meteoric waters inthe late ore-forming stage. The initial ore-forming fluid for the Dong'an Ag-Au deposit ischaracterized by medium to high temperature, low salinity H_2O-NaCl magmatic fluid, and minorCO_2and H_2-bearing H_2O-NaCl magmatic fluid in the metallogenic stage, however, ore-forming fluid approximates recycled water with continous influxing of meteoric waters. The initialore-forming fluid for the Tuanjiegou Sb-Ag-Au deposit is characterized by CO_2-bearingH_2O-NaCl magmatic fluid, and minor hydrocarbon-bering (such as C2H_2, C2H4and C2H6)H_2O-NaCl magmatic fluid in the metallogenic stage, however, influxing of meteoric waters inthe late ore-forming stage.
4. Study on diagenetic and metallogenetic epoch, and geological setting show thatmetallogenesis of the Sandaowanzi Te-Au deposit formed at118.9~125.3Ma, Dong'an Ag-Audeposit fromed at109.7~105.14Ma, Tuanjiegou Sb-Ag-Au deposit formed at102~100Ma orafter102.07±0.84Ma. Related magmato-thermal event for the Sandaowanzi Te-Au deposit isclosely related to quasi-aluminous, high-K calc-alkaline and potassium volcanics, as well asquasi-aluminous, calc-alkaline and sodium diabase porphyrite. Related magmato-thermal eventfor the Dong'an Ag-Au deposit is closely related to quasi-aluminous to peraluminous, high-Kcalc-alkaline and potassium to high potassium Ningyuancun group volcanics. Relatedmagmato-thermal event for the Tuanjiegou Sb-Ag-Au deposit is closely related toquasi-aluminous to peraluminous, high-K calc-alkaline and potassium to high potassiumNingyuancun gourp volcanics, as well as peraluminous, calc-to high-K calc-alikaline andpotassium granite complex.
5. According to study on geochemistry for volcanics and hypabyssal rocks that areassociated with the formation of the deposit, showing that rare earth and rare elements forigneous rock that is closely related to ore-forming is characterized by enrichment in light rareearth elements (LREE), large ion lithophile elements (LREE), depletion in high field-strengthelement (HFSE) and Nb depletion is not obvious. Researh on Sr-Nd and Lu-Hf isotope show thatmelt of the Tamulangou group volcanics are associated with the formation of SandaowanziTe-Au deposit was possibly derived from decompression melting of an enriched continentallithospheric mantle, which had been previously metasomatized by fluids derived from subductedslabs, during the closure of the paleo-Asian and/or Mongolia-Okhotsk Oceans. Moreover,However, low (~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)iand positive εNd(t) values suggest that depleted asthenospheric mantlehad been involved in the sources of the Tamulangou volcanics. The Ningyuancun groupvolcanics are associated with the formationg of Dong'an Ag-Au deposit were derived from thedifferentiation end-product of andesitic magmas. The granite complex are associated with theformationg of Tuanjiegou Sb-Ag-Au deposit were derived from end-product of interactionbetween magma related subduction and lower mafic crust.
6. Combing with magmatism and fluid evolution, we further confirm that ore-forming fluidis derived from calc-alkaline basaltic magma formed by partial melting of an enriched continental lithospheric mantle, which had been previously metasomatized by fluids derivedfrom subducted slabs. In the late evolution stage under stretching environment, mgma descentwith reducing of temperature and pressure and unload ore-forming elements, and then formedveined and lenticular orebodies. The ore-forming fluid for Dong'an Ag-Au deposit is derivedfrom arc calc-alkaline magma formed by partial melt of lower mafic crust, and incentive islithosphere delamination caused by subduction of the Pacific Palte, which triggered upwelling ofasthenosphere and occurred partial melting of lower mafic crust. In the late evolution stage understretching environment, mgma descent to crust at shallow levels and mix with meteoritic water.After that, solubility of Au and Ag in the ore-forming fluid is gradually dropped and precipitatedwith variation of physical and chemical conditions. The ore-forming fluid for the TuanjiegouSb-Ag-Au deposit is derived from subduction-derived magmatic fluid, which is closely related tocrust-matle interaction in the Mesozoic. The earlier stage magma is characterized by arccalc-alkaline volcanics, which is end-product of interaction of underplated asthenosphere andlow crust, while the late stage magma is characterized by arc calc-alkaline and adakite-likehypabyssal intrusive rock, which is end-product of interaction of adakite-like magma and lowcrust. The mineralizing fluids that formed the Tuanjiegou gold deposit were exsolved frommagmas that formed during both of these stages, with the deposit forming after fluids ascendedthrough the crust in the Late Cretaceous.
7. Combing with Mesozoic regional dynamics background, considering that the formationof Sandaowanzi Te-Au deposit is related to subduction of the Izanagi plate towards NNWtrending, and its metallogenic thermal source is basaltic magma derived from partial melting ofan enriched continental lithospheric mantle, which had been previously metasomatized by fluidsderived from subducted slabs. The formation of Dong'an Ag-Au deposit is closely related tosubduction of the Izanagi plate from NNW trending to NW trending, and its metallogenicthermal source is andesitic magma derived from partial melting of low crust. The formation ofthe Tuanjiegou Sb-Ag-Au deposit is associated with subduction of the Izanagi plate towards NWtrending, and its metallogenic thermal source is magma derived from interaction of adakite-likemagma and low crust.
引文
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